본 연구에 이용되는 국내 재래 흑염소는 유전적 자원을 보존하고 품종을 유지하기 위하여 소규모 집단에서 고도의 근친교배를 수행하고 있어 유전적 자질의 다양성이 저해되고 있을 것으로 우려되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 재래흑염소 경상대계통 집단의 유전체 정보를 활용하여 재래흑염소 집단의 유전적 특성과 유효집단의 크기를 추정하고자 실시하였다. 국내 재래 흑염소의 유전체 정보는 Illumina Goat SNP 50k chip (illumina, inc., San Diego, CA)의 정보를 분석하여 연구에 이용하였다. 각 염색체의 인접 표지인자 와의 연관불평형 (Linkage Disequilibrium)은 0.225로 추정이 되었다. 또한, 표지인자 사이의 거리가 증가함에 따라 연관불평형의 값은 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 국내 재래 흑염소의 유효집단크기는 최근의 세대로 오는 경우 감소하는 추세를 보였으며, 13세대에서 유효집단의 크기는 29두로 추정되었다. 재래 흑염소 경상대계통은 낮은 연관불평형 값과 유효집단 크기를 보여 유전적 자원의 다양성이 낮을 것으로 보이며, 이를 해결하기 위한 계획적인 교배와 품종 집단의 크기를 키우기 위한 대책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The aim of this study was to assess the levels of genetic diversity and relationships of Korean native black goat (n = 58), compared with the exotic breed, Boer (n = 97). For the analysis of genetic characterization 11 microsatellite markers (MAF065, INRA063, CSRD247, OarFCB20, SRCRSP5, INRA006, ILSTS008, ILSTS011, INRA005, ILSTS087, SRCRSP8) were genotyped. The number of alleles was observed 3 (INRA005) to 10 (SRCRSP8) each markers. The mean expected and observed heterozygosity (Hexp and Hobs) and polymorphism information content (PIC) for the Korean native black goat breed varied from 0.551 to 0.860, 0.517 to 0.948 and 0.464 to 0.835, respectively. Principal Components Analysis (PCoA) and FCA results showed that Korean native black goat breed was confirmed to be clearly separated from bore breed. These results were scientific evidence that Korean native black goat represents a unique and valuable animal genetic resource.

A case of caseous lymphadenitis (CL) was detected in a native Korean goat without manifestation of superficial nodules but with pulmonary abscesses that were characterized microscopically by granulomatous inflammation consisting of a central necrotic region, peripheral fibrous capsule, and numerous cellular infiltrates with epithelioid macrophages, giant cells, and lymphocytes. Presence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was identified by using bacterial isolation and multiplex PCR. In addition, a 43% seropositivity to C. pseudotuberculosis was observed in goats from the same farm. This case highlights the risk of exposure of farmers to the causative agent and the urgent need for national monitoring for CL, a potential zoonotic.

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats(Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goat. A total of 20 goats were grouped by feeding systems [A mountainous pasture grazing group (Concentrated feed of 1.5% body weight, treatment 1, T1, n=10) and a barn feeding group (TMR, treatment 2, T2), n=10] to conduct study from April to September. The average forage productivity of the mountain pasture was 500.9 ± 61.41 kg/ha. The average dry matter intake in T1 was 0.64 and the calculated grazing intensity was 21 head/ha. In productivity, when the two treatments(T1, T2) were compared, the dry matter intake was about two to three times the difference. The average daily gain per day during the experiment was 63.3 in the mountain pasture and 120 g in barn feeding. When grazing, considering mountainous pasture productivity it is necessary to increase the productivity through proper feeding. The feed costs of black goats raised by grazing on the grassland in the same period showed an average 75% reduction compared to barn feeding. As a result of this study, it can be expected that a considerable reduction of feed costs can be expected in the breeding of Korean native black goat using the mountain pasture.

