Entomopathogenic fungi formulated as wettable powders and suspension concentrates have been sprayed to crop pests for pest management. However, the use of fungal granules to control paddy field pests has not been fully explored. Herein, several Beauveria bassiana isolates (ERL 1170, 1578 and 836) were produced as granules using a millet-based solid culture. The granules were applied to the rice nursery 3 days before transplanting and their control efficacy against rice water weevils was determined in paddy fields. The solid cultures produced ~1×108conidiag-1ofmilletgrains10daysaftertheinoculation. The granules were applied to the soil in the rice nursery 3 days before the rice seedlings were transplanted in the paddy fields. Rice in plots with granules of ERL1578 had 17.3% leaf damage (74% control efficacy) 14 days post application, whereas rice plants in the non-treated control had 66.5% damage. Rice plants treated in the nursery with ERL1170 and ERL836 had 52~54% damage. In the rice plots previously treated with ERL1578 the smallest numbers of larvae and adults were observed 38 days post application. In laboratory conditions, ERL1578-treated larvae were tuned pink and covered with mycelial mass. Applications of millet-based B. bassiana granules on rice nursery soil can be an effective and efficient biological control strategy for the management of rice water weevils. This method is relatively inexpensive and requires less labor compared to practices involving the spraying of fungi directly on rice in paddy fields.

남부지방(南部地方) 시설원예내(施設園藝內)의 문제(問題)되는 해충(害蟲)과 선충(線蟲)을 알아보기 위하여 진주, 집현, 금산, 창녕, 남지, 밀양, 김해, 합천, 부산, 순천, 광양 등의 시설재배지(施設栽培地)에서 1984년(年) 12월(月)부터 1985년(年) 12월(月)까지 충(蟲) 발생(發生)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果), 선충(線蟲)은 6과(科) 9속(屬) 9종(種)이 검출(檢出)되었고, 곤충(昆蟲)은 4목(目) 17과(科) 23속(屬) 24종(種), 응애는 1종(種)이 채집(採集)되었는데, 가장 문제(問題)되었던 선충(線蟲)은 뿌리혹선충(線蟲)인 M. incognita였으며, 딸기에서는 A. fragariae의 피해(被害)도 컸었다. 해충(害蟲)은 목화진딧물인 A. gossyphi였다. 고추역병의 피해주(被害株)는 반드시 뿌리혹선충(線蟲)에 심(甚)하게 감염(感染)되어 있었다. 한편, 상토원별(床土原別) 뿌리혹선충(線蟲)의 발생(發生)에서 밭의 표층토(表層土)를 이용했을 때 발생(發生)이 심하였으며, 살선충제(殺線蟲劑)로 처리된 표층토(表層土)나 논흙에서는 피해(被害)가 없었고 생육(生育)도 좋았다. 염류농도(鹽類濃度)별로는 EC 에서 뿌리혹선충(線蟲)의 피해(被害)가 가장 심(甚)하였고, 다음은 4mS, 2mS순(順)으로 4mS의 범위(範圍)에서는 선충(線蟲)의 피해(被害)를 받았으나, 6mS에서는 선충(線蟲)의 피해(被害)가 거의 없었다.

