This study aims to examine the cutting traces remaining on the bracket tie beams of Sungnyemun gate, identifying the tools employed during the late Goryeo to early Joseon periods by specific processes, and deliberating on the timber shaping techniques utilized in advanced architectural construction during the late Goryeo to early Joseon eras. Through the research, it was confirmed that in the production of Sungnyemun Gate's bracket tie beams during the 14th to 15th centuries, both the timber splitting and ripsawing methods were used in conjunction. Moreover, the wood finishing process revealed the use of a plane. It can be inferred that the characteristics of the plane used during that time were not significantly different from those observed in the later period of the Joseon dynasty. The ripsawing and plane finishing techniques were evident in various parts of the bracket tie beams of Sungnyemun gate across the reigns of king Taejo and Sejong, indicating that the techniques involving ripsaw and plane were already prevalent in the late Goryeo period. Consequently, it can be inferred that the ripsawing and plane finishing techniques might have been applied in the construction of prominent government buildings in Hanyang(Seoul), including Gyeongbokgung Palace, and in the residences of royalty and nobility after the establishment of the Joseon dynasty.

임철초(任鐵樵)가 주석한 적천수천미(滴天隨闡微)를 살펴보면 이전의 격 국이론(格局理論)이나 용신론(用神論)의 한계에 대해서 비판하고 있다. 특히 임철초는 다른 사람의 명조(命造)와 자기 자신의 명조를 비교분석함으로써 명 리상담자가 단순히 기존의 이론체계만을 가지고 사주팔자(四柱八字)를 분석하 고 명리상담(命理相談)을 하면 오류에 빠질 수 있음을 지적하고 있다. 임철초의 주장처럼 사주명리학(四柱命理學)의 이론체계를 단순히 답습하는 경우에는 그 이론체계가 가지고 있는 한계로 인해서 명리상담자는 명리상담을 할 때 오류에 빠질 수 있다. 그리고 상담자가 단순히 길흉의 방향성만을 추론 하기 위해서 노력한다면 실질적으로 내담자에게 올바른 선택의 기준을 제시하 기 어렵다. 그렇다면 어떻게 접근해야만 이런 오류에 빠지지 않을 수 있을까? 명리상 담은 반드시 실증적인 검증을 통해서 사주명리학이 지닌 이론의 정당성을 확보해야 한다. 논자는 이런 관점에 매우 충실하게 서술된 명리서가 바로 적천 수천미라고 본다. 특히 임철초는 적천수천미 안에서 518,400가지의 명조 중에 기존 이론으로 바로 해석이 가능한 명조들뿐만 아니라 기존의 이론체계 로 설명할 수 없는 명조들까지 대비하여 배치하고 실증적인 방법을 통해서 설명을 하고자 노력했다. 이런 적천수천미의 내용을 보면 임철초가 많은 임 상경험이 있음을 알 수 있다. 그러므로 논자는 적천수천미에 나와 있는 임 철초의 주석을 중심으로 사주명리학의 상담원리를 밝히고자 했다. 특히 임철 초는 자신이 내담자로서 명리상담을 받은 경험을 밝히고 있으므로 상담자의 입장이 아닌 내담자의 입장에서 어떻게 상담이 진행되는 것이 옳은지 파악할 수 있는 단초를 제공하고 있다. 임철초는 자신이 직접 명리상담을 받는 과정에서 들었던 화려한 미사여구 와 무의미한 칭찬은 내담자에게 아무런 도움이 되지 않는다고 주장하고 있다. 이런 임철초의 주장을 보면 명리상담에서 상담자는 내담자에게 유능하고 정 직한 조언자로써 역할을 수행해야함을 알 수 있다. 그러므로 앞으로 사주명리 학은 단순히 길흉을 맞추기 위한 노력보다 개인의 삶을 윤택하게 만들고 올 바른 방향으로 나아갈 수 있도록 도와주는 조언자 역할에 좀 더 집중할 필요 가 있다. 주제어: 임철초(任鐵樵), 적천수천미(滴天隨闡微), 상담(相談), 명리학(命理學), 사주팔자(四柱八字).

