Hypertension is characterized by excessive renin-angiotensin system activity, leading to blood vessel constriction. Several synthetic compounds have been developed to inhibit renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). These drugs often have adverse side effects, driving the exploration of plant protein-derived peptides as alternative or supplementary treatments. This study assessed the phenolic compound and amino acid content and the antioxidant and antihypertensive activity of 5 South Korean staple crops. Sorghum had the highest phenolic compound content and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Millet grains, particularly finger millet (38.86%), showed higher antihypertensive activity than red beans (14.42%) and sorghum (17.16%). Finger millet was found to contain a large proportion of branched-chain, aromatic, and sulfur-containing amino acids, which are associated with ACE inhibition. In particular, cysteine content was positively correlated with ACE inhibition in the crops tested (r=0.696, p<0.01). This study confirmed that the amino acid composition was more correlated with the antihypertensive activity of grains than the phenolic compound content. Finger millet mainly contained amino acids, which have higher ACE inhibitory activity, resulting in the strongest antihypertensive activity. These findings underscore the antihypertensive potential of select crops as plant-based food ingredients, offering insight into their biological functions.

구아바 잎 추출물의 항산화 활성과 항염증 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 구아바 잎 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드함량, RAW 264.7 세포에 대한 세포 독성 및 NO 생성 억제를 통한 항염증 효과, 피부에 대한 안전성 평가를 실시하였다. 본 실험 결과, 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드의 함량이 각 126.4 mg/g, 223.17 mg/g으로 높은 함량을 확인하였다. 대식세포인 264.7세포에 대한 세포 독성이 나타나지 않았으며 NO 생성을 농도 의존적으로 억제되는 것을 확인하였다. 구아바 잎 추출물을 함유한 크림을 제조하여 1차 첩포 테스트를 실시하여 피부 안전성을 확인한 결과 첩포 24 시간 후와 첩포 제거 24 시간 후에도 피부에 대한 자극은 확인되지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때 높은 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드의 함량으로 인한 항산화 활성이 우수하고, 세포에 대한 피부 독성이 적고 NO 생성 억제 효과가 확인됨에 따라 항산화 및 항염증 효과를 가진 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

본 시험은 괘대재배를 한 ‘풍수’, ‘황금배’, ‘신고’, 그리고 ‘감천배’의 관행구와 무대재배를 한 과실에 TiO2나 Kaolin를 엽면처리 하였을 때 과실품질과 흑성병에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행되었다. 1. 관행재배구는 TiO2나 Kaolin 보다 평균과중은 증가하였지만, 수량이 현저하게 감소하여 총 과실생산량은 감소되었다.2. 관행재배구에서의 ‘풍수’와 ‘감천배’의 당도는 TiO2나Kaolin 처리구 보다 높았다.3. ‘황금배’와 ‘감천배’의 과실 경도는 TiO2 처리시 가장 높았으며 Kaolin처리시도 다소 증가시켰다. ‘풍수’와 ‘신고’는 처리 간에 차이가 없었다.4. 과피색은 관행재배구에서 가장 밝은 색도를 보였다.5. TiO2와 Kaolin 처리는 품종에 상관없이 총 폴리페놀 함량을 증가시켰다.6. 엽의 흑성병 발생 억제율은 관행재배구가 ‘풍수’, ‘황금배’,‘신고’에서 낮게 나타났으며 ‘감천배’는 TiO2 처리로 100% 억제되었다.

