This study carried out from March 2021 to October 2021 in the upper part (St. 1) and middle part (St. 2) section of Yongsu stream, a branch of the Geum river, using PIT telemetry to understand the movement patterns and habitat characteristics of Odontobutis interrupta, a Korean endemic species. O. interrupta collection was used kick net (5×5 mm) and fish trap (5×5 mm). After collecting fish, PIT tag insertion was performed immediately in the site. Reader (HPR Plus Reader, biomark, USA) and portable Antenna (BP Plus Portable Antenna, biomark, USA) were used for detection of fish to monitoring the tagged O. interrupta. As a result of PIT telemetry applied to 70 individuals, mean movement distance was 36.5 (SE, ±6.6) m. There was a significant difference between total length and movement distance (P≤0.05). O. interrupta was mainly identified in average water depth, 36.2±1.9 cm, average water velocity, 0.03±0.07 m s-1 and average distance from watershed, 4.4±0.3 m. Extent of rock used for habitat was varied from 32 to 4,000 cm2. There was no statistical difference between the area of the first selected rock and the area of the after selected rock (P>0.05). but there was significant difference between total length and the area of the rock except for detection before 24 hours (P<0.01). Therefore, to restore the habitat, it is considered necessary to create various substrate structures by providing various habitat environments (water depth, flow rate, stone, etc.) for each individual size.

Heavy metal pollution has a harmful impact on human health and is regarded as a vital problem. Preparation of a novel, low cost bio-sorbent for heavy metal sorption is the main target of this research. Non-living Chlorella Vulgaris Alga/Date pit activated carbon composite (1:1), (CV/AC), is a novel bio-sorbent prepared by the wet-chemical method for sorption of Pb (II) and Sr (II) from aqueous media. The optimum pH for sorption reaction is 5 and the equilibrium time is achieved within 1 h. The sorption efficiencies are 90.5% for Pb(II) and 95.7% for Sr(II) with initial concentration Co 10 mg L– 1 at 298 K. The monolayer sorption capacities of CV/AC composite at 298 K and pH = 5 were 6.34 ± 0.059, 5.97 ± 0.22 mg g– 1. The saturation capacities were 98.5 and 125 mg g– 1 for Pb (II) and Sr (II), respectively after 10 days. The sorption process is a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. It follows a pseudo-2nd-order mechanism. The results are suggestive of the need to adopt CV/AC composite as a potential bio-sorbent of Pb (II) and Sr (II) for waste water treatment.

본 시험은 ‘감홍’/M.9 사과나무의 인력 적과 시기가 영양생장, 고두증상, 과실품질 및 이듬해 개화율에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 인력 적과 시기는 만개 후 3, 5, 7, 9주였으며, 1차 적과(중심과만 남기는 적과)와 2차 적과(착과수 조절을 위한 적과)는 동시에 이루어졌다. 인력 적과 시기는 영양 생장, 평균 과중, 생산량, 가용성 고형물 함량, 고두증상 발생 률 및 이듬해 개화율과 역의 상관관계를 가졌으나 나무별 중급 과실(과중이 214－299g이면서 고두증상이 발생하지 않은 과실)의 생산량, 잎 내 칼슘 함량 및 과실의 착색 정도와는 정의 상관관계를 가졌다. 과실의 경도, 산함량 및 나무 당 총 조수입은 인력 적과 시기에 영향을 받지 않았다. 결론적으로, ‘감홍’/M.9 사과나무의 인력 적과가 만개 후 9주에 마무리되면 고두증상이 없는 300g 정도의 고품질 과실을 생산할 수 있었다.

