Price-setting research has mainly focused on normative processes. However, a conception of pricing practices in B2B-companies is missing. Information deficits lead pricing managers to deviate from normative processes. We complement and extent normative models by assessing pricing managers’ compensation behavior in cases of information deficits. We propose a typology of approaches to missing price-related information.

This study is one of a study of the innovation process of Co-Created Value (CCV) typed Supermarkets in Japan. The study is done through a collaboration style with Yaoko and Hallo-day, which are recognized as the most CCV typed Supermarkets in Japan for the past 6 years (The two Supermarkets are similar to Wholefoods Market and Wegmans in the U.S.). Basically, this study aims to indicate the mechanism of why these SM manage to grow continuously. The hint to finding the answer in these SM is hidden in“Highly Sticky Information (HSI)”, which is the precious information attached to these employees working in Meal Solution Space refined as “Cooking Support Corner (CSC)”. This HSI is only the source of a competitive power. In Management and Marketing study, I believe the Market Orientation (MO) and CCV is strongly related. To note, inside the company function is MO, and outside relation of the company and the consumer is defined as CCV (See Figure 1). The existing studies in this study are summarized into five directions; “Theory of Sticky Information (TSI), Service-Dominant Logic (SDL), Service-Logic (SL), CCV, and MO”. First, TSI by v. Hippel (1994) and Ogawa S. (1998) were advocated. This theory explains that the HSI is attached to people, and it is the precious information (e.g., Consumers’ needs, insights, and dissatisfaction experience in retailing) and its transfer cost is expensive. Therefore, the company must find a way to collect this precious information in low cost and smoothly absorb such information effectively in their company. In order to do so, the company needs to have a place to communicate with their customer. This lead to the incremental innovation of interactive community space within SM. Secondly, the SDL by S.L. Vargo and R.F. Lusch (2004), and the SL by C.Grönroos, (2006) were advocated. Their concept is basically common understanding of“Consumer 1)shinya.nakami182367@gmail.com Creates Context Value.”However, SDL tends to centralize the concept from the point of the goods more so compared to SL, ; SDL is based on 4Ps marketing in the U.S., whereas the SL is based on the relationship marketing and service marketing in North Europe. Third, the CCV by C.K. Prahalad & V. Ramaswamy (2004) and Muramatsu,J. (2015, 2016) were advocated. Their concept is related to the SDL and the SL. In short, their concept explains that the Value communicates and interacts with consumers and employees in the communication space (Real-Store or Virtual), then, the consumers may need to explain a bit, and finally they create the context value. This stream is the “CCV in Marketing.”And it is important that“Consumers Create Customer Experience”.Nowadays, as many may have already recognized, the CCV is closely related to “Omni-channel”phenomenon. At last, MO by K. Kohli & B.J. Jaworski (1990) and J.C. Narver & S.F. Slater (1990) were advocated. Their concept is constructed roughly in three processes. First step is to collect the customers’ needs and insights. Second step is to sharing such resource within the company. Third step is a feedback, which allows improvements and the production of goods and service to the customers. MO shows how the company understands and work with the customers’ viewpoint. In summary, TSI, SDL, SL, CCV and MO are closely linked with the concept of “Customer Satisfaction and Engagement Orientation by V. Kumar (2016)”in service marketing. And this study is very unique to connecting CCV and MO based upon“TSI”in Japanese CCV typed SM, using not only quantitative, but also in qualitative survey. Next, the purpose of this study is to analyzed the relationship between Performance and “CCV and MO” with awareness of HSI, which is attached to the employees working in Meal Solution Corner of CCV typed Supermarkets, and to make a theoretical framework. The main SM reference is Yaoko in Saitama prefecture and Hallo-day Co. in Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. They both hold two unique and strong points. First, they have a clear cooperate policy. Another is that they have established a clear business positioning. In their interviews, the head representatives from both SM stated that, the most important key for the SM is to be loved by their customers, and to be trusted. Also, my hypothesis was that because the two SM companies had the strong character of CCV orientation, they can continue on with the incremental innovation. The reason why is that, they had 5 elements from customers’ viewpoint, “Koten-keiei” based on Chain Operation, CCV Orientation, Hypothetical Culture, Learning Organization, and Cross-Functional Organization (Nakami 2015, 2016). With 5 such key elements, they manage to increase the sales and profit for over 20 years. In Retailing, store has two meanings. One is a space for selling goods, the other is that it is a “community space” for the residents in each region. Nowadays, the latter role seems to be especially important for strategy in differentiating with Virtual-retailer versus Real- retailer. The two SM companies, Yaoko and Hallo-day, have interactive communication space called “CSC”at the store. The employees as house-wife is working in CSC (Often times, the employees are also relatable to consumers as they themselves are housewife working part time.). By communication of employees and customers in CSC learns about customers’ needs, insights, and possible dissatisfaction in service and even some resource issues within the consumer’s family. These precious information are the most precious and important resources for the retailers. Therefore, CSC is positioned as the information center between the store and the Headquarter. But the average SM has not recognized this importance. They have recognized CSC simply as a Sample Tasting Corner. This is a big mistake. They see the place as similar to eat-in-corner. CSC is the space of “Solving Problem”in the customers based on Job theory by C.M. Christensen (2016). In this study, there is one more important viewpoint, which is known as MO. This concept was proposed by Kohli & Jaworski (1990) and Narver & Slatter (1990). This study is based on the concept of MO in the action viewpoint by Kohli & Jaworski, where the employees working in CSC has the HSI from the customers and share this with the store amongst different departments along with the headquarter, and to propose the counter action to the customers. If the retailing has understood this concept, they would be able to produce incremental innovation. The research question of this study as mentioned in prior, has two unique points. One is to why this study analyzes the importance between performance and HSI, CCV and MO both the consumer’s side and Company’s side. In short, one of the character is how the consumer reputes the CSC with HSI. Second is to how the middle management (GM and manager) working in Yaoko and Hallo-day’s headquarter and the management (shop manager and the chief in each department) in the store repute the CSC, and to what degree do they hold the ability of MO (See Figure 2). There are two analysis approaches in this study. First, Regression Analysis approaches the store-loyalty-focuse of CSC from consumers’ side. Second is Covariance Structure Analysis, which is similar to Sakagawa’s where after the factor analysis of MO and CCV ability in both Headquarter and Store management workers within he company side. The summary of this study is as follows. The consumers see the CSC as the space to gain further and deeper knowledge of goods and a place of communal gathering and interactive space, with mind also placing in hopes that they can provide awareness to the workers in regards to their dissatisfaction in service or further requests and demands in service. On the other hand, the management layers in headquarter reminds CSC as the space of cross MD and the space to execute MO”. The store manager is almost same similar to the management layers in headquarter. However, the difference in view of the two may seem the only true difference is MD Standardization. The reason why is that a manual is needed to establish MO within a store. This CCV typed study result seems to be similar to the study result of Sakagawa’s Chain Store Model in Japan (2016) that MD Standardization is important to execute MO in Retailing especially. In present, this study is continuing to build up the research framework compared between Chain Store Model in Japanese SM by Sakagawa Y. (2016) and CCV Model, and whether there is a CSC in store or non-cooperating supported Hallo-day SM quantitatively. At the GMC2018, I plan to deliver the report of analyzed result and the research framework. Finally, these findings of quantitative and qualitative study will be useful and beneficial towards the study of innovation process in the retailing, both consumers’ and companys’ viewpoint. Perhaps, HSI will be more effective to create CCV and MO in Retailing as the platform between the consumers and retailers continues to seek for enhancement in high quality and demand. Also, this study will be extended to Omni-channel study to make Customer Experience in Real store and Virtual (Customer Touch-point).

