In Europe, the cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala) is a specialized insect feeding on Brassicaceae plants. The plants use the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system, but P. chrysocephala can overcome this chemical defense by detoxification of the emerging ITCs by conjugation with glutathione (mercapturic acid pathway). In addition to known products of the mercapturic acid pathway, previously unreported metabolites were isolated, and their structures were elucidated by means of high resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-ESITOFMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The products found may represent general detoxification products of the mercapturic acid pathway.

본 연구는 사양체계 및 TMR의 NDF 수준이 번식용 젖소 육성우의 혈중 대사물질 농도 변화에 미치는 영향을 검토하고, 에너지, 단백질, 지질 및 간 기능 관련 지표 대사물질의 농도를 토대로 영양 상태를 관리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 공시동물은 번식용 젖소 육성우 50두를 공시하였으며, 시험구 배치는 사양체계에 따라 TMR 처리구(TMR) 및 배합사료 + 혼합 조사료 처리구(CON)의 2처리로 하였으며, TMR의 NDF 수준에 따라 53% 이상(T1), 50 ∼ 53%(T2) 및 50% 이하(T3)로 3처리 하였다. 혈중 GLU 농도는 사양체계에 영향을 받지 않았지만, NDF 수준이 감소될수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 사양체계가 혈중 단백질 관련 대사물질 농도에 미치는 영향은 없었으며, NDF 수준이 낮아질수록 혈중 ALB 농도가 증가되는 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈중 CHOL 농도는 TMR 보다 CON 처리구에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), NDF 수준이 낮을수록 증가되는 결과가 나타났다. 혈중 지질 농도는 TMR 보다 CON에서 높았으며, NDF 수준이 낮아질수록 높게 나타났다. 혈중 ALT 농도는 T3구가 T1 및 T2구에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 연구의 결과에서 사양체계 및 TMR의 NDF 수준은 번식용 젖소 육성우의 혈중 대사물질 농도 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 있지만, 사료섭취량 및 영양성분 수준을 고려할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Sex hormones including progesterons, androgens, and estrogens are influential in differentiation of ovarian tissues and competence of fertility. These steroid hormones derived from cholesterol are required for cumulus-oocyte complexes(COCs) during oocyte maturation. COCs is a total functional and active entity playing a central role in oocyte. Lipid metabolism in the mammalian COCs is controlled by environmental factors. The intracellular cholesterol contents go through remarkable changes. It plays an important part of oocyte developmental competence. However, heat stress affects steroid hormone by decreasing progesterone, estrogen concentrations, and resumption of meiosis in COCs maturation. Reduction of the hormone and meiotic resumption might lead to the decline of ovarian function, follicle maturation, and subsequent embryogenesis. In the same vein, heat stress also influence on germinal vesicle breakdown, lipolytic variations, and loss of the nuclear envelope in the course of maturation of oocytes. In summary, we examined the effects of thermal stress on oocyte maturation through steroid hormone contents of change identifying the molecular mechanisms of lipids metabolism. It may have the solution to further the therapy methods for disorders regarding sterility.

The respiration rate of PH3 susceptible strain was significantly higher than the resistant strain. The results showed no significant effect of oxygen level on the respiration rate of both strains. Phosphine reduced the respiration rate of both strains when it was applied in average concentrations. However, the rate of respiration of the resistant beetles increased significantly under a high level of phosphine. The increase of respiration rate was associated with the higher emission of VOCs which prove the acceleration of metabolic processes to face the phosphine action for survival. Flat grain beetle Cryptolestes pusillus and rusty grain beetle C. ferrugineus are similar insect species, but only C. ferrugineus is capable to develop a high phosphine resistance. A direct immersion solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DI-SPME-GCMS) technology has identified the different fatty acids from PH3 resistant and susceptible strain of Tribolium castaneum.

