The objective of this study was to detect and identify the bee mites that were related to the colony collapse disorder of the western species of honey bee. From July 6, 2023 to August 2, 2023, total 367 bee larvaes and 243 adults bee were observed by 100-fold and 200-fold magnification microscopy. As a result of direct visual and microscopic examination on honeybee bodies, larvae and pupae, a total of 2,688 bee mites were found. Of their bee mites, it were 9 of Tropilaelaps clareae, 130 of Varroa jacobsoni, and 2,549 of Varroa destructor, respectively. Tropilaelaps clareae showed 7 females, 1 male, and 1 larva, Varroa jacobsoni had 94 females, 5 males, and 31 larvae, and Varroa destructor had 2,162 females, 346 males, and 41 larvae, respectively. In order to reduce the damage of the apiary caused by bee mites, it is mainly dependent on pharmaceutical control, continuously.

This study examined the spatial morphological patterns of forest habitats and the characteristics of roadkill occurrences in the forests of Mungyeong, Yecheon, Yeongju, Andong, and Bonghwa in Gyeongsangbuk-do. It involved building a resistance map between habitats and analyzing connectivity based on the least-cost distance. The analysis of the distance between the forest habitat Cores derived from MSPA and roadkill points showed that roadkill occurrences were concentrated approximately 74.11 m away from the Cores, with most roadkills happening within 360 m from the habitats. The connectivity analysis between core habitats larger than 1 km2 revealed 141 core habitats and 242 least-cost paths between them. The corridor distance value was found to be highest in Mungyeong city, indicating an urgent need for strategies to enhance habitat connectivity there. This research is expected to serve as foundational data for developing strategies to enhance ecosystem connectivity and restore habitats, by analyzing ecosystem connectivity and roadkill issues due to habitat fragmentation.

본 연구는 검거세미밤나방(Agrotis ipsilon) 성페로몬 트랩에 혼재하여 유살되는 은무늬밤나방아과 형태적 분류와 동정법 수립을 위해, 날개 무늬의 형태계측학 분석을 실시하였다. 은무늬밤나방아과 개체는 2023년 11월 부터 12월까지 제주도 애월읍 일대에서 채집되었으며, 콩 해충으로 알려진 콩은무늬밤나방(Ctenoplusia agnata) 을 비롯하여, 다양한 농작물을 가해하는 것으로 알려진 붉은금무늬밤나방(Chrysodeixis eriosoma)의 수컷 성충이 포획되었다. 앞날개의 형태 및 무늬를 가지고 현장에서 쉽게 동정할 수 있는 형태적 특징을 도출하기 위하여, 각 성충 개체의 앞날개를 잘라 현미경 카메라로 촬영하고, 앞날개의 내횡선, 아외연선, 반점 크기 등 15개의 형질 을 측정하였다. 또한 각 형질 간의 상관관계를 분석하였으며 빈도분포를 통하여 두 종간 분리되는 형질을 파악하 였다. 최종적으로 다변량 분석법을 적용하여 두 집단이 어떻게 군집을 이루는지 분석하고, 날개형태만으로 붉은 금무늬밤나방과 콩은무늬밤나방을 구분할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

To identify some significant phenotypic characteristics of maize(zea mays) seeds, we have obtained Red, Green, Blue(RGB) digital image data from 82 recombinant inbred lines. Based on the collected image data, their morphological and color data were analyzed, and seven significant parameters were selected, including area, perimeter, length, width, circularity, roundness, and surface texture. The extracted RGB data were converted into color hex codes to visualize the representative colors of the seeds. These visualized colors were categorized into six groups: gray, yellowish white, yellow, grayish orange, purple, and brown. The results of maize seed phenotypic analysis using the RGB digital images in this study will serve as a useful tool for constructing a database of seed phenotyping database and establishing a standardized classification system.

Cobalt was electrodeposited onto chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene/Si/SiO2 substrates, during different time intervals, using an electrolyte solution containing a low concentration of cobalt sulfate. The intention was to investigate the details of the deposition process (and the dissolution process) and the resulting magnetic properties of the Co deposits on graphene. During and after electrodeposition, in-situ magnetic measurements were performed using an (AGFM). These were followed by ex situ morphological analysis of the samples with ΔtDEP 30 and 100 s by atomic force microscopy in the non-contact mode on pristine CVD graphene/SiO2/Si. We demonstrate that it is possible to electrodeposit Co onto graphene, and that in-situ magnetic measurements can also help in understanding details of the deposition process itself. The results show that the Co deposits are ferromagnetic with decreasing coercivity (HC) and demonstrate increasing magnetization on saturation (MSAT) and electric signal proportional to remanence (Mr), as a function of the amount of the electrodeposited Co. It was also found that, after the end of the dissolution process, a certain amount of cobalt remains on the graphene in oxide form (this was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), as suggested by the magnetic measurements. This oxide tends to exhibit a limited asymptotic amount when cycling through the deposition/dissolution process for increasing deposition times, possibly indicating that the oxidation process is similar to the graphene surface chemistry.