Before purchasing new products, customers often have the desire to consult a variety of information sources (e.g., product tests, online reviews, frontline-employee advices) to make better purchase decisions (Broilo et al. 2016). However, the process of information search has changed tremendously over the past decades due to digitalization and an increasing number of online content (Jerath et al. 2014; Noble et al. 2006). Companies’ reactions to these new information search opportunities are very different. For example, Amazon decided to dispense with frontline-employees in their physical store (Forbes 2017). Other companies provide free Wi-Fi access in their bricks-and-mortar stores to support customer online activities (e.g., Woolworths and Best Buy). The purpose of this investigation is to uncover how frontline-employee interaction and mobile Internet search at the store affect consumers’ buying decision process. Initially, an exploratory study on different information sources at a physical store was designed with the aim to provide insights about the impact of information search on consumers’ product choice certainty. The qualitative data analysis shows that most participants had a main focus on content that is related to the considered products. However, there is an essential difference between the focus on perception of information and the source characteristics for participants in the mobile search and frontline-employee condition. While consumers who use their mobile devices to search online for information were more aware of information characteristics, consumers who get personal advice from a frontlineemployee mostly indicated expertise, credibility, and persuasiveness of the information source to be relevant. The results of a quantitative field study provide an initial examination of the influence of the information source on customers’ product choice certainty and its drivers. In this context, the investigation demonstrates that mobile Internet search as well as customer service can support customers in case of making a certain purchase decision for a product. However, customers who got their information by frontline-employees instead of using their mobile devices to search online for information are more certain about their product choice. This is in line with the results of the qualitative study, since an interaction with the frontline-employee leads to higher interactive decision making.