이 글은 묘광 및 구획석 바깥에 적색마연호 한 점을 공헌하는 특이한 습속을 다룬 것으로, 진주 평거동 3-1지구의 묘역지석묘 및 이와 유사한 양상이 보이는 일본열도 북부구주의 사례에 대한 검토이다. 평거동 32~34호 묘역지석묘에는 묘광 및 구획석 바깥에 제단 기능의 수혈과 함께 적색마연호 완형품이 확인되어 여타 유적에서는 보기 드문 독특한 장송의례의 습속이 있었음을 짐작케 한다. 이는 분묘 축조 및 매장 당시의 장송의례에 따른 것으로, 묘광 및 구획석 바깥에 설치한 제단과 적색마연호를 통해 피장자의 영혼을 저세상으로 보내는 의식을 행하던 습속이 있었던 것으로 볼 수 있다. 평거동 유적 내 다른 조사구역의 묘역지석묘에는 이러한 습속이 보이지 않고, 유독 3-1지구에만 있어 이 유적은 장송의례의 전통이나 방식을 달리하는 복수의 집단으로 이루어졌을 가능성도 고려된다. 적색마 연호의 형식에서도 평거동은 남강댐 수몰지구 및 그 동쪽의 여러 유적과도 구분되는 측면이 엿보인다. 현재로서 묘광 및 구획석 바깥에 적색마연호를 공헌하는 독특한 습속의 출현이나 성격에 대해 구체적인 결론을 내리기는 시기상조이지만, 우선은 평거동유적 특히 3-1지구의 묘역지석묘를 축조한 집단은 남강유역권의 여타 유적들과 차이가 있는 동시에, 해당 유적 내에서도 장송의례 및 적색마연 호에서 특이성을 보이는 사례로 판단해두고자 한다. 그리고 북부구주 내에서도 한반도 남부와 지리적 으로 가까운 곳의 야요이 조기~전기 지석묘에도 묘광 외 공헌이 일부 확인되었다. 이러한 습속이 죠몬문화의 전통이 아니라면 新町遺蹟 등은 한반도 남부지역, 그 중에서도 진주 평거동 3-1지구의 집단과 밀접한 관련이 있었을 것으로 추정된다.

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of pH modulation on concentrations of odorous compounds and pollutants in pit slurry from pig operation building. A slurry sample was taken from the pit of a pig operation building where 50 finishing pigs [(Landrase × Yorkshire) × Duroc] were kept. Three levels of pH (6, 8 and 10) were measured and adjusted daily during the incubation periods using chemical reagents of 1 N HCl or 3 N NaOH. Concentrations of odorous compounds and pollutants were analyzed from slurry incubated for 7 days. When these material concentrations were compared with the pH 8 slurry which was the pH of pit slurry, levels of short chain fatty acids, indoles and total organic carbon were reduced 7%, 68% and 2%, respectively, in the pH 6 treatment (P<0.05). Ammonium nitrogen, phenols and total nitrogen concentrations were lower by 31%, 18% and 17%, respectively, than with the pH 10 slurry (P<0.05). When the odor contribution in pH treatments was assessed according to the odor activity value, it was found to be 23% lower in the pH 6 treatment compared with pH 8. The pH modulation would affect odor emissions and microbial activity from pit slurry. Although not all odorous compounds showed the reduction effect with the same pH control, this study can be effectively used as base data when using additives for pH control.

This study investigated the surface pit corrosion of SS420J2 stainless steel accompanied by intergranular crack. To reveal the causes of surface pits and cracks, OM, SEM, and TEM analyses of the microstructures of the utilized SS420J2 were performed, as was simulated heat treatment. The intergranular cracks were found to have been induced by a grain boundary carbide of (Cr,Fe)23C6, which was identified by SEM/EDS and TEM diffraction analyses. The mechanism of grain boundary sensitization occurred at the position of the carbide, followed by its occurrence at the Cr depleted zone. The grain boundary carbide of (Cr,Fe)23C6 type precipitated during air cooling condition after a 1038 °C solid solution treatment. The carbide precipitate formation also accelerated at the band structure formed by cold working. Therefore, using manufacturing processes of cooling and cold working, it is difficult to protect SS420J2 stainless steel against surface pit corrosion. Several counter plans to fight pit corrosion by sensitization were suggested, involving alloying and manufacturing processes.