This paper analyzes phenolic compounds, carbon isotopes, and sugar components of whiskys based on the maturation period. For this, the paper considers a total of 40 whiskys(mainly imports) distributed in Korea. It is important to analyze the presence phenolic compounds(e.g., furfural, syringaldehyde, vanillin, syringic acid, and vanillic acid) because these are found only in whiskys ripened in oak. The results indicate that the total content of phenolic compounds increased with the increase in the storage period regardless of the type of whisky. In terms of vanillin/syringaldehyde(V/S), Scotch whiskys had 0.4～0.5; American whiskies, 0.30～0.34; and Canadian whiskies, 0.31～0.33. In terms of Scotch whiskys, Macallan had 0.25～0.34, making it unique among Scotch whiskys. In terms of the ratio of carbon isotopes, there were clear differences between malt Scotch whiskys, blended Scotch grain whiskys, American whiskys, and Canadian whiskys: －23.4～－24.3, －16.8～－21.0, －11.0～－11.5 and －9.5～13.9, respectively. In addition, malt Scotch whiskys contained 40～230 ㎎/ℓ of fructose; blended Scotch whiskys, 20～120 ㎎/ℓ; American whiskys, 50～70 ㎎/ℓ; and Canadian whiskys, 20～100 ㎎/ℓ, demonstrating that the fructose content of single-malt whiskys was twice the average fructose content. On the other hand, malt Scotch whiskys contained 30～170 ㎎/ℓ of glucose; blended Scotch whiskys, 20～120 ㎎/ℓ; American whiskys, 20～30 ㎎/ℓ; and Canadian whiskys, 10～110 ㎎/ℓ, demonstrating that the glucose content of single-malt whiskys exceeded the average glucose content. This study’s results can be used as a database of classification for whiskys based on the fermentation of raw ingredients and the period of maturation for distinguishing between different types of whiskys. In addition, the results can facilitate the verification of genuine whiskys by allowing for the identification of different types of whiskys based on the period of maturation.

The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibitory effects on the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus extracted with acetone, methanol and hot water. The antioxidant activities were performed on β-carotene-linoleic acid, reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and ferrous chelating abilities. In addition to this, phenolic acid and flavonoids contents were also analyzed. Methanolic extract of P. ostreatus showed the strongest β-carotene-linoleic acid inhibition as compare to others exracts. At 8 mg/ml, acetonic extract showed a high reducing power of 1.54. The scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, acetonic extract was effective than other extracts. The strongest chelating effect (85.66%) was obtained from the acetonic extract at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus were increased with the increasing concentration. After application of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, coupled to a diode array detector and electrospray ionisation mass spectra, six phenolic compounds namely, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin and biochanin were identified from acetonic extract. Tyrosinase inhibition of acetonic, methanolic, and hot water extracts of P. ostreatus were increased with the increasing of concentration. Results revealed that methanolic extract showed good, while acetonic and hot water extracts showed moderate activities of the tyrosinase inhibition at the concentration tested. This study suggests that fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus can potentially be used as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants.

Lentinus edodes is a popular edible mushroom in South-East Asia. This study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibitory effects on the fruiting bodies of L. edodes extracted with acetone, methanol and hot water. The antioxidant activities were performed on β-carotene-linoleic acid, reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and ferrous chelating abilities. In addition to this, phenolic acid and flavonoids contents were also analyzed. Methanolic extract of L. edodes showed the strongest β-carotene-linoleic acid inhibition as compare to others extracts. At 8 mg/ml, hot water extract showed a high reducing power of 0.96. The scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, acetonic extract was effective than other extracts. The strongest chelating effect (86.45%) was obtained from the acetonic extract at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from the fruiting bodies of L. edodes were increased with the increasing concentration. After application of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, coupled to a diode array detector and electrospray ionisation mass spectra, four phenolic compounds namely, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin and biochanin were identified from acetonic extract. Tyrosinase inhibition of acetonic, methanolic, and hot water extracts of L. edodes were increased with the increasing of concentration. Results revealed that acetonic and methanolic extracts showed good, while hot water showed moderate activities of the tyrosinase inhibition at the concentration tested. This study suggests that fruiting bodies of L. edodes can potentially be used as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants.