국제유가가 배럴당 85달러에서 하반기에는 최대 100달러까지 오를 것으로 예상하여 세계 시장에서 해양플랜트 발주가 늘어 날 가능성이 크다. 해양플랜트의 주요 특징 중 한 가지는 탑사이드에 대형 헬리데크가 위치하며 경량화 및 내부식성을 위하여 알루미 늄 합금을 구조의 기본 재료로 사용하고 있다. 선주사는 긴급 상황 발생 시 신속한 인명 대피를 위하여 헬리콥터 크기를 대형화하는 추세이고, 헬리콥터를 데크에 안정적으로 고박할 수 있는 장치의 안전사용하중도 증가가 필요하다. 알루미늄 재질의 특성상 용접에 의 한 구조 강도 저하가 크기 때문에, 고정 장치는 데크에 매립하여 볼트로 고정하는 방식으로 설계가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 대형 헬 리데크(직경=28m)에 사용이 가능한 헬리콥터 고정 장치를 개발하기 위하여 알루미늄 합금 6082-T6를 적용한 모델을 개발하였다. 개발 된 고정 장치는 실제 고박에 사용하는 하중 조건을 만족하도록 비선형구조 강도 계산을 통하여 검증하였다. 45도 경사각을 갖는 하중 조건은 국부적인 소성 붕괴로 인하여 90도 조건에 비해 낮은 최종강도를 나타냈다. 최종 모델에 대한 비선형 구조 붕괴 거동은 강도 실험과 경향이 유사하게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 도출한 주요 내용은 유사 알루미늄 기자재의 구조 강도 검토 시 참고 문헌이 될 것으 로 판단된다.

다가구주택 필로티기둥은 전이구조 형식으로 되어 있어 지진하중에 대하여 전단파괴가 발생하기 쉽다. 이에 따라 내 진설계기준은 강화되고 있지만 이전에 지어진 건축물의 경우 내진보강이 필요한 실정이다. 하지만 기존 습식 공법의 경우 시간 적, 경제적 부담이 크기 때문에 내진보강이 잘 이루어지지 않는다. 따라서 모서리앵글과 CN복합섬유패널을 활용하여 DIY 시공 이 가능한 전단보강공법을 제안하고자 하며 본 실험에서 CN복합섬유패널의 전단성능을 평가하고자 한다. 볼트 연단거리 및 앵 글의 재질을 변수로 설정하여 실험한 결과, 볼트 연단거리가 가까울수록 각형띠판 래티스기둥의 전단내력이 증진되는 것을 확 인하였으며 슬리브 볼트는 고장력 볼트에 비하여 현저히 내력이 저하되어 CN복합섬유패널을 평가하기가 어려웠다. 또한, 알루 미늄앵글은 강재앵글에 비하여 내력은 낮지만 연성능력이 좋은 것으로 평가되었고, 강재앵글은 상대적으로 강성이 크기 때문에 CN복합섬유패널에 주는 영향이 미미한 것을 확인하였다. 이를 실용화하기 위해서 구체적으로 앵글의 크기와 볼트 연단거리를 변수로 설정하여 실험을 수행해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Traditional tie-dyeing is widely implemented in the clothing handicraft culture in China, South Korea, and Japan. Since it was developed 2,000 years ago, it has become a popular method of fabric making in the world and is highly respected by fashion designers. Based on the existing traditional tie-dyeing methods, this study conducted specific research on the 3D printing technology of the SLS laser method and the micro tool design application method of the clamp-dyeing process. Through the experimental methods of this study, it proposes to use the “7000 Nylon” material, which is commonly used in 3D printing, to develop a new clamp-dyeing tool. This new tool can be widely used in the clamp-dyeing of fabrics, such as cotton, hemp, silk, and some chemical fibers. The applied method and principle can be consistent with the traditional clamp-dyeing method. Therefore, the innovation of tie-dyeing technology is the best protection measure for the development and inheritance of traditional fabric making. The continuation of artistic life needs originality, which is also the best response to market competition. At the same time, this new design of the clamp-dyeing tool has the characteristics of novelty, innovation, and rich changes, which aligns with the new fashion demands of current fabric design.