A growing number of task-based learning (TBL) research has employed a processoriented research framework to analyze second language data in L2 classrooms using a task-in-process vs. task-as-workplan dichotomy (e.g., Seedhouse, 2004). Adopting the task-in-process framework, the current study analyzes how students in Korean EFL classrooms interact during information gap task activities. How do sequences of interaction during information gap tasks differ from the task-as-workplan? What are the specific institutional goals that the participants orient to while completing these tasks? This article attempts to answer these questions by analyzing the interactions that occur during a series of information gap tasks performed by different groups of Korean middle school students. The findings show how information gap tasks create minimized and truncated sequences that are different from the task-as-workplan as well as from how people would interact in ordinary conversation. Rather than promoting more talk by engaging in negotiation of meaning, learners engaged in a series of completion-oriented sequences to find the correct response in the most efficient way possible. The paper ends with suggestions for improving the design of tasks in pedagogical settings.

The concept of „Sustainability‟ has become as major concern and it used by consumers and corporations to convey the concept of taking care of the environment. Environmental concern has led to sustainable consumption in a variety of product categories, such as electricity, textiles, apparel, food, and grocery products (Chan, 2001; Harrison, Newholm, & Shaw, 2005; Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006a, 2006b). Interest of the negative environmental impacts are rapidly increasing in present fashion business and consumer behavior has become a rising concern of the consumption and fashion supply chain to apply sustainable consumption (Birtwistle & Moore, 2007; Fineman, 2001). The environmental and social concern recognized in fashion industry from 1990‟s. However, the complexity of conceptual definition of sustainability and ecologically responsible consumer generates different and mistaken perception to consumer. In addition, in fashion industry, the terms of „eco-fashion‟, „environmentally friendly fashion‟,„green fashion‟, „ethical fashion‟, and „sustainable fashion‟ are frequently used interchangeably to describe the same concept. These interchangeable terminology is leading to confusion of the readers by the non-unified terminology (Choi et al., 2012). Also, consumers seem to have narrow scope and little understanding of sustainable fashion. In general, consumers focuses on environmental aspect not the wide-range of complexity of environment, social, and economical concern (Cervellon, Hjerth, Ricard, & Carey, 2010). The growing number of fashion brands are leveraging on green branding initiatives. Green marketing is increasing rapidly in corporate aspects and for a consumer perspective, global consumers are recognizing a personal accountability to take responsibility for social and environmental issues. Despite the fact many of individuals‟ willingness to purchase green products has increased in the last few years, however, there is limited studies suggest that purchase of green or sustainable products. Consumer research on sustainable fashion has mainly focused on consumer behaviors towards sustainable fashion products (SFPs); however, relevant studies that examined the whole process of the predicting proenvironmental behavior cross nationally value and the eWOM are still scarce. The purposes of research model are 1) to identify the determinants of eWOM intention on consumers' purchase intentions, 2) to examine the information adoption process as precursors of purchase intention of sustainable fashion, and 3) to testify different message types effects to information adoption process.

본 연구에서는 기존에 제안되었던 공정 중심 모델링 방법을 개선하여 조선소의 다양한 생산 정보와 제약조건을 효과적으 로 표현할 수 있도록 개선된 공정 중심 시뮬레이션 모델링 방법을 제안하였다. 그리고 이를 이용하여 시뮬레이션 모델을 구축할 수 있도록 다이어그램 구성 요소와 모델링 방법을 상세히 기술하였다. 이 모델링 방법에서는 복수의 제품과 설비가 공정에 투입되었을 때 우선순위를 지정할 수 있으며, 계층 구조를 가진 시뮬레이션 모델을 표현할 수 있도록 레이어 개념이 적용되어 있다. 그리고 조선 소 생산 계획 정보를 바탕으로 절단 공정부터 대조립 블록 조립 공정까지를 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법으로 모델링하다. 이를 통하여 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법이 단일 설비가 여러 용도로 사용되는 경우에 기존의 모델링 방법에 비하여 유리한 것을 확인하였다. 결과 적으로, 개선된 공정 중심 시뮬레이션 모델링 방법은 기존의 공정 중심 시뮬레이션 모델링 방법에서 표현하기 힘들었던 제약 조건과 흐름을 효과적으로 표현할 수 있으며, 계층 구조를 가진 조선소 생산 계획 검증 시뮬레이션 모델을 체계적으로 구축하는데 활용할 수 있다.