Pleurotus eryngii, known as king oyster mushroom, has been widely used in nutritional and medicinal purposes. This study was initiated to screen the antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibitory effects on the fruiting bodies of P. eryngii extracted with acetone, methanol and hot water. The antioxidant activities were performed on β-carotene-linoleic acid, reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and ferrous chelating abilities. In addition to this, phenolic acid and flavonoids contents were also analyzed. Methanolic and acetonic extracts of P. eryngii showed the strongest β-carotene-linoleic acid inhibition as compare to hot water extract. At 8 mg/ml, acetonic extract showed a high reducing power of 1.203. The scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, acetonic extract was effective than other extracts. The strongest chelating effect (88.10%) was obtained from the methanolic extract at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from the fruiting bodies of P. eryngii were increased with the increasing concentration. After application of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, coupled to a diode array detector and electrospray ionisation mass spectra, ten phenolic compounds namely, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, naringin, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin and biochanin were identified from acetonic extract. Tyrosinase inhibition of acetonic, methanolic, and hot water extracts of P. eryngii were increased with the increasing of concentration. Results revealed that acetonic and methanolic extracts showed good, while hot water showed moderate activities of the tyrosinase inhibition at the concentration tested. This study suggests that fruiting bodies of P. eryngii can potentially be used as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants.

사과 부패병균(Macrophoma sp.)에 감염된 과일에서 총페놀, flavonol, anthocyanin 함량의 병화를 사과의 여러 발육시기에서 조사하였다. 사과가 성숙됨에 따라 과육, 과피의 총페놀함량은 급격히 감소하였다. 부패병균에 감염된 과육에서 건전한 과육보다 다소 총페놀함량이 낮았으며 품종밀러보다 더 감수성인 후지의 감염된 과육에서 이의 감소가 뚜렷하였다. 건전한 과피에서 보다 감염된 과피에서 높은 페놀함량을 보였으며 밀러에서 이의 증가가 현저하였다. 부패된 사과에서 flavonol 함량이 건전 사과보다 높았으며 7월 10일에 Macrophoma에 완전 저항성이었던 사과의 감염된 과피에 flavonol이 크게 축적되었다. anthocyanin 생성도 감염된 과피에 상당히 증가되었으며 품종 밀러에서 뚜렷했다. 이들 결과에서 미루어 사과의 페놀대사변동은 사과 부패병진전과 관계가 있을지 모른다.

Background : The Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual plant rich in phenolics compound and antioxidant activity. Particle size has an enormous effect on extraction of plant bioactive compound. Therefore, to evaluate the optimum particle size on extraction of bioactive compound from Kenaf was investigated. Methods and Results : Three kind of kenaf leaves; EF-1 and G-1 from Israel and Korea were collected in 2016 and the collected leaves were dried and pulverized are sorted by particle size. After adding 50 ㎖ of 100% ethanol per 0.5 ㎎ of the powder, the powder is extracted in an ultrasonic bath at 30℃ for 1 hour and then stirred for 1 hour at 250 rpm in the wise stirring. After extraction, the extract was filtered using filter paper. In the total polyphenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity were higher in 100 to 200 ㎛ particle size of Gandae. On the other hand, phenolic compound, falvonoud and antioxidant were higher in 45 to 100 ㎛ particle size of EF-1 and G-1 Kenaf. Conclusion : Based on the results, the Israel varieties showed the best results compared to the Kenaf varieties of Korea. Among them, EF-1 had a particle size of 45 – 100 ㎛ Showed the higher antioxidant activity. It is believed that the smaller the particle size, the larger the specific surface area, which leads to an increase in the extraction efficiency of kenaf.

Background : The Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual plant of African and Indian origin. and there are a lot of flavonoids in the leaves. To determine the most suitable method for extracting of Kenaf cosmetic ingredients, the data of changes in polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities were analyzed, based on concentration of Extraction Methods. Methods and Results : 200 ㎖ of distilled water (100% ethanol in the case of ethanol extraction) was added to 20 g of the leaves of Kenaf; G-1 from Israel were collected in 2016 and the collected leaves were dried and pulverized, and five extraction methods were performed. The extraction method and conditions are as follows: pressurized high temperature extraction (AE: autoclave, 121 degrees, 15 minutes), ultrasonic extraction (UE: ultrasonic bath, 60 degree hot water, 1 hour), Hot water extraction (SE: spidulina mayina. 100 degrees 6 hours), Ethanol Extraction (EE: ethanol, spidulina mayina, 80 degrees 6 hours), room temperature stirring extraction (WSE: wise stirring, room temperature 250rpm 24 hours). After extraction, the mixture was filtered using a filter paper, and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40℃ for lyophilization. And diluted to 1,000 ppm with 80% ethanol. Conclusion : Based on the test results, EE method showed the highest results. In the case of using water as the solvent, the SE method showed the highest result. However, the results of the SE and AE methods are not significantly different from each other. Therefore, it is expected that if the extraction conditions of AE method are adjusted, the result of AE method will be higher than that of the SE method.