This study explores the morphological awareness of different graders with different vocabulary levels. A total of 275 elementary students (148 5th graders and 127 6th graders) across small, midium and large cities are selected to test their morphological awareness. First, they were divided into 30%, 40% and 30% of students according to their vocabulary levels. Second, they were tested on the recognition tests, the production tests and the distributional tests of English derivational morphemes divided by the prefixes and the suffixes appeared in the English textbooks. The results are: The recognition and production tests show significant differences for both vocabulary levels and different English levels across different grades. However, the distributional test shows no clear difference like the other two tests. Based on the results, the study draws the conclusion that morphological awareness is developing in the order of recognition, production and distribution of morphologized words in sentences. In other words, recognition of forms precedes the production of forms, and the production is followed by the functional awareness of morphologized words.

Agro-morphological characterization of Hibiscus germplasm is a fundamental prerequisite to initiate plant breeding programs. The prime aim of this study was to characterize 107 Hibiscus syriacus genotypes using agromorphological characteristics and to collect useful data to facilitate the breeders for H. syriacus breeding programs. In this study, it has been recorded that this species appears to have innumerable variability in the morphological characteristics among Korean and exotic cultivars. Plant height of Korean and exotic H. syriacus cultivars were recorded and data revealed that the maximum plant height (143 cm) was recorded in ‘Woodbridge’ which had tall-erect plant shape. ‘Serenade’ and ‘Saemaeul’ cultivars had vigorous growth and had plant height of 141 and 137 cm, respectively and both had tall-erect plant shape. The diameters of H. syriacus flower ranged from 4.1 cm in ‘Kakchang’ to 9.4 cm in ‘Pyonghwa’. The data analysis exhibited that analysis flowers of ~ 86% of Korean cultivars had single type of flower’s form compared to exotic cultivars (~ 61%). The data related to flower shape showed that among Korean native cultivars the maximum plants (52.1%) had intermediate type of flowers followed by bowl (26.1%) and flat type (21.8%). Similar trend in exotic cultivars were observed for flower shape. In case of petal shape among total cultivars studied, 27.9% native H. syriacus plants had broard type of petals whereas 17.7 exotic cultivars had intermediate type of petals. Present results indicated high variability among H. syriacus cultivars, which presents great significance for Hibiscus breeding programs and for genetic studies in order to develop new varieties of H. syriacus.

Previous studies suggested that myelinated axons innervating rat molar pulps undergo morphological changes in their peripheral course. However, little information is available on the morphological feature of the parent axons at the site of origin. We therefore investigated the size of the myelinated parent axons and their morphological features at the proximal sensory root of the trigeminal ganglion by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into rat upper molar pulps and subsequent light and electron microscopy. A total of 248 HRP-labeled myelinated axons investigated were highly variable in the size. Fiber area, fiber diameter, axon area (axoplasm area), axon diameter (axoplasm diameter), and myelin thickness were 11.32 ± 8.36 μm2 (0.80~53.17 μm2), 3.99 ± 1.53 μm (1.08~9.26 μm), 8.70 ± 6.30 μm2 (0.70~41.83 μm2), 3.13 ± 1.13 μm (0.94~7.20 μm) and 0.43 ± 0.23 μm (0.07~1.06 μm), respectively. The g-ratio (axon diameter / fiber diameter) of the labeled axons was 0.79 ± 0.05 (0.61~0.91). Axon diameter was highly correlated with myelin thickness (correlation coefficients, r=0.83) but little correlated with g-ratio (r=−0.33) of individual myelinated parent axons. These results indicate that myelin thickness of the myelinated parent axons innervating rat molar pulps increase with increasing axon diameter, thus maintaining a constant g-ratio.

The currently cultivated varieties of moth orchid flowers have weak or no fragrance and the plant requires high temperatures for cultivation. In order to develop a new variety of orchid that is psychrophilic and fragrant, intergeneric cross between wild wind orchids and moth orchids was performed. In 2009, To obtain intergeneric hybrids from Sedirea japonicum and Neofinetia falcata with moth orchids, artificial crosses with a total of 160 combinations were performed. Most of the cross combinations failed due to crossincompatibility after intergeneric crosses, with no pod formation, premature pod dropping after pod formation, and pod formation that did not produce seeds. From among these, the crosses that formed normal seeds and germinated to produce viable plants included Doritis pulcherrima × S. japonicum, N. falcata × D. pulcherrima, and N. falcata × P. equestris. From the hybrid specimens obtained through these crosses, 2 superior lines (819-3B and K9256) were selected based on their floral morphology, number of flowers, hardiness, and fragrance. Comparative analyses of the morphological and chromosomal traits were performed between the selected hybrid specimens and their parents. The flower and inflorescence characteristics of the selected hybrids exhibited intermediary traits of both the parents; however, more traits from the moth orchids were inherited. For pollinia traits, both 819-3B and K9256 specimens exhibited intermediate forms of their parents in terms of their shape and size. In the case of 819-3B specimen, a high degree of trait similarity with that of D. pulcherrima was observed; whereas, K9256 specimen showed lobes similar to that of P. equestris. The ploidy of moth orchid, S. japonicum, and N. falcata used for crosses was diploid, as determined by microscopic examination and ploidy analysis. The microscopic examination of chromosomes from the intergeneric hybrid pollens revealed mutation of the chromosome count among different specimens as well as irregular chromosome separation. For the production of next-generation progeny using the obtained hybrids, back-cross was performed; however, most of the progeny obtained were sterile and, among the 12 back-crosses, pod formation was noted in S. japonicum × 819-3B and 819-3B × S. japonicum crosses only.

