Korea has an agreement for cooperation with 31 countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and Japan. Under the agreement, the obligated items must be used for peaceful purposes, comply with nuclear non-proliferation and international safeguards, and obtain prior consent of shipment in case of enrichment, reprocessing, retransfer. Among them, the United States, Canada, and Australia have signed Administrative Arrangements of Cooperation Agreements (Supplementary Arrangements in Canada) for the international transfer and annual reports of obligated items. When operators submit an annual report, the government compiles and make the annual report based on the data. Ideally, the final report is submitted by the operator should be the national annual report, but in practice, discrepancies occur between sum of the operator’s and goverment’s. In order to resolve these problems and strengthen the linkage between exports contrpol and safeguards, our institute has begun the project to develop an ‘Obligation Tracking System for internationally controlled items (OTS)’. It is believed that obligated items which are unnecessarily included or omitted in annual report could be managed properly by developing OTS for life cycle of the items such as import, disposal/ termination or transfer to other countries. In case of nuclear material, especially, the characteristics of the facilities (e.g., bulk-handling facilities) must be considered and principles of fungibility, equivalence, and proportionality should be applied to materials. In order to computerize these procedures, we would like to propose to adopt the format of Code 10 for obligated item management. Code 10 is the form of the annex to the Korea-IAEA safeguards agreement which includes all records of inventory changes, import/export, and domestic movement of nuclear materials. It is expected to minimize discrepancies between operators’ annual reporting data and national annual reporting and further contribute to enhancing national trust and nuclear transparency.

목적 : 본 연구는 인지선별검사(Cognitive Impairment Screening Test; CIST)에 대한 신뢰도 및 타당 도를 조사고하자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 서울시에 거주하는 일반인 대상으로 CIST에 응답한 321명의 자료를 사용하였다. 총 321명이 응답 완료한 CIST 자료를 활용하여 신뢰도 분석을 위한 첫 번째 단계로 확인적 요인분석을 통해 일차원성 및 지역 독립성(local independence)의 가정을 조사하였다. 두 번째로, 일차원성 및 지역 독립성의 가정을 완료한 항목을 통해 라쉬 모형 중 부분점수모형(Partial Credit Model; PCM)을 적용 하여 항목 적합도, 항목 난이도 계층적 구조를 조사하였다. 마지막으로. 항목 간에 개인 특성으로 인한 차이를 분석하기 위해 차등항목기능을 조사하였다. 결과: 대상자의 평균 연령은 80.48세(SD = 6.59)였으며, 남성이 45명(14.02%), 여성이 276명(85.98%)이었다. 본 연구의 신뢰도 분석 첫 번째 단계로 진행한 CIST의 확인적 요인분석 결과, 일차원성과 지역 독립성 가정을 모두 충족 하였다. 두 번째로 진행한 라쉬 분석을 통해 분석된 항목 적합도는 6개 영역 모두 적합(0.6 < MnSq < 1.4, -2.0 < ZSTD < 2.0)하였으며, 가장 쉬운 항목은 지남력, 가장 어려운 항목은 집행기능으로 나타났다. 세 번째로, 성별에서 차등항목기능이 주의집중력 항목에서만 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 신뢰도를 분석하여 CIST가 지역사회 노인을 대상으로 시행할 수 있는 인지선별검사 도구로 적절한 평가도구임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 통해 CIST를 사용하는 연구자 및 임상 가들에게 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

The differentiation of Chinese characters is accompanied by the development of Chinese writing and is one of the manifestations of the adaptation of Chinese characters to record Chinese language. There are not only macroscopic and microscopic reasons, but also textual factors and linguistic factors for the differentiation of Chinese characters. To record Chinese accurately and clearly is the radical cause of character differentiation. The emergence of specific differentiated characters has its own influencing factors. It is particularly important to investigate the lexical items and their properties recorded by the mother characters to uncover the specific causes of the differentiation. In terms of lexical items, the degree of meaning clarity, semantic alienation and that of prominence and emphasis are the important factors that affect whether the lexical items represented by the mother character can obtain graphic marks independently, which is helpful to explore the internal motivation of Chinese character differentiation.