Researches on the pit dwellings in the Joseon Dynasty era have been constantly conducted in the archeology field since the beginning of the 2000s. Most of the related researches in the past have been on the classification and chronological record of dwelling types in archeology, but architectural researches on the dwelling history that is connected from the prehistoric age to the Joseon Dynasty era are insufficient. There are no big differences between the excavated pit dwellings of the Joseon Dynasty era and those of the prehistoric age, so pit dwellings were considered to have been used as dwellings for common people until the Joseon dynasty era. This fact is confirmed by the frequency and density of pit dwellings. In this research, what space composition of the pit dwellings that are equipped with the Korean floor heating system is shown according to the plan types was examined and the development and transition process from pit dwellings to Folk houses were analyzed and their correlations with the Folk houses of the Joseon Dynasty era were examined. The Folk house form did not start with the form of the house on the ground but originate from the introduction of Ondol, the Korean floor heating system, to pit dwellings. As the Korean floor heating system is used, the room and kitchen space are composed in the pit dwelling, and the kitchen is expanded to the one that separates the fireplace for cooking to avoid heating that is unnecessary for the summer season. As the size of the dwelling was getting bigger, the division of the space is made by the pillars that support the interior space. Also, the dwelling is expanded into a single row house and a double row house according to the progress direction of Ondol. In other words, the pit dwellings in the Joseon Dynasty era develops with making up diverse floors through the combination and expansion of Ondol and kitchen according to the dweller’s convenience and life style and surrounding environment. This research is significant in the sense that it helps understand the formation and development process of our traditional Folk houses and fills the gap between the pit dwellings, which have been dealt with inadequately, and traditional Folk houses in the Korean dwelling history.

ZrO2 films were coated on aluminum etching foil by the sol-gel method to apply ZrO2 as a dielectric material in an aluminum(Al) electrolytic capacitor. ZrO2 films annealed above 450˚C appeared to have a tetragonal structure. The withdrawal speed during dip-coating, and the annealing temperature, influenced crack-growth in the films. The ZrO2 films annealed at 500˚C exhibited a dielectric constant of 33 at 1 kHz. Also, uniform ZrO2 tunnels formed in Al etch-pits 1μm in diameter. However, ZrO2 film of 100-200 nm thickness showed the withstanding voltage of 15 V, which was unsuitable for a high-voltage capacitor. In order to improve the withstanding voltage, ZrO2-coated Al etching foils were anodized at 300 V. After being anodized, the Al2O3 film grew in the directions of both the Al-metal matrix and the ZrO2 film, and the ZrO2-coated Al foil showed a withstanding voltage of 300 V. However, the capacitance of the ZrO2-coated Al foil exhibited only a small increase because the thickness of the Al2O3 film was 4-5 times thicker than that of ZrO2 film.

제주도에서 곶자왈이라 부르는 지대는 암괴상 아아 용암류의 특징을 잘 보여주 는 “곶자왈 용암(gotjawal lava)”이 놓여 있어 강수가 곧바로 지하수로 유입되는 투 수성과 식생다양도가 매우 높은 지역이다. 현재 한경-안덕 곶자왈 주변에는 대규모 건설이 끊이지 않고 있어 서식의 훼손이 불가피한 만큼 한경-안덕곶자왈 내에 분포 하는 지표성 딱정벌레목(Coleoptera)의 종풍부도, 종다양도를 파악하여 기초적인 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 본 조사는 2013년 4월부터 9월까지 도너리 곶자왈 지대 6곳(G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G9), 병악 곶자왈지대 3곳(G6, G7, G8)을 대상으로 월 3회 실시하였으며, 각 지역마다 함정덫(Pit-fall Trap)을 5m 간격으로 5개씩 설 치하여 닭내장으로 유인하였다. 조사결과 1목 17과 61종이 채집되었으며 바가지 촉각풍뎅이(Phaeochrous emarginatus) 2011개체, 폭탄먼지벌레(Pheropsophus jessoensis) 456개체, 왕딱정벌레(Carabus fiduciarius kirinicus) 412개체, 모가슴 소똥풍뎅이(Onthophagus fodiens) 228개체, 렌지소똥풍뎅이(O. lenzii) 135개체, 멸종위기Ⅱ급 보호종인 애기뿔소똥구리(Copris tripartitus) 97개체 등 총 4,060개 체가 조사되었다. 종풍부도(Richness Index, RI)에서 다수종(Abundant)은 바가지촉 각풍뎅이, 왕딱정벌레, 폭탄먼지벌레였고, 검정명주딱정벌레(Calosoma maximowiczi), 팔점박이먼지벌레(Lebidia octoguttata), 남방폭탄먼지벌레(Pheropsophus javanus) 등 51종은 희소종(Rare)으로 나타났다. 각 지역별 종다양도(H’)는 G5(2.11), G9(2.04), G3(1.94), G1(1.92), G8(1.56)순이며 월별 종다양도는 7월(2.42), 5월 (2.32), 9월(2.29), 6월(2.19), 4월(1.5) 순으로 나타내었다.