본 연구는 긍정적/부정적 마케팅 정보에 대해 동서양의 문화적 차이를 소비자심리학, 크로스컬 쳐, 음양이론의 융합관점을 통해 비교하였다. 음양이론은 철학적 이중적 사고(또는 이원성)라고 정 의되는데, 이는 두개의 상반되는 특성이 공존할 수 있음을 바탕으로 사고하는 것을 의미 한다. 음 양이론에 대해 강한 믿음을 가진 동양인은 어떠한 정보에 노출되더라도, 반대 측면을 추론하는 성 향이 높을 것이다. 이러한 성향은 마케팅 메시지에서 기대하지 않는 효과, 긍정적 정보의 부정적 효과, 부정적 정보의 긍정적 효과를 유발시킬 것이다. 연구결과, 동양인은 서양인보다 긍정적 정보에 대해 더 부정적 반응을 보였고, 긍정적 태도수준 이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 서양인은 긍정적 정보에 의해 강화 또는 비감소현상을 보임으 로써 동양인과 서양인의 차이를 보였다. 부정적 정보에 대해 동양인은 서양인보다 더 긍정적인 반 응을 보였고, 서양인은 더 부정적인 반응을 나타내었다. 본 연구는 긍정적 또는 부정적 정보에 대한 동양인의 정보처리과정을 음양이론으로 접근 방법으 로 설명하였다는데 학문적 의미가 있다. 글로벌 기업은 동일한 메시지에 대해 동양인과 서양인이 다르게 인식 및 반응할 수 있다는 인식해야할 필요가 있겠다.

This study identifies the current status of hanok design process and required design information through individual survey and interview with hanok architects and builders to suggest a proposal. Current design system turns out to be a common design process not reflecting hanok's unique mechanism of production. The proposal consists of the alternative design process, 'Initial survey / Site and structural planning / Spatial layout and form / Openings, interior and exterior elements design / Detail design', containing the specialty of hanok's mechanism, and the lists of design information required in its each stage. The proposed design process also emphasizes the significance of consultation in a way of designing coordination, and classifies the specific contents for each consultation moments. The study is expected to contribute for architects including the group who are not specialized in hanok to improve the architectural quality by following the systematic design process. Also the design system provides a framework to organize the vast range of design information being recently developed in the technique-oriented area.

Visibility of the flow of goods is an important service element when considering how to improve the quality of a logistics service. Registered mail service of Korea Post, one of logistics service providers, currently supply information on the handling of

It is presumable that properly designed earcons given simultaneously with visual information could enhance the situation awareness of operators when they are involving in highly complicate process control activities. In this study, population stereotypes of earcons with respect to process control information were identified using 60 Korean subjects. To do this, 11 most distinctive earcons were selected from various earcons having different pitch, rhythm, and timbre. Associations between the selected earcons and 40 pairs of adjectives used to describe the state of control in process were gathered from 37 subjects using a semantic differential method. Based on the results from multivariate analyses, the 40 pairs of adjectives were aggregated into three distinctive semantic dimensions. The emotional maps of the 11 earcons matched with the semantic dimensions were presented in this study. On the basis of these results, a general guideline was suggested for designing earcons to deliver process control information.

The renovation project of an apartment building can be classified into four processes: ordering the project stage, planning stage, examination and judgment stage, design stage and construction stage. However, in the domestic renovation business, the project performance process has yet to be madε systematic by stage. Of the stages involved in renovation, the design stage is the one that involves very complex roles and business processes of those involved in the project, including the project manager, architect，resident and engineer. In particular, in the design stage, the insufficiency in the ability to utilize the input information by project participants and improper decision making cause various problems in the subsequent construction and ultimately make it difficult to accomplish a renovation project that fully satisfies the residents. Therefore, the design of renovation is a very important stage to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the project performance process as well as the recognition of the design management technology. For this purpose, we aim to analyze the information utilization process with focus on the input information at each stage of the design process. The information utilization process of this study is analyzed through the processes of input information, technical tools and output to establish a decision-making method for each design stage. The aim was to implement the project performance process for the general design management.