본 연구는 비만 모델동물 랫드에서 식이 내 오메가 6와 3 지방산 비율(n-6/n-3 0, 4:1, 15:1, 30:1)이 지질대사의 생화학적 메카니즘을 구명하였다. 혈액 중성지방은 대조군과 비교할 때 n-6/n-3 비율 4:1, 15;1, 30:1 처리군에서 22.21%, 총콜레스테롤 20.60%, LDL-C 52.96%, 혈당 15.71%, ALT 11.97%, AST 9.13%, 인슐린 37.57%, 렙틴 45.98% 낮아졌으나, HDL-C 28.38%, 인지질 80.39% 증가하였고, 특히 4:1 처리군에서 가장 큰 효과가 나타났다. 간 조직에서 SREPB-1α, SREPB-2 mRNA는 대조군과 비교할 때 n-6/n-3 비율 처리군에서 하향조절 하였으나 PPARs 그리고 지방조직의 LPL-mRNA는 상향조절 하였다. 간 조직에서 지방세포의 크기는 n-6/n-3 비율 30:1, 대조군, 15:1, 4:1 순서로 낮아졌고, 지방조직에서 지방세포의 크기는 대조군, 30:1, 15:1, 4:1 순서로 낮았다. 결과는 비만 모델동물 랫드에서 오메가 6와 오메가 3 지방산 비율, 특히 4:1을 함유하는 식이를 급여하면 혈액 유해 지질, 간 기능 효소, 렙틴, 인슐린, 간과 지방조직의 유전자 발현 조절을 통하여 건강을 유지할 수 있다는 새로운 사실을 발견하였다.

This study examined the effects of plums produced in Gimcheon area on the glucose and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley diabetic rats were divided into four groups: control, diabetic control, Diabetes-low plum (containing 10% plum powder), and Diabetes-high plum (containing 20% plum powder). The animals were fed isocaloric experimental diets based on an AIN-76 diet for 6 weeks. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) of the diabetic groups were significantly lower than that of the control. On the other hand, among the diabetic groups, the FER of the high plum intake group was higher than that of the diabetic control. The liver weight per 100 g body weight of each group was similar but the liver weights tended to decrease as the amount of plum intake was increased. Kidney weight per 100 g body weight of the plum intake groups were significantly different compared to that of the diabetic control. The supplementation of plums lowered the fasting blood glucose level of the diabetic groups and improved the glucose tolerance, thereby lowering the glycosylated hemoglobin index. In addition, the supplementation of plum was lowered the blood total cholesterol concentration and increased the HDL-C/TC (%) significantly, thereby lowering the atherosclerotic index (AI) and hepatic peroxide level. A steady diet of plums produced in Gimcheon may be effective in controlling the blood glucose level and preventing chronic diabetes mellitus.

Previous studies demonstrated that rice bran oil has an anti-inflammatory effect. The current study investigated if the immune responses and energy metabolism phenotypes were affected by rice bran oil. Rice bran oil and palm oil, which served as an experimental control, were treated to RAW 264.7 macrophages respectively, followed by LPS stimulation so as to quantify the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. The expression of surface markers i.e. CD 80, CD 86 and MHC-classⅡ and mitochondrial metabolism phenotypes were also tested. The data exhibited rice bran oil suppressed inflammatory responses and mitochondrial metabolism were modulated by rice bran oil. These results warrant the necessity for the compositional and/or mechanistic studies to elucidate the details.

This study aimed to investigate growth rate and nutrient consumption of Chlorella vulgaris according to different light irradiation interval. Applied light irradiation intervals were 12 hr, 4 hr, 1 hr, and 1 min. The light source was flexible LED(Blue:Red=1:1), light intensity was 200 PPFD and Light/Dark cycle was 1:1. As a result, growth rate and nutrient removal efficiencies showed no significant differences depending on the light irradiation interval. Considering the reproduction characteristics of applied microalgae cultures of this study, this is thought to be one of the possible reasons of above results. Because Chlorella vulgaris performs an asexual reproduction and it is known that there is no significant relationship between light irradiation interval and growth rate, including nutrient consumption in case of asexual reproduction.

Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) H.E. Bigelow is a typical white-rot fungus and is widely cultivated in China and Japan. In this study, the genome of a monokaryon strain HM26-F1 was sequenced using Illumina and Pacbio platforms. The genome sequences of 32,238,363 bp with 49.40% G+C content were obtained and 14,443 gene models coding for proteins were determined. The divergence time was 144 million years ago (MYA) and diverged from other fungi belonging to Agaricales around the late of Jurassic Period. 363 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) genes were detected in this genome. And there were higher number of class II peroxidases (11) and multicopper oxidases (22) for degrading lignin. In addition, 418 genes were enriched involving in purine metabolism for IMP and GMP synthesis. And, there were 7 secondary metabolite clusters in the genome, including 3 terpene, 2 polyketide biosynthase, 1 nonribosomal peptide synthetase and 1 siderophore. Combining Hiseq 2500 and Pacbio platforms resulted in a more complete and less fragmented genome. H. marmoreus had high abilities to degrade lignocellulose. IMP and GMP may be the basis of the crab flavor. Information obtained from this study enhances our knowledge about degradation mechanisms of lignocellulose and secondary metabolism.