Background : The root of Angelica gigas Nakai is used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea for the treatment of many diseases. Poor water solubility of the active compounds from A. gigas Nakai is a major obstacle to bioavailability. Methods and Results : This work aimed to enhance the solubility of active compounds by a chemical (viz. surfactant) and physical (HME, hot melt extrusion) crosslinking method (CPC) in A. gigas Nakai. Infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed multiple peaks in extrudate solids representing new functional groups including carboxylic acid, alkynes and benzene derivatives. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the extrudate showed lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and lower enthalpy (ΔH) [Tg: 43℃; ΔH: <6 (J/g)] compared to the non-extrudate (Tg 68.5℃; ΔH: 123.2) formulations. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed amorphization of crystal materials in extrudate solid. In addition, enhanced solubility (53%), nanonization (403 ㎚), and higher amount of extracted phenolic compounds were achieved in the extrudate solid compared to non extrudate (36%, 1499 ㎚, respectively). Among the different extrudates, acetic acid and span 80 mediated formulations showed superior extractions efficiency. Conclusion : We conclude that the HME successfully enhanced the production of amorphous nano dispersions of phenolic compound including decursin from extrudate solid formulations. human dermal fibroblasts, which is, associated with the regulation of procollagen biosynthesis resulting from AMRP-induced TGF-β1 expression and the mitogenic activity in HDF cells, and therefore, is expected to reduce the age-dependent loss of extracellular matrix proteins.

Background: The root of Angelica gigas Nakai is used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea for the treatment of many diseases. However, the poor water solubility of the active components in A. gigas Nakai is a major obstacle to its bioavailability. Methods and Results: This work aimed at enhancing the solubility of the active compounds of A. gigas Nakai by a chemical (using a surfactant) and physical (hot melt extrusion, HME) crosslinking method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed multiple peaks in the case of the extrudate solids, attributable to new functional groups including carboxylic acid, alkynes, and benzene derivatives. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the extrudate soilid had a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and enthalpy (ΔH) (Tg : 43℃, ΔH : < 6 J/g) as compared to the non-extrudate (Tg : 68.5℃, ΔH : 123.2) formulations. X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed the amorphization of crystalline materials in the extrudate solid. In addition, enhanced solubility (53%), nanonization (403 ㎚), and a higher amount of extracted phenolic compounds were achieved in the extrudate solid than in the non-extrudate (solubility : 36%, nanonization : 1,499 ㎚) formulation. Among the different extrudates, acetic acid and span 80 mediated formulations showed superior extractions efficiency. Conclusions: HME successfully enhanced the production of amorphous nano dispersions of phenolic compound including decursin from extrudate solid formulations.

Background : Miscanthus sinensis is a diploid hybrid and a temperate, perennial, cross-pollinating grass used as bioenergy plant, biomass production and high quality cellulose and ethanol production. This study was to carried out to investigate the expression of MsCOMT gene and the variation of lignocellulosic component and phenolic compounds contents in transgenic plants. Methods and Results : Multiple bands were detected from the homologous region of the COMT gene in PCR analysis. In order to obtain more detailed results, putative transgenic lines were estimated by RT-PCR analysis to confirm the expression of mRNA. Also, analysis of the lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and phenolic compound contents of transgenic Miscanthus plants were performed. Total lignin content of transgenic plants was lower than that of the control plant due to reduced caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene expression related to lignin production. Cellulose and hemicellulose contents in transgenic plants were not increased. Variation in cellulose and hemicellulose contents had no correlation with variation in lignin content of transgenic plants. Conclusion : In conclusion, transgenic M. sinensis was obtained with down-regulated COMT gene. Lignin synthesis was decreased what offers possibility of crop modification for facilitated biofuel production.