The study was conducted to determine effects on forage productivity, feed value, grazing intensity and livestock productivity in growing Korean native female goat grazing in native pasture. Its with average initial body weight of 14.10±3.6kg and an average age of 4 months were used in this study. Dry matter content of native pasture was the highest at 33.48 ± 2.56% in June, and the content was significantly increased from spring to autumn (p<0.05). Crude protein was maintained between 11% and 12% on average. Nutrient content was maintained at a certain level in native pasture, but there were differences due to the different types of wild grasses produced in each season. The productivity of forage crops increased from June, but decreased after August and showed a characteristic of grassland where productivity decreased rapidly in spring and autumn. The average grazing intensity are 39 head/ha. Black goat average daily gain was 80.2g/d. The stable weight gain in grazing is that the nutrient requirement of the black goat was met by supplementing the concentrated feed during grazing. study, can be expected that the productivity of livestock can be increased through the proper feeding of supplementary feed and maintenance of grazing intensity

The aim of this research was to investigate the anatomical location of muscles and their meat quality traits, including muscle pH, water-holding capacity, meat color, tenderness, and sarcomere length, of Korean native black goat(KNBG). Five male KNBGs of 18 months of age were slaughtered and four major muscles-longissimus dorsi(LD), psoas major(PM), semimembranosus (SM), and gluteus medius(GM)-were sampled to determine proximate analysis and meat quality traits. There were no significant(p>0.05) differences in chemical components among the four muscles. The water-holding capacity(WHC) of the four muscles was significantly(p<0.05) affected by muscle type, although the pHu and meat color were not significantly(p>0.05) different among the four muscles. The Warner-Bratzler shear force of PM(4.07 kg/㎠) was significantly(p<0.05) lower than that of SM(5.57 kg/㎠) muscle. In addition, the sarcomere length of PM(1.99 ㎛) was significantly(p<0.05) longer than that of SM(1.72 ㎛) and LD (1.76 ㎛). Results suggest that the lower shear force of PM muscle is due to its longer sarcomere length.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate amino acids and mineral compositions of the four major muscles (LD: longissimus dorsi, PM: psoas major, SM: semimembranosus, and GM: gluteus medius) from Korean native black goat (KNBG). Five uncastrated male KNBGs of 36 months of age were commercially slaughtered and the four muscles were sampled to determine concentrations of myoglobin, collagen, amino acids and minerals. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in myoglobin and collagen content among the four muscles. Myoglobin content of PM was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of SM and GM. Collagen content of SM was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of LD. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in cystine and leucine concentrations among the four muscles, and PM had the highest concentrations of the two amino acids compared to other muscles (p<0.05). Also, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in K, P, Mg and Fe contents among the four muscles from KNBG. PM had the highest mineral content while the lowest mineral content was observed in LD. In addition, Fe contents of PM and GM were higher than those of LD and SM (p<0.05). These results indicated that amino acids and mineral content vary considerably with the anatomical location of muscles of Korean native black goat.

This study was conducted to estimate growth curve parameters by sex in Korean native Goat. Weight-age data from 148 male goats and 169 female goats raised at Animal Genetic Resources Research Center in Korea were used in this study. Growth curve parameters were estimated from nonlinear regression using Gompertz and Logistic models. Mature weight ( ) and growth rate () of male goats were 50.0 kg, and 0.0038, respectively, when Gompertz model was used. They were 47.9 kg and 0.0062, respectively, when Logistic model was used. In female goats, mature weight ( ) and growth rate () were 35.8 kg and 0.0030, respectively, when Gompertz model was used. They were 34.6 kg and 0.0046 when Logistic model was used. The goodness of fit determined by R2 was higher in the Gompertz model than that in the Logistic model. The growth curve functions estimated from the Gompertz model in Korean-native male and female goats were , respectively. The inflection point () showed that the maximum growth rate and the weight at inflection (  ) estimated from the Gompertz model were 234.8 days and 18.37 kg, respectively, in male goats. They were 235.7 days and 13.16 kg, respectively, in female goats. The growth pattern of Korean-native goats obtained from this study might be useful for determining their feeding and management plans by sex and design breeding strategies.