This study was conducted to investigate if the supplement formula may improve alcohol metabolism in healthy adult men.In a double-blinded, randomized, crossover study, subjects were administrated yeast extract mixtures (YEM, n=15), Hovenia dulcis mixtures (HDM, n=15), placebo (PLA, n=15), and control (CON, n=15) in an oral dose followed by one week washout periods. At each visit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 week), subjects drank 450 mL, 20.1 percent alcohol after administered mixtures. Blood was drawn periodically (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 15 hours). Fifteen subjects completed the protocol and were included in the analysis. Plasma ethanol concentration was lower in YEM (10 percent) and the HDM (5 percent) groups. The area under the curves (AUC) and Cmax for plasma ethanol were significantly decreased only in the YEM group, when compared with the CON group. The AUC and Cmax for plasma acetaldehyde concentration were significantly decreased in the YEM (45 and 54 percent) and the HDM (35 and 53 percent) groups respectively, when compared with PLA (p<0.01). Together, these findings validate that YEM or HDM improved alcohol metabolism and hangover syndromes, leading to reduce alcohol concentration and acetaldehyde concentration without adverse effects.

Although Semisulcospira libertina is generally regarded as a supplement for the alleviation of alcohol hangover, little is known about its effects on cell metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the constituents of the extracts prepared using different extraction methods and to compare their biochemical properties. The amino acid contents were found to be much higher in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates than hot water extracts from S. libertina. DPPH radical scavenging activities in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates were higher than those of hot water extracts. Three types of S. libertina hydrolysate was added to HepG2 cells damaged by acetaminophen (AAP), after which the survival rate of HepG2 cell were measured. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the culture media were evaluated. The survival rates of HepG2 cells were 77.0±4.3% and 81.5±1.3% at 3 h and 5h enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. These cell survival rates were higher compared to those of the negative control group (67.8±4.3%) treated only with acetaminophen. Cellular toxicities induced by treatment with AAP were also significantly alleviated in response to treatment with the extracts of S. libertina. In addition, the activities of 2 key enzymes that metabolize ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, were upregulated by 4.7- and 2.7-fold respectively in response to treatment with a 3 h enzymatic hydrolysate of S. libertina. Taken together, these results provide biochemical evidence of the method by which S. libertina exerts its biological functions, including the alleviation of alcohol hangover and the protection of liver cells against toxic insults.

Although Semisulcospira libertina is generally regarded as a supplement for the alleviation of alcohol hangover, little is known about its effects on cell metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the constituents of the extracts prepared using different extraction methods and to compare their biochemical properties. The amino acid contents were found to be much higher in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates than hot water extracts from S. libertina. DPPH radical scavenging activities in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates were higher than those of hot water extracts. Three types of S. libertina hydrolysate was added to HepG2 cells damaged by acetaminophen (AAP), after which the survival rate of HepG2 cell were measured. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the culture media were evaluated. The survival rates of HepG2 cells were 77.0±4.3% and 81.5±1.3% at 3 h and 5h enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. These cell survival rates were higher compared to those of the negative control group (67.8±4.3%) treated only with acetaminophen. Cellular toxicities induced by treatment with AAP were also significantly alleviated in response to treatment with the extracts of S. libertina. In addition, the activities of 2 key enzymes that metabolize ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, were upregulated by 4.7- and 2.7-fold respectively in response to treatment with a 3 h enzymatic hydrolysate of S. libertina. Taken together, these results provide biochemical evidence of the method by which S. libertina exerts its biological functions, including the alleviation of alcohol hangover and the protection of liver cells against toxic insults.