Background : Multi-stage system were used for development of stable ginseng seedling production. Bed-soil for the production of ginseng seedling in the multi-stage was similar to the conventional bed-soil but the weight of the bed-soil was high and the efficiency of operation in the multi-stage was lowered. In this study, the yield and quality of ginseng seedling was investigated by commercial lightweight bed-soil in the multi-stage facilities, and the possibility of application of lightweight bed-soil. Methods and Results : This study was carried out by a 3-stage cultivation bed using a 50 ㎜ sandwich panel in a house shaded with 85% light-shielding net. The width of the cultivating bed was 90 ㎝, the height was 30 ㎝, and the height of each stage was 50 ㎝. In the first and second stages, the amount of light was insufficient, so two rows of fluorescent lamps were installed and the third stage was used natural light. Ginseng seeds were sown on the cultivating bed in November 2016, and ginseng seeds (native species) were sown with a density of 3 × 3 ㎝. The chemical properties of lightweight bed-soil were pH 5.11, and EC 0.76 dS/m. It was suitable for ginseng seedling cultivation. The bulk density was 0.21 Mg/㎥. Among the growth characteristics of the ginseng seedlings, the root length was the longest as 17.0 ㎝ in the conventional cultivation, and the second stage was the longest at 14.8 ㎝ in the multi-stage facility. The root diameter in the multi-stage system was 0.2 - 0.4 ㎜ thicker than the conventional one. Root weights of lightweight bed-soil were similar to those of conventional cultivation. The yield of ginseng seedlings in the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd stage was 721.3 g, 692.0 g, and 394.7 g/1.62 ㎡ respectively. Conclusion : In the production of ginseng seedling using multi-stage facilities, the commercial bed-soil was better than the conventional bed-soil (light, workability). The differences in yields in the multi-stage facilities can be overcome if the growth management such as moisture management is more systematic. If we develop the technology to reuse the bed-soil after harvesting the ginseng seedling, it will be economical and able to supply to farmers.

Background: The production method of ginseng seedlings for ginseng cultivation is very important to ensure healthy rooting system as well as high quality, and yield of the resultant plants. This study was carried out to compare the growth characteristics of 2- year-old ginseng plants that were produced from seedlings grown in self soil nursery (SSN), nursery soil (NS) or hydroponic culture (HC). Methods and Results: The shading prop used was composed of four-layered 4 polyethylene (blue 3 + black 1) shade screen. The management of main field was done by inserting oil cake (1,200 ㎏/10 a) and then allowing Sudan grass to grow for a year. Seedling transplantation was carried out on April 6. Root growth was measured on October 25. Root weight was observed to be excellent at 6.0 g, following SSN transplantation. Root length was 21.2 ㎝ for HC seedlings, but these plants had a physiological disorder (i.e., rusty root), in 83.5% plants of this treatment. The ratio of PD/PT (protopanaxadiol saponins / protopanaxatriol saponins) was higher in NS seedlings. Plant analysis revealed that Fe content was lower in HC seedlings with high rustiness. The growth of 2-years-old ginseng was different following these varying seedling cultivation methods, but seedlings from NS were not different from those grown in SSN. Conclusions: For the propagation of 2-year-old ginseng plants, NS seedlings may be a good substitute for SSN seedlings.

Background : Most ginseng seedlings are cultivated in conventional shading facility. However, due to recent climate changes and soil-related bacterial issues, the production of healthy ginseng seedling with its rhizome weigh more than 0.8g has greatly dwindled. Hence, growing seedling system that raises ginseng on nursery soil in greenhouse is being more highlighted. Nevertheless, there are no sufficient researches conducted to study the growth stability after transplantation of ginseng seedling grown at nursery (GSGN). Methods and Results : After categorizing GSGN produced in 2014 according to individual weight (0.5-0.6g, 0.6-0.7g, 0.7-0.8g, 0.8-0.9g), those GSGN with 0.8-0.9g conventional ginseng seedling (CGS) have been transplanted on preparation field in 17, March of the following year. It has turned out that there were no significant differences about seedling emergence rate and weights between GSGN and CGS both same seedling weight of 0.8-0.9g in 25, June after 100 days transplantation. The 2-year-old ginseng growth of transplanted GSGN according to weight has shown strongly positive correlation between the weight of ginseng seedling and their growth. Especially the leaf area and weight have shown significant correlations represented as Y=212.15-567.32X+499.5X2(R2=0.9988) and Y=4.9-12.9X+11.17X2(R2=0.9788), respectively. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation noticed treatment plot in relationship between seedling emergence rate and chlorophyll content. Conclusion : With the same root weight of GSGN and CGS, it can be judged that the growth of the 2-year-old GSGN is stable.