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a brain specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme, is characterized by its consistent occurrence in the cytoplasm of mature neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression of NSE in the developing tongue of Korean native goats. The tongues of the fetuses were removed from 2- to 4-year-old female Korean native goats by caesarean section performed under general anesthesia. The expression of NSE in the developing tongue of goat fetuses (60, 90, 120, and 150 days) was studied using immunohistochemistry. In 60-day-old fetuses, NSE-immunoreactivity (IR) exhibited weak appearance in lamina propria of the basal portion and the apical epithelia of the tongue. In 90-day-old fetuses, NSE-nerve fibers were extended in the core part of connective tissue, and primordia of the taste buds was moderately positive. In 120-day-old fetuses, NSE-IR was strongly expressed in taste buds and gustatory nerve fibers. In neonates, the taste buds of vallate papillae were strongly positive for NSE, and development of nerve fibers was synapsed with connective tissue of well innervated taste buds. These results indicate that NSE expressions were associated with the sign of nerve innervation in prenatal development of goat tongues and NSE may be a useful neuronal marker to understand the development of gustatory nerve innervations.

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goats. Castrated, male goats (n=10) with average initial body weight (BW) of 23.33±2.15kg and an average age of 4 months were used in this study. Grazing goats were supplemented by concentrates with 1.0% of BW. The crude protein content of forage was the highest in October (22.71±0.25%) and there were significantly differences (p<0.05) in monthly comparison. The forage productivity of pasture was the highest from May to June (1718.7±207.5~ 1672.0±422.8 kg/ha) but it was decreased in July (1356.0±103.8 kg/ha) because of drought and summer depression. Average daily gains (ADG) of goats were the highest in June (99.5±6.4 d/g). Grazing intensity was calculated by forage productivity and dry matter intake (DMI) and was the highest in May (65 head/ha). As shown in the results of this research, grazing intensity was suggested to average 39 head/ha from May to October. It is desirable that adequate grazing intensity was maintained by adjusting supplemental feed.

This study was carried out to find out the effect of establishment or renovation of organic pasture by hoof and tooth cultivation with Korean native goat. This study was conducted from August, 2005 to the end of growing season in 2008 at test field of RDA in Cheonan. Experiment design composed with 4 treatment : Standard(Control, T1), Grazing after application cattle manure(T2), Application cattle manure after grazing(T3), Application cattle manure at half of grazing(T4).

본 연구는 재래 산양의 체세포 핵이식에 의하여 생산한 복제 산양(진순이)의 조직으로부터 공여 핵을 배양하여 다시 핵이식을 실시하여 재복제에 따른 융합율과 분할율, 이식 후의 수태율 등을 조사하여 재복제 가능성 여부를 검토하기 위하여 실시하였다. 공여 세포는 귀 유래 섬유아세포를 분리 배양하여 사용하였으며, 체내 성숙 난자는 성숙한 미경산 재래 산양에 과배란을 유기하여 외과적인 방법으로 난관 관류를 통해 회수하여 핵이식을 실시하였다. 핵이식란의 융합은 전

본 연구는 염소 액상 정액의 활용에 적합한 희석액을 검토하여, 국내 염소 인공수정 실용화를 위한 기초 자료를 확보하기 위하여 실시되었다. 두 마리의 흑염소 수컷으로부터 전기 자극법으로 정액을 채취하였다. 채취된 정액은 BTS로 희석하여 500g에서 5분간 원심분리하여 정장을 제거하고, BTS, Modena, Triladyl로 희석하여 냉장고나 온장고에서 8일간 보관되었다. BTS와 Modena로 희석된 정자의 운동성은 하루 만에 소멸되었으며, BTS로

본 연구는 공여 세포의 종류, 수핵 난자의 유래 및 수란 산양 발정 동기화 조건이 복제 산양 생산에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 공여 세포는 귀 유래 섬유아세포를 분리 배양하여 사용하였으며, 체내 성숙 난자는 성숙한 미경산 재래 산양에 과배란을 유기하여 외과적인 방법으로 난관 관류를 통해 회수하였으며, 배란이 되지 않은 난포란은 난포로부터 흡입 채취한 후, 22시간 동안 체외 성숙을 실시하여 사용하였다. 핵이식은 zona drilling 후,

본 연구는 재래 흑염소의 인공수정기술을 개발하여 우수한 재래 흑염소의 이용효율을 극대화시키는데 그 목적을 두고 축산연구소 가축유전자원 시험장에서 사육하고 있는 재래 흑염소의 정액을 채취하여 이를 동결보존한 후 필요시 사용하였다. 발정동기화 처리로 인위적으로 발정을 유기한 개체에 인공수정을 실시하여 처리방법별 발정 유기율, 호르몬의 변화양상 및 분만율을 조사하였다. 발정동기화 방법 중 CIDR+ 방법에서 , CIDR+PMSG 방법에서 발정이 발현되었다.