본 연구의 목적은 약주의 향, 맛, 목넘김의 특성을 과학적으로 반영하여 이를 객관적으로 표현할 수 있는 향미 평가항목을 도출하고자 하였다. 총 20명의 훈련된 전통주 전문가를 대상으로 3단계의 델파이 기법을 적용하고, 켄달의 W검증을 통해 의견의 타당도와 신뢰도를 분석한 결과, 크게 향, 냄새, 입안감촉 3개의 대영역으로 분류되었다. 각 영역의 하위개념으로 과일, 식물, 곡물, 꽃, 유제품, 한약재, 견과류, 향신료, 발효, 단향의 10개의 상위항목이, 냄새 영역에는 이취가, 입안감촉 영역에는 맛과 입안감촉 2개의 항목이 분류되었다. 각 상위항목을 표현하는 세부항목은 모두 89종이 도출되었다. 첫 번째 향 영역 중 과일은 13종(참외, 메론, 바나나, 파인애플, 딸기, 청사과, 붉은사과, 살구, 자두, 복숭아, 배, 매실, 감귤)의 세부항목이 도출되었고, 식물은 3종(풀, 무, 버섯), 곡물은 8종(옥수수향, 생쌀, 갓 지은 밥, 밀, 조청, 엿기름, 구수한 향(누룽지), 기타 부원료), 꽃은 5종(장미, 국화, 연꽃, 매화, 아카시아), 유제품은 4종(우유, 치즈, 버터, 요거트), 한약재는 12종(인삼류, 뿌리류(도라지, 더덕), 구기자, 오미자, 대나무잎, 연잎, 솔잎, 송순, 생강, 대추, 감초, 쑥), 견과류는 5종(밤, 아몬드, 고구마, 잣, 땅콩), 향신료는 5종(계피, 정향, 바닐라, 후추, 박하(민트)), 발효는 4종(간장, 메주, 숙성향(노주향), 누룩향), 단향은 3종(꿀, 카라멜, 달콤한 향)으로 총 62종이 도출되었다. 두 번째 냄새 영역의 이취 세부항목에는 초산(식초), 아 세트알데히드, 곰팡이, 부티르산, 산취(쉰냄새), 디메틸설파이드, 종이, 먼지, 흙, 고무, 누룩취, 유황, 열화취, 유취(산패)로 총 14종이 도출되었다. 세 번째 입안감촉 영역은 맛과 입안감촉으로 구분되었는데, 맛의 세부항목으로는 단맛, 짠맛, 신맛, 쓴맛, 감칠맛의 5종이, 입안감촉의 세부항목으로는 떫은맛(수렴성), 자극적인, 부드러운, 톡쏘는 맛(탄산), 무게감, 균형감, 여운(지속성), 목넘김의 8종의 세부항목이 도출되었다. 이렇듯 약주의 향미를 과학적으로 분석한 평가항목을 활용하여 약주를 생산하는 산업체, 건강 혹은 새로움을 맛보 기 위해 전통주를 찾는 소비자, 그리고 한국의 전통문화를 알고자하는 외국인에게 우리술의 맛과 향을 과학적으로 알기 쉽게 표현하여 전통주가 세계로 발돋움 할 수 있는 초석이 되었으면 한다.