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 들깨 국내 육성종을 포함한 수집종(蒐集種)중 20종(種)을 공시하여 이들 간의 형태적(形態的)인 주요(主要) 특성(特性), 생화학적(生化學的)인 특성(特性)과 세포유전학적(細胞遺傳學的)인 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)하고 유전적(遺傳的) 다양성(多樣性)을 밝혀 들깨의 분류(分類)와 품종육성(品種有成)에 있어서의 중요(重要)한 기초자료(基礎資科)를 얻고자 본(本) 실험(實驗)을 수행(遂行)하여 얻은 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 들깨 수집종의 형태적(形態的), 생화학적(生化學的), 세포유전학적(細胞遺傳學的) 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)해 본 바, 형태적(形態的) 특성(特性)으로 종피색은 약간의 농도차이는 있었으나 회갈색(灰褐色), 갈색(褐色), 암갈색(暗褐色)(흑색)등 3군(群)으로 나눌 수 있었으며, 우립중(于粒重)은 3.5g 이하인 것이 11종(種)으로 가장 많았고 4.5g 이하인 것이 4종(種) 4.5g 이상인 것이 5종(種)이었다. 또한 줄기색은 적색(赤色)과 녹색(綠色)으로 분류되었는데 적색(赤色)은 안동재래를 포함 5종(種)이었고 나머지는 녹색(綠色)이었다. 생화학적(生化學的)인 특성(特性)으로 각 수집종(蒐集種)을 대상으로 지방산(脂肪酸) 조성을 조사(調査)해 본 바, 불포화도가 가장 높은 linolenic acid는 53%(영양재래)에서 65%(의성재래)에 이르기 까지 다양(多樣)하였으며, 59-61% 범위에 속하는 종(種)이 12종(種)으로 가장 많았다. 염색체(染色體) 수(數)는 조사한 4개의 수집종(蒐集種)(안동재래, 엽실, 영광재래, 대영) 모두가 2n=38로 나타났다.

Collaborative Robot (Cobot) that can collaborate with humans by fusion with many advanced technologies among industrial robots in the industrial field are attracting attention. In this study, the engineers of Small and Medium Enterprises can directly participate in the cobot design, and ultimately, the possibility of deriving the shape design of the differentiated cobot was studied. The method applied to derive the shape design of differentiated cobot is ‘Morphological Analysis’. First, the design elements of the form of cobots were derived as ‘Link’ and ‘Joint’. In addition, by analyzing the image form of the Link and Joint of the existing cobot, a new form element of the Link and Joint was proposed. In order to quantitatively identify the most discriminating cobot shape design, FGI (Focus Group Interview) was conducted to derive image types of 4 Link and 3 Joint. Then, the most important ‘Shape Combination’ was carried out in morphological analysis, and 12 new cobot shape designs were drawn. Through this, the applicability of the morphological analysis method in the derivation of differentiated cobot shape design was examined.

Background: For stable induction of tetraploidy in Fallopia multiflora Haraldson, colchicine was treated to establish the condition of induction and investigated the morphological and cytogenetic traits of the tetraploid plants obtained compared to those of diploid ones. Methods and Results: For the induction of tetraploidy, F. multiflora plants were soaked in aqueous solutions of colchicine at various concentration (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%). After this, 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added at room temperature on a shaker set at 150 rpm for periods of 12, 24, and 48 h. The induction rate of tetraploids appeared to be the highest in plants treated with 0.5% colchicine for 24 h. As the colchicine concentration and soaking time increased above these levels, the growing tip of the roots did not develop and they began to rot. When compared to diploid plants, tetraploids differed greatly in various characteristics, including the sizes and shapes of the leaves, fruits, flowers and roots. The induced tetraploid F. multiflora had larger guard cells, and chloroplasts, increased number of chloroplast in the guard cells and decreased stomatal densities. Conclusions: When colchicine induced plants for tetraploid, it can be distinguished from diploids, in various characteristics such as morphological changes as stomatal size, number of chloroplasts per guard cell, number of chromosomes and flow cytometry. Therefore, it proved that these methods are suitable, quick and easy methods for the identification of the ploidy level of F. multiflora.