Background : Nasturtium officinale L. which is commonly known as watercress is aquatic perennial herb distributed to Europe, Asia, North and South America. It consist of various nutrients and beneficial compounds such as vitamin B and C, provitamin A, folic acid, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and minerals. Recent studies have demonstrated the biological properties that include antidiabets, antiinflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer. In this study, the effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on growth and development, accumulation of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were investigated in watercress. Methods and Results : Length of shoot and root, and fresh weight of whole plants were measured every weeks (1 to 3 weeks) after sowing. These were significantly affected by different LED lights. Normally, length of shoot and fresh weight of white- and blue-light-radiated watercress were less than those of red-light-radiated watercress. Contents of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were investigated in watercress under different LEDs treatment by HPLC analysis. Six phenolic compounds including catechin hydrate, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and kaempferol were detected. Also, eight glucosinolates that include four aliphatic glucosinolates (glucoiberin, gluconapoleiferin, glucosiberin, and glucohirsutin), three indolic glucosinolates (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin), and one aromatic glusinolate (gluconasturtiin). Mostly, white light treatment led to the higher production of their compounds than those of red- and blue-radiated. Conclusion : It is concluded that different LED lights have effect on growth rates and secondary metabolites production. Red light caused vigorous growth of shoot and affected their fresh weights. In addition, the accumulation of each compounds was varied depending on light colours and time of harvest.

In this study, the chemical properties and phenolic compound of blueberry, bokbunja and mulberry and their pomace were determined to develop them as functional food materials. Water content of individual whole berry was ranged from 84.25-86.20%, and water content was significantly high in whole berries rather than their pomace (p<0.01). Additionally, each berry and its pomace’s pH was 3.32-5.18. Among them, whole mulberry showed the highest pH which is 5.18 (p<0.01). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were the greatest in blueberry pomace and they were 24.81 mg/g and 2.13 mg/g, respectively (p<0.01). However, mulberry pomace generated the greatest anthocyanin content compared to others (p <0.01). In phenolic compound profiles, cyanin chloride was detected in mulberry and bokbunja. Epigallocatechin, gallocatechin and isorhamnetin were found only in blueberry. Catechin (hydrate) and epicatechin were greater in pomaces than whole berries except blueberry (p<0.01), otherwise, significantly great rutin (trihydrate) and quercetin contents were found in whole berries as compared to their pomace except blueberry (p<0.01). Gallic acid was significantly greatest in mulberry (p< 0.01) and quercetin 3-D-galactoside was significantly greatest in blueberry (p< 0.01). Apigenin and luteolin were traced in mulberry, and mulberry pomace showed greater apigenin and luteolin contents than whole mulberry (p<0.01). Naringenin was greater in pomaces than whole berries (p <0.01). As a result, it was found that all berry extracts used in this study were able to be applied as

Buckwheat sprouts are a vegetable; a functional food should provide health benefit and enhance performance as high nutritionally important substances. Buckwheat noodles are the major buckwheat food in Japan, Korea and China. In addition, Buckwheat as preventive medicine has undergone a great advancement in the last decade. Comparison of the functional properties distribution and utilization in tatary buckwheat is required of understanding the metabolites. The study was conducted to identify the sorts of phenolic compounds and metabolites in tatary buckwheat seedling at 4, 7, and 10 days seedling under the different combinations of lightemitting diode (LED) such as blue, red, mix (red, blue, and white), dark, and natural lights in stem and leaves. After breaking the dormancy, buckwheat seeds were grown in culture room under lights for 14 hrs and the dark condition for 10 hrs, at 25ºC for 10 days. Length of buckwheat was gradually increased under all of the conditions. Using HPLC, rutin was highest at 7 days under mix and natural light in stem and leaf, respectively. Quercetin was highest at 4 and 7 days under natural light in both. Chlorogenic acid was highest at 7 days under mix and natural in stem and leaf, respectively. Taken Together, this study indicates that phenolic compounds and metabolites present in those plants could be helpful for the human health and nutritional additive.