This study was performed to identify the effect of mixed bed soil on growth of aerial parts and root zone of daughter plants for nursery field strawberry seedling raising with expanded chaff. The plant height and leaf area of daughter plants were highest or largest in the mixed soil of ERH +RH (100:0, v/v), followed by ERH+RH (75:25). The higher the mixing ratio of RH, the shorter the plant height or the smaller the leaf area. A similar tendency was observed in fresh weight. Within a root diameter of 0-0.4 mm and a root height range of 0.4-0.8 mm, root surface area and volume were statistically significantly better with treatment of ERH+RH (100:0, v/v) compared to those of roots treated with ERH+RH (75:25), ERH+RH (50:50) and ERH+RH (25:75). The growth rate of aerial parts and root zone of daughter plants were noticeably lower in two mixing ratios of 50:50 and 25:75. According to the mixing ratios of ERH+CD surface treatment, the number of roots was greatest in plants treated with ERH+CD (80:20, v/v) and ERH+CD (85:15) on August 1. However, the number of roots was highest in plants treated with ERH+CD (85:15, v/v) on August 15. Root length was longest in the plant with no treatment, and drastically shortened from ERH+CD (90:10, v/v) in both surface and mixed treatment. Although root weight showed a significant difference in ERH+CD (90:10, v/v) treatment, its increase was gradual. The rate of root growth was highest in ERH+CD (85:15). These study findings suggest that the content ratios of mixed soil ERH+RH (75:25, v/v) or below and ERH+CD (85:15) are thought to be desirable for the production of high quality seedlings.

This study was conducted to find out the optimum composition of nursery soil for raising seedling of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Total 9 kinds of raw materials were used such as peat-moss, perlite, leaf mould, rice bran, gull's guano, castor-oil plant bark, palm bark, cow manure and chicken manure for optimum composition of nursery soil in ginseng. Occurrence of damping-off in ginseng was lowered about 50% in nursery soil type 1, 2 and 4 than in other types nursery soil in June, and occurrence rate of rusty root also lowest in nursery soil type 1. As the salinity of nursery soil increased, so did the occurrence of physiological disorder in ginseng seedling. The cause of salinity increasing in nursery soil has closely relation to NO3-N, P2O5 and Na+ content. Plant height, root length, diameter and weight were longer and heavier in nursery soil type 1 (mixing ratio of peat-moss, perlite and leaf mould was 50 : 20 : 30 based in volume) than in other types of nursery soil. So nursery soil type 1 was selected for raising seedling of ginseng. pH and electric conductivity (EC) of selected nursery soil type 1 was 5.55 and 0.13 dS/m. Contents of NO3-N and P2O5 were 21.0 and 40.0 mg/L, and K+ 0.36, Ca2+ 3.38, Mg2+ 2.01 and Na+ 0.09cmol+/L, respectively.

팽화왕겨'를 이용한 벼 육묘의 가능성을 제시하고자 실험을 수행하였다. 시판상토와 '팽화왕겨'의 성분분석 결과 산도와 유기물 함량은 '팽화왕겨'가 '부농상토' 보다 높았고, 유효인산,질산태 및 암모니아태 질소는 '부농상토'에서 높았다. 상토 종류에 따른 15일묘의 초장은 '부농상토'에서 22.8㎝로 가장 길었고 '팽화왕겨'만을 이용했을 때 12.8㎝로 가장 짧았다. 염수는 상토종류 간에 큰 차이가 없었으며, 묘충실도와 매트형성 정도는 '팽화왕겨'를 깔고 시판상토를 복토한 것에서 가장 양호한 것으로 나타났다 15일묘의 초장은 공시 품종 모두 '부농상토'에서 컸으나, 묘충실도와 매트형성은 '팽화왕겨'를 깔고 '부농상토'를 복토한 것에서 오히려 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 시판상토의 파종후 상자당 무게는 4.8㎏이였으나 '팽화왕겨'를 깔고 시판상토를 복토한 것은 3.5㎏에 불과하였다.