다양한 화장품에 응용을 위하여 제주산 유채오일 추출물을 대상으로 PIT유화시스템을 이용한 나노에멀젼을 제조하였다. 천연 유채오일 추출물은 n-헥산을 용매로 사용하여 추출하였다. 천연유채오일 추출물은 엷은 노란색의 점성을 가진 액체이었고, 수율은 43±2.5%이었다. 산가는 2.76±0.5이었고, 비중은 0.89±0.05 이었다. 20wt%의 유채오일을 사용한 PIT-Yuche-NE의 입자크기는 50-120nm (평균입자크기: 82±5.8nm)이었고, 제타 포텐셜은 -29.5mV 이었다. 이것은 (PEG)5-30 지방산 에테르를 사용하기 때문에 열역학적으로 안정하였다. 특징적인 결과로부터 얻은 몇 개의 결론을 다음과 같이 나열하였다. 첫째, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical)방법을 이용한 자유 라디칼 소거력을 측정하였다. PIT-Yuche-NE의 항산화력은 37.2±6.7%이었고, 비교군인 10 mg/mL의 PIT-Toco-NE(토코페롤 20wt% 나노에멀젼)은 28.8±6.5%, 10 mg/mL의 PIT-Nokcha-NE (녹차추출물 20wt% 나노에멀젼)은 29.6±7.2%이었다. 둘째, PIT-Yuche-NE의 콜라겐합성율은 148±15.2% 이었고, 동일 농도에서 비교군인 PIT-Toco-NE은 121±13.5%, PIT-Nokcha-NE은 95±12.7%이었다. 셋째, 6시간 후, Aramo-TS를 사용한 Yuche-CRM의 피부보습효과는 47±3.9% (*p-value￡0.05, n=7)이었다. 반면, Toco-CRM은 30±5.2%(*p-value￡0.05, n=7)이었고, Nokcha-CRM은 35±4.5%이었다. 따라서 Yuche-CRM은 다른 두 크림보다 높은 보습효과를 보였다. 최종적으로 본 연구는 화장품 산업 및 제약산업에서도 폭넓게 응용될 것으로 기대한다.

This study examines the construction method of lime tomb of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty based on reference. This was primarily published as 『The Five Manners and Courtesy of the Annals of Sejong』as examples, which were followed by the influence of Koryo's culture in the beginning foundation of Choseon, were organized in the time of Sejong; and later, in the time of Sungjong, 『The National Five Manners and Courtes y』was published. Such old reference explains the stone materials and construction method of the royal tomb's pit yet there were not many studies regarding the pit of royal tomb in the Choseon Dynasty. And there exists no historical research or reference study in regard to the pit of royal tomb which is formed as a lime tomb. This is believed to be impossible to excavate the royal tomb since ancestral ritual formalities are still given by the descendants and because of our country's culture of giving ancestral ritual formalities which value formalities and filial duty. However, the current excavation of Guhui Tomb, which was the early burial site, was important since it gives an opportunity to look at the shape and structure of lime tombs in the Choseon Dynasty. Thus, this study, based on the excavation of Guhui Tomb, will look into the construction method of the pit of lime tomb and will examine the structure, shape, construction method, etc. of the lime tomb which was formed after the time of Sejo in a way with reference history. This is an important data to learn the construction method of limb tomb of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty and is believed to have a very important value as historical materials as to understanding the structure of the pit of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty which yet has not been excavated.