Background: Cross-culturally adapted questionnaires may not be comparable to their original version. Objects: To examine concurrent validity of two health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments for the Korean versions of EuroQOL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument. Methods: A total of 139 cancer survivors from two rehabilitation institutes was recruited. All participants were registered for palliative rehabilitation care. Both instruments were concurrently administered by health care providers following the second bout of the rehabilitation cares. Rasch partial credit model and Spearman’s correlation analysis were used to investigate: 1) dimensionality, 2) hierarchical item difficulty, and 3) concurrent validity using correlations between two instruments. Results: For the WHOQOL-BREF, all items except negative feeling, pain, dependence of medical aid, were found to be acceptable, while all items of EQ-5D were acceptable. There was an evidence of negative correlations between EQ-5D and 4 domains of WHOQOL-BREF. Two correlations were strong (EQ-5D vs. physical health domain, ρ = –0.610, 95% CI = –0.716 to –0.475) and moderate (EQ-5D vs. psychosocial domain, ρ = –0.402, 95% CI = –0.546 to –0.236). Other two correlations were weak (EQ-5D vs. social relationship and environmental domains, ρ = –0.242, 95% CI = –0.401 to –0.075 and ρ = –0.364, 95% CI = –0.514 to –0.207, respectively). Item difficulty calibrations of the two measurements were ranged from –0.84 to 0.86 for the EQ-5D and –1.07 to 1.06 for the WHOQOL-BREF. Conclusion: The study provides some supports for the concurrent validity of the two Korean versions of HRQOL instrument, with evidences of weak to strong correlations between the EQ- 5D and four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF applied to various cancer survivors. Additionally, the cancer survivors appeared to have more of a tendency to view the EQ-5D items as being slightly more challenging than the WHOQOL-BREF items.

Background: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) for Dyspnea was developed to assess multidimensional dyspnea using two subscales (experience of dyspnea and functional limitation) and a total score. Objects: This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the FACIT-dyspnea 10-item short form questionnaire (FACIT-dyspnea-K). Methods: Subjects were 163 patients with cancer. Dyspnea-related scales (modified Medical Research Council scale [mMRC], European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 [EORTC QLQ-C30], Hospital Anxiety and Depression [HAD], and WHO Performance Scale) were used to validate the FACIT-dyspnea-K. Results: Internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.90 and 0.95 in factors 1 and 2, respectively. Convergence validity was determined by comparing the two factors and total score of the FACIT-dyspnea-K with conceptually related assessment tools measuring the physical and emotional effects of dyspnea, with which correlations ranged from 0.364 to 0.567. Criterion validity was established by significant differences in the FACITdyspnea- K score between groups when the patients were classified by performance status as assessed by the WHO performance scale. Furthermore, the FACIT-dyspnea-K showed notable correlations with other dyspnea scales (mMRC, EORTC QLQ-C30, and HAD) for cancer patients (r = 0.28 to 0.54). The test-retest reliability of the two factors and total score of the FACITdyspnea- K appeared to be excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.96 to 0.97). Conclusion: This study supports FACIT-dyspnea-K as a valid and reliable instrument to assess the dyspnea experience of cancer patients in clinical settings.

Background: It is difficult to assess whether community-dwelling frail older adults may remain pre-frail status or improve into a robust state without being directly checked by health care professionals. The health information perceived by older adults is considered to be one of best sources of potential concerns in older adult population. An online measurement system combined with item response theory (IRT) and computer adaptive testing (CAT) methods is likely to become a realistic approach to remotely monitor physical activity status of frail older adults. Objects: This article suggests an approach to provide a precise and efficient means of measuring physical activity levels of community-dwelling frail older adults. Methods: Article reviews were reviewed and summarized. Results: In comparison to the classical test theory (CTT), the IRT method is empirically aimed to focus on the psychometric properties of individual test items in lieu of the test as a whole. These properties allow creating a large item pool that can capture the broad range of physical activity levels. The CAT method administers test items by an algorithm that select items matched to the physical activity levels of the older adults. Conclusion: An online measurement system combined with these two methods would allow adequate physical activity measurement that may be useful to remotely monitor the activity level of community-dwelling frail older adults.

There are two purposes of this paper. One is to present a brief introduction to item response theory in conjunction with marketing research. The other is to present a review of current use of item response theory in representative marketing research journals. Several item response theory relevant papers were recently published in various marketing research journals. Because models under item response theory from simple to complex were used without any systematic introduction in marketing research, this paper briefly presents main concepts in item response theory. An encyclopaedia entry (Kim, 2015) and two graduate-level textbooks (Baker & Kim, 2004, 2017) are mainly referred and used for the first purpose. A content analysis was done for the second purpose with 28 item response theory relevant articles on marketing research journals. Articles are sorted based on the classification framework by Thissen and Steinberg (1986). Many articles reviewed relied on some type of unidimensional dichotomous item response theory models. Articles published recently within 10 years that used item response theory models were more complicated both mathematically and statistically than other previously published articles in marketing research journals. The taxonomic tabulations in this study should aid marketing researchers who are planning their continuous training in item response theory, and faculty who design or teach courses on marketing research methods for advanced undergraduate and graduate students.