본 연구는 수박 접목묘의 활착에 미치는 상대습도의 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 2품종(‘스피드’, ‘삼복꿀’)의 수박(Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.)을 ‘RS-동장군’ 박 대목(Lagenaria siceraria Stanld.)에 접목하고, 접목묘는 주간 25oC/야간 18oC, 광주기는 1일 16시간 기준으로 몰리어다이어그램을 따라 3수준의 상대습도, 95-96%[1.1-0.8(주간) 또는 0.8-0.6(야간) g·m-3수분부족분(VPD)], 97-98%[0.7-0.4(주간) 또는 0.5-0.3(야간) g·m-3 VPD], 또는 99-100%[0.3-0.0(주간) 또는 0.2-0.0(야간) g·m-3 VPD]로 유지하였다. 상대습도 처리 중 97-98% 처리는 대목과 ‘스피드’ 접수의 생체중과 초장을 가장 크게 증가시키며 접목 2일 후에 접합부의 연결을 향상시켰다. 그러나 ‘삼복꿀’의 경우 상대습도 99-100% 처리에서 경경과 초장이 증가하였다. 또한 상대습도 95-96%와 97-98% 처리에서 재배한 2 품종 모두 과산화수소가 덜 발생하고 산화적 스트레스의 지표인 항산화 효소의 활성이 덜 나타났다. 따라서 이 연구의 결과는 수박묘의 접목활착에 가장 적절한 상대습도는 97-98%였다.

Streptozotocin(STZ)을 45mg/kg.b.w의 용량으로 흰쥐의 미정맥에 투여 한 후 유발된 당뇨 흰쥐에게 1일 1회 7일간 1,000mg/kg의 용량으로 도라지 뿌리 에탄올 추출물을 투여 후 glucose 함량과 당대사에 관여하는 효소인 glucose-6-phosphatase(G-6-Pase) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), glucokinase(GK)활성과 glycogen 함량, triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol등의 지질대사에 관여하는 물질들을 측정하였다 그 결과 도라지 뿌리 에탄올 추출물 투여군이 glucose, TG, total cholesterol등의 함량과 G-6-Pase 활성의 유의적인 감소(p<0.05)를 나타내었으며 glycogen 함량과 HDL-cholesterol, G-6-PDH, GK의 활성이 유의적인 증가(p<0.05)를 나타내었다. 이와 같이 도라지 뿌 리 에탄올 추출물이 항당뇨 개선효과를 갖는 유효성분을 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Ginsenosides are major constituents of ginseng and are known to be responsible for its pharmacological properties. This study aimed to investigate the detoxification effect of a mixture containing black red ginseng powder, red ginseng extract, Puerariae radix extract, and Hovenia dulcis extract, on SD (Sprague Dawley) rats treated with 30% ethanol. Thirty minutes before treatment, the animals were orally administered different concentrations of the mixture or water. Results revealed that the concentration of ethanol in blood serum was significantly decreased in the black red ginseng mixture treated group in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with that of the control group. The blood level of acetaldehyde increased until 1 hr after alcohol administration, but the levels rapidly decreased later. Furthermore, ADH and ALDH activities in the hepatic tissue were also increased in the black red ginseng mixture administered group, than in the control group. These results indicate that the black red ginseng mixture has the ability of decomposing alcohol by increasing the ADH and ALDH activities responsible for alcohol metabolism.

In the present study, we examined potential roles of glucose and pyruvate in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of porcine oocytes. In the presence and absence of 10% porcine follicular fluid (PFF), either 5.6 mM glucose or 2mM pyruvate effect on meiotic maturation and followed development ability. However, DOs doesn't take full advantage of the glucose in medium, only pyruvate can increase MII rate and follow early embryo development ability significance. COCs were matured with 200 uM pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) inhibitor (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) or 2 μM glycolysis inhibitor (iodoacetate, IA), significantly lower levels of GHS in the DHEA an IA treated oocytes and the levels of ROS were higher significantly in the DHEA treated oocytes, treatment with DHEA significantly reduced the intra-oocyte ATP and NADPH level. Blastocysts from DHEA or IA treated group also presented higher apoptosis levels, meanwhile, the percentage of proliferating cells was dramatically lower than the non-treated group. In conclusion, our results suggest that 10% PFF promoted oocytes make full use of energy, glucose metabolism during in vitro maturation inseparable from the cumulus cells, PPP and glycolysis promoted porcine oocytes cytoplasmic maturation by supplying energy and reducing oxidative stress.