본 연구는 PIT tag (passive integrated transponder)과 무선추적법(radio telemetry)을 오대산국립공원과 월악산국립공원에 서식하고 있는 파충류에 적용한 후, 이를 평가하여 효과적으로 국립공원 내 파충류 자원관리 방안을 모색하기 위하여 수행되었다. PIT tag은 현재까지 알려진 파충류 개체표시법 중에서 가장 효과적인 방법으로 2006년 3월부터 2008년 10월까지 오대산국립공원과 월악산국립공원의 조사지역에 출현한

전기 청동기시대에 대한 연구는 유구와 유물의 분석을 통한 편년, 그리고 주거지를 대상으로 한 취락연구가 주를 이루어 왔으며, 이에 대한 많은 진전이 이루어졌다. 그러나 개별적인 유구분석과 연구는 주거지에 국한되어, 주변에서 확인되는 수혈유구에 대해서는 내부에서 출토되는 유물의 양이 적고 구조를 밝힐 수 있는 시설도 없어 연구대상에서 제외되어 왔다. 그러나 수혈유구는 취락의 일부를 차지하면서 변화하며 사회·경제적으로도 큰 의미를 담고 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 수혈유구는 신석기시대에서 청동기시대로 넘어오면서 기능 뿐 아니라 유구자체, 입지와 취락 내 위치, 그리고 분포 양상 등에서 기존과는 다른 모습으로 변화·전개되어 나간다. 초기에 발생한 수혈유구는 신석기시대 저장공과 유사하게 저장의 기본적인 기능을 갖지만 점차 취사 및 의례 등의 여러 기능을 동시에 갖게 된다. 평면형태와 내부시설은 방형의 노지가 설치된 수혈유구에서 원형의 무시설식 수혈유구로 변화하면서 깊이 또한 점차 깊어지게 되고 후기의 송국리형 저장공으로 대표되어 간다. 입지에서도 변화의 양상이 파악되는데, 구릉의 정상부에서 점차 사면부 및 곡부로 이동하는 모습이 관찰된다. 이와 함께 주거군 사이에서 개별적으로 위치하다 점차 주거군의 외부, 즉 취락의 외곽에서 수혈유구는 군집되어 설치된다. 이러한 변화는 취락의 구조 변화와 그 궤를 같이하며 사회경제적 의미의 변화도 반영함을 알 수 있었다. 개인적이며 임시적인 구조물의 성격에서 벗어나 점차 취락 내 중요위치를 차지하며 공공재의 성격을 띠어 나가게 되면서, 전문적 관리자의 등장을 초래하고 이로 인해 계층화의 발생도 일어나는 것을 판단할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the function of wall posts in pit-houses in the Bronze Age, in the Kyung-nam Province. Wall posts were found as post-holes, created after wooden posts had decayed. In this research, the role of wall posts is newly defined from the perspective of a construction engineering. While existing studies in archaeology regard wall posts as sub-posts that support the roof of a pit-house, this study views wall posts as piles installed to support the soil wall, not as sub-posts. Based on the existing reports on excavation in prehistoric settlement sites by archaeologists, the study examines the remnants of the wall posts and remains after a fire. The main findings of this study are threefold. First, the wall posts were installed not as posts but as piles, cut sharply and hammered along the building lines of a pit-house. Second, wall piles were used to support the walls during earthwork, such as excavating and banking for low ground, mostly because a large amount of soil is often lost during the process. Third, wall piles were used as post piles of retaining walls that enabled the installation of transverse wall panels, which were used to prevent the soil loss.