The aim of this review is to give insight into the reproduction potential of the Korean native goat(KNG) doe. The mean age of the first estrus in the KNG doe is 141.24±18.l7 days. The length of the estrous cycle was recorded as being 20.58±2.63 days, with the mean duration of estrous period being 17.8±7.3 to 32.9±1.2 h, and the duration of the post-partum anestrous period being 13.4(9 to 18) to 30.1±3.8 days in the KNG doe. The ages at first delivery are 10 to 12 months(56.3％) in the KNG doe. The KNG does are no restricted breeding season, because estrus and kiddings are observed throughout the year. The mean gestation period of the KNG doe is recorded as being 150.69±6.14 days with parities having no significant effect on gestation length. The mean interval between parturitions in the KNG doe is 207.78±1.72 days with parities and birth type having no significant effect on kidding intervals. The mean litter sizes at birth in the KNG doe are 1.69±0.03 heads, and litter size at birth was affected (P<0.05) by parity. The mean birth weight of kid in the KNG is 2.04±0.30 kg with a variety as being 2.28±0.26, 2.11± 0.30 and 1.64±0.19 kg for singles, twins and triplets over of birth type, respectively. The mean mortality of 635 kids in the KNG is 23±1 ％ with a variety as being 28±3, 21±2, 16±3 and 46±15 ％ for singles, twins, triplets and quadruplets of birth type, respectively.

During the last three decades considerable advances has been made in goat embryo production and transfer technology. The Korean native black goat is the most useful domestic ruminant in this country for biological investigation and application because it has a lot of merits such as relatively short generation period(1 vs 2 year for a cow), easy of handling, well adaptation, high fertility, convenient and inexpensive. This article covers the methods of superovulation, estrus synchronization, embryo collection and transfer techniques, pregnancy diagnosis and subsequent pregnancy and kidding rates for the production of transgenic Korean native black goats. More than one hundred goat kids have been produced as a result of our transgenic goat project via microinjection of foreign gene into pronuclei, in vitro culture, transfer of various stages of fresh and frozen-thawed microinjected embryos into oviducts or uteri of recipient does. We have got two transgenic goats carrying a transgene targeting the expression of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor(hG-CSF) to the mammary gland so far. Since collection and transfer of embryos in this species is usually accomplished by laparotomy, exteriorization of the reproductive tract for surgical embryo collection leads to the formation of post-operative adhesions. Nonsurgical or laparoscopic technique to reduce adhesions from repeated surgeries has great advantages in improving embryo production and transfer especially from valuable donors. We will discuss this later.

During the last three decades considerable advances has been made in goat embryo production and transfer technology. The Korean native black goat is the most useful domestic ruminant in this country for biological investigation and application because it has a lot of merits such as relatively short generation period (1 vs 2 year for a cow), easy of handling, well adaptation, high fertility, convenient and inexpensive. This article covers the methods of superovulation, estrus synchronization, embryo collection and transfer techniques, pregnancy diagnosis and subsequent pregnancy and kidding rates for the production of transgenic Korean native black goats. More than one hundred goat kids have been produced as a result of our transgenic goat project via microinjection of foreign gene into pronuclei, in vitro culture, transfer of various stages of fresh and frozen-thawed microinjected embryos into oviducts or uteri of recipient does. We have got two transgenic goats carrying a transgene targeting the expression of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) to the mammary gland so far. Since collection and transfer of embryos in this species is usually accomplished by laparotomy, exteriorization of the reproductive tract for surgical embryo collection leads to the formation of post-operative adhesions. Nonsurgical or laparoscopic technique to reduce adhesions from repeated surgeries has great advantages in improving embryo production and transfer especially from valuable donors. We will discuss this later.