This study was undertaken to develop web-based nutrition information contents for the older adults. Twenty six domestic web-sites were analyzed and then 12 foreign web-sites and 4 education materials for the elderly of foreign university were benchmarked. Also a lot of literatures on elderly education program were reviewed. A card-sorting task was performed with 8 older adults to ascertain how the target audience organized information about nutrition. The results were as fellows. Among 26 domestic web-sites, 2 sites(7.7%) were only for the elderly. Main topics of information contents for the elderly included 'Importance of Healthy Eating', 'DRI', 'Dietary Guidelines'. Four of twelve foreign web-sites were for the elderly nutrition education. Topics of 'Dietary Guideline', 'Meal Program' were found in 4 sites and 'Importance of Healthy Eating', 'Diet & Disease', 'DRI, 'Food Guide Pyramid', 'Nutrition Fact Labels' were found in 3 sites. Education materials of foreign university dealt with basic information on 'nutrient needs changes related with aging', 'Heart & Bone Healthy Eating Plan', 'Food Guide Pyramid'. Also topics on 'Eating on a budget', 'Eating Out Guideline' were included for practical use for the elderly. Based on card-sorting process, contents framework for web-site was developed and 4 main menus for framework were respectively named as 'Nutrition', 'Meals', 'Foods'. 'Check up Nutritional Health' by panel discussion. Finally we developed nutrition information contents for 4 main menus. We focused on helping older adults recognize the importance of healthy eating and apply the nutrition information to practical use. We expect that the developed framework of contents can be a guideline for indentifying the information needs of older adults in developing effective nutrition intervention program. And we suggest that the survey for target people should be peformed for the web-site to be user-friendly designed and the developed contents be evaluated and revised in the near future.

This paper presents various information technologies of software product evaluation such as process for evaluators, process for developers, and process for acquirers. This study also introduces system life cycle processes and its application guide.

A manufacturing information system, which collects manufacturing information from the shop floors and supply them to higher level systems, should be maintained and upgraded according to the change of production environment such as new product introduction. This situation leads to the need of a cost-effective system development methodology. In this paper, a methodology based on the classification and the similarity comparison of manufacturing processes is proposed. In this, a new product is classified according to the similarity of its manufacturing processes, which enables recycling of existing system modules. The proposed methodology has been tested in the case of an electronics parts manufacturing company, where an information system is implemented. The result shows that the proposed methodology can save time and efforts for system implementation

Process control and autonomous safety control by applying PSM(Process Safety Management) method using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and to development of PSIM(Process Safety Information Management) evaluation method in the construction. The reason why PSIM method should be quantitative and substantial progress is because it contributes Korean constructing companies to enhancing their safety control ability and to taking an equal stance just like developed countries, thereby strengthening their competitive edges.

It is difficult to put it into practice in that it requires bearing too much burden to draw out the planning itself in a case of large construction work. Consequently in this paper we select evaluation criteria by construction progress, classify into several categories, and regard potential danger which often occurs, as a evaluation criterion. Further step is to allow workers or collaborated companies to express their expert opinions or experiences and to encourage quality and process control and autonomous safety control by applying PSM(Process Safety Management) method using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and to development of PSIM(Process Safety Information Management) evaluation method in the construction. The reason why PSIM method should be quantitative and substantial progress is because it contributes Korean constructing companies to enhancing their safety control ability and to taking an equal stance just like developed countries, thereby strengthening their competitive edges.

To suggest a more efficient way of delivering information for process control under computerized environment, population stereotypes of colors were tested with 57 Korean subjects. The subjects were asked to associate 11 colors salient at electronic video displays with 55 pairs of adjectives that might be used when they explain the current state of process. The levels of association were evaluated with semantic differential methods by 7 point scales. Based on the multivariate analyses, the 55 pairs of adjectives were grouped into three distinct dimensions. The emotional maps of the 11 colors with respect to each dimension were presented. The Quantitative relationships between the colors and subjective impressions were also calculated by quantification theory I. On the basis of these color associations, it was suggested a general guideline for color coding when delivering process information