This study compared aural and written modes of presentation for the two item types, to explore the effects of question/option presentation mode and item type on EFL learners’ listening comprehension performance and their perception. One hundred and fifteen Korean college students who were divided into three different proficiency groups participated in the study. The participants took a listening test which consisted of dialogue-completion and Q&A multiple-choice items in the aural and written modes, followed by a survey on their perceptions, and a stimulated recall interview. The results showed that the least proficient group was more critically affected by the mode than the other two groups. The least proficient group performed significantly better in the written mode than in the aural mode, while they received similar scores on the two item types. The major factors that caused the discrepancy among the groups were memory capacity in the aural mode and reading ability in the written mode. The implications and suggestions on listening test development are discussed.

Legally item trading is prohibited, but in fact has been made. Transactions between individuals can be a problem with the reliability of the transaction. Game item sales between individuals than through the intermediary site is due to legal vulnerable. Game operators may prohibit item trading through the terms and conditions. Because the interrupt transaction item game stable operation. The point at which conflict gamers and game operators. Reliability of trading, is time to review the policy on such items secured transactions tax. The game operators to review the legal way to providing a system for mediating in the game.

Game items such as character's gear, potion, armor and weapons are necessary elements in enhancing user engagement and fun without regard to game genres. Due to the importance of game items regarding game level balance, game designers carefully set the values and prices for each item. Game items are used to control the consuming speed of game contents, so they affect significantly the whole level design of online games. However, most previous research about game items has mainly focused on the way how to deal with the price of the items and how to buy them. There is little research that has paid much attention to the values of game items. In order to fill this gap, this paper investigates how game designers can effectively set the value of game items based on the real economic values perspective. Results imply some of effective methods for game item values related to game level design. The results will provide a guidelines for the development of reasonable and effective level design.

The study conducted questionnaire analysis to 413 industrial safety field employees in order to examine the necessity and validity of industrial safety field's 17th neo-job classification based on National Competency standards(NCS). As a result, 50.1% of industrial safety management field and 43.3% of industrial health management field answered that classification details of occupational safety and health management field are classified by job(duty) performance. Industrial safety management field recognizes that management and engineering section play a significant role in their work, while industrial health management field recognizes worker's health care and work environment management and overall control of work environment assessment to be significant in their work. Furthermore, industrial safety management field recognizes that separating qualification and foundation of 'construction safety manager', 'chemicals(safety and health) manager', '(toxic)risk assessment evaluator or risk factor manager' to be highly significant. The study is meaningful in that it suggests industrial safety field's qualification items practical in industrial sites

In many inventory situations, items for sales are generally stocked in a multiple of variations called stockkeeping units, such as size, color, style, and so on. For better management performance on sales items, proper and effective management is necessary for the stockkeeping units. In dealing with many items and those stockkeeping units, individual inventory analysis for each stockkeeping unit needs large amount of time or cost. Also the individual approach in inventory planning increases the demand variation of an item as the result by combining of demand variations of all stockkeeping units, accordingly the inventory turnover ratio and profitability are dropped down. This research suggests an effective method of systematic control of total stockkeeping units by generating from the total item basis, and shows how to reduce the safety stock and the average inventory with attaining a planned customer fill rate of the item and each stockkeeping units.