The study of this experiment is focused on labor saving of healthy rice seedling production using PSF (polypropylene spunbonded fabrics) as thermal protection material. Several factors such as different compositions of nursery soil and PSF materials were tested to produce healthy rice seedlings. The inner thermal protection material in PE film (polyethylene film) showed 0.9-1.7~circC higher than that of PSF 40-100 ~textrmgm-2 . The light transmittance-ratio also showed similar trends. It is considered that the appropriate PSF material density was 40 gm~textrmgm-2 in accordance with economic values and healthy rice seedlings. Plant height and dry weight according to various nursery soil showed the rang-es of 8.5-14.2cm and 5.5-10.0mg, respectively. In composition of nursery soil, artificial soil combined with paddy soil was effective in producing healthy seedling for rice seedling production. The total sugar content also showed the difference between PSF 40, 60 ~textrmgm-2 PE film (0.43-0.52mg FW ~textrmg-1 ) and PSF 80, 100 ~textrmgm-2 (0.28-0.35mg FW ~textrmg-1 ) and it showed the same tendency among varieties as well as various nursery soil. These results demonstrate that PSF 40 ~textrmgm-2 economically affordable, and can be recommended as thermal protection material for producing good healthy rice seedling.

벼 어린모 기계이앙재배의 가능성을 검토코자 소백, 대청, 화성벼를 공시, 상토종류는 전선등 인공 mat 3종류와 가행상토를 대비하였으며 어린모의 이항시 촐아장을 4수준과 유묘, 중묘, 담수토중 직파재배구를 설치, 1986년부터 1988년까지 3개년에 걸쳐 실시할 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 어린모 재배를 위하여 인공 mat를 개발코자 전선, 볏짚+톱밥, 대패밥+톱밥을 공시, mat 자재별로 묘생육, mat 형성정도 등을 본 결과 전선mat는 가행상토와 같이 출아가 균일하고 표생육이 양호하였으나 볏짚, 톱밥, 대패밥을 자료로 한 mat는 출아시 들뜨기 현상이 심하고 출아가 불균일 하였으며 이앙시 mat형성도 불량하여 결주율은 출아장 1cm구에서는 14％로서 많았으나 출아잘 3cm구부터는 5％ 이하로 관행중묘와 비슷하였으며 출아장이 길수록 즉 ？묘일수가 길수록 mat형성이 좋았고 결주율도 적었다. 따라서 어린모의 알맞은 출아장은 5∼8cm, 파종후 일수로 보면 7∼10일이 적당하였다. 3. 어린모의 이앙상태를 보면 이앙심도는 중묘기계이앙이 2.5∼3cm인데 비하여 어린모는 1.3∼1.8cm로 천식되었으며 주당묘수도 중묘보다 다소 많았다. 4. 파종기를 담수토중식파재배와 동일하게 하고 이앙기를 어린모는 파조후 10일, 준묘는 파종후 30일로 각각 다를 경우 본답 경수의 증가추이는 어린모 > 중묘 > 담수토중식파재배순으로 많았으며 최고분얼기는 어린모는 이앙후 50일, 중묘는 45일, 직파는 파종후 70일경에 왔으나 시기적으로 보면 7월 1일부터 10일 사이에 왔으므로 관행 중묘와 큰 차이 없었다. 5. 풀수기는 1987년부터 '88년까지 2개년간 누년성적을 보면 어린모가 중묘보다 1일, 직파재배보다는 3일 빠른 경향이었다. 따라서 어린모 조식재배의 경우는 이앙기가 빨랐서도 출수기는 중묘이앙과 차이가 없으므로 출아묘는 이앙기간이 단축되므로 중묘보다는 다소 늦게 파종하고 이앙기는 중묘 적기에 하는 냉해의 우려도 없어 좋을 것으로 생각된다. 6. 간장은 중묘보다 어린모 이앙재배에서 3∼4cm 기었는데 이는 천식이 되어 초기생육이 왕성하므로 과번무 되었기 때문으로 생각되며 지나친 천식은 태풍 등으로 도복의 위험성이 있다. 7. 수량성은 조식재배의 경우 어린모는 중묘와 비슷한 경향이며 직파재배 보다 다소 증수되었다.