Differential item functioning (DIF) based on Rasch model can be used to examine whether the items function similarly across different groups and identify items that appear to be too easy or difficult after controlling for the ability levels of the compared groups. The Oswestry low back pain disability (Oswestry) has traditionally been proved as an effective instrument measuring disability resulting from low back pain (LBP). In this study, DIF method was used to explore whether items on the Oswestry perform similarly across two different groups (participants with LBP and no LBP). A series of Rasch analyses on the 10 items of the Oswestry were performed using Winsteps(R) software. Forty-two participants with back pain were recruited from 3 rehabilitation hospitals in Gainesville, Florida. Another 42 participants with no LBP were recruited from several public places in the rehabilitation hospitals. Based on the DIF analysis across the two groups, several items were found to have an uniform DIF. Participants with no LBP had more difficulty on lifting and personal care items and participants with LBP had more difficulty on sleeping and social life items. For non-LBP group, a high ceiling effects (83% of participants with non-LBP) was detected, which was not be able to be effectively measured with the Oswestry items. Although 4 items of the Oswestry function differently across the two groups, all items of the Oswestry were well targeted the LBP group.

In this paper, we develop an efficient approach to solve a multiple-item budget-constraint newsboy problem with a reservation policy. A conventional approach for solving such problem utilizes an approximation for the evaluation of an inverse of a Gaussian cumulative density function when the argument of the function is small, and a heuristic method for finding an optimal Lagrangian multiplier. In contrast to the conventional approach, this paper proposes more accurate method of evaluating the function by using the normalization and an effective numerical integration method. We also propose an efficient way to find an optimal Lagrangian multiplier by proving that the equation for the budget-constraint is in fact a monotonically increasing function in the Lagrangian multiplier. Numerical examples are tested to show the performance of the proposed approach with emphases on the behaviors of the inverse of a Gaussian cumulative density function and the Lagrangian multiplier. By using sensitivity analysis of different budget constraints, we show that the reservation policy indeed provides greater expected profit than the classical model of not having the reservation policy.

This study aims to compare the effects of different types of test-items using the same text and test-takers' text familiarity on the scores of English reading comprehension. A total of 312 third-grade Korean high school students took three different English tests, adapting types of test-items from the Korean College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT). Each test included items using the same texts, presented in exam preparation books published by EBS in Korea, but different question types. To estimate levels of their topic familiarity, two surveys were carried out. Repeated measures ANOVAs reveal that there were significant differences in scores among the items using the same text with different types of test-items. However, there was no statistically significant effect of topic familiarity. The results indicate a greater effect of different types of test-items than topic familiarity on the scores of a reading comprehension test using the same text. Based on the findings, it is suggested that English teachers in Korea need to manage their reading classes by using various types of questions in order to develop students' reading ability and to prepare their students for the CSAT.

The purposes of this study were: 1) to show the item difficulty hierarchy of walking/moving construct of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Activity Measure (ICF-AM), 2) to evaluate the item-level psychometrics for model fit, 3) to describe the relevant physical activity defined by level of activity intensity expressed as Metabolic Equivalent of Tasks (MET), and 4) to explore what extent the empirical activity hierarchy of the ICF-AM is linked to the conceptual model based on the level of energy expenditure described as MET. One hundred and eight participants with lower extremity impairments were examined for the present study. A newly created activity measure, the ICF-AM using an item response theory (IRT) model and computer adaptive testing (CAT) method, has a construct on walking/moving construct. Based on the ICF category of walking and moving, the instrument comprised items corresponding t walking short distances, walking long distances, walking on different surfaces, walking around objects, climbing, and running. The item difficulty hierarchy was created using Winstep software for 20 items. The Rasch analyses (1-parameter IRT model) were performed on participants with lower extremity injuries who completed the paper and pencil version of walking/moving construct of the ICF-AM. The classification of physical activity can also be performed by the use of METs that is often preferred to determine the level of physical activity. The empirical item hierarchy of walking, climbing, running activities of the ICF-AM instrument was similar to the conceptual activity hierarchy based on the METs. The empirically derived item difficulty hierarchy of the ICF-AM may be useful in developing MET-based activity measure questionnaires. In addition to convenience of applying items to questionnaires, implications of the finding could lead to the use of CAT method without sacrificing the objectivity of physiologic measures.