Introduction Many extant studies in the strategic management literature show that a firm’s network influences its innovation outcomes (Ahuja, Lampert, & Tandon, 2008). Networks are characterized by strong and weak ties in terms of the combination of the amount of time, intensity, intimacy, and reciprocal services (Granovetter, 1973). There is, however, a continuing debate about the relative advantages of strong and weak ties. These equivocal findings suggest that the relationship between tie strength and a firm’s innovation outcome is complex, and call for a more detailed examination of this relationship. The implications of networks for a firm’s innovation outcomes are quite significant. Nevertheless, the majority of research studies still examine networks using simple dyadic relationships (e.g., Capaldo, 2007). In reality, a firm’s networks are composed of more than a single dyadic relationship and are much more complex. Thus, dyadic approaches are limited in providing understanding of networks on a firm’s innovation performance. As such, we will take the perspective of a focal firm in a triad network. While still relatively simple, the triad network approach allows us to identify key relationships previously unexplored in network tie configuration, and to shed light on the equivocal results in the extant literature. Specifically, we will examine the position of the strong or weak ties among the firms, and also whether the strong or weak ties are adjacent or non-adjacent to the focal firm. Breakthrough innovation is defined as the basic invention, which leads to the evolution of many subsequent technological developments (Ahuja & Lambert, 2001). This definition suggests that novel and unique knowledge is required to create breakthrough innovation. Indeed, recent research shows that firms need novel knowledge created by network partners to create breakthrough innovation (e.g., Srivastava & Gnyawali, 2011). As such, we investigate how different levels of novel and diverse knowledge arising from the position of network ties impact a focal firm’s breakthrough innovation. Nevertheless, obtaining diverse and novel knowledge from networks does not guarantee the creation of successful breakthrough innovation. A firm needs a capability to learn, absorb and integrate the new knowledge into its works, which is its absorptive capacity. Thus, we examine the moderating role of a firm’s absorptive capacity on the relationship between the impact of the configurations arising from the position of strong/weak ties and a firm’s breakthrough innovation in a triad network relationship. Conceptual Framework We posit six different types of network configurations based on tie strength and position of strong/weak ties that are adjacent or non-adjacent to the focal firm in a triad (Figure 1). For example, Configuration 1 has three strong ties and Configuration 6 has three weak ties. Configuration 2 has two strong ties that are adjacent to a focal firm and one weak tie that is non-adjacent to a focal firm in a triad. Importantly, we use two theories (i.e., network theor and relational theory) to elaborate the impact of six configurations on a firm’s breakthrough innovation, considering the tie strength, the position of strong/weak ties, and whether the strong or weak ties are adjacent or non-adjacent to the focal firm. The first of these is network theory. Network theory and relational theory assert different effects of strong versus weak ties on a firm’s breakthrough innovation. To resolve the ambiguities in the literature on this issue, we combine network theory and relational theory and investigate the implication of the position of the strong or weak ties. We argue that the position of strong/weak ties must be considered to explain the impact of tie strength on firm breakthrough innovation in a triad context. For example, Configuration 2 has two strong ties adjacent to focal firm and one weak tie non-adjacent to focal firm (Figure 1). The non-adjacent weak tie provides potential for diverse and novel knowledge and reduced knowledge redundancy. Also, adjacent two strong ties provide the benefits of commitment and trust, and rich information flow. Additionally, these adjacent strong ties facilitate the transfer of novel knowledge generated from the non-adjacent weak tie. Thus, we argue that Configuration 2 has a potentially positive influence on firm breakthrough innovation. Configuration 5 has two adjacent weak ties and one non-adjacent strong tie. The non-adjacent strong tie has high knowledge redundancy and high trust and commitment between the two actors B and C (Figure 1). The non-adjacent strong tie between B and C induces potential opportunistic tendencies toward focal firm and inhibits information sharing with the focal firm. This indicates that the two firms form an alliance to the detriment of the focal firm. Further, adjacent weak ties provide novel and diverse information while maintaining less commitment and trust with the focal firm. Importantly, diverse information from adjacent weak ties is degraded because of the knowledge redundancy generated by non-adjacent strong tie between B and C. Thus, we argue that Configuration 5 has potentially negative influence on firm breakthrough innovation. The above discussion suggests that one cannot determine which type of network ties will tend create a firm’s breakthrough innovation simply by counting the numbers of weak and strong ties in the configurations. One must also consider the position of the strong and weak ties within the network and the focal firm’s absorptive capacity. For example, though there is a high level of knowledge redundancy created by the non-adjacent strong tie in Configuration 5, if the focal firm has strong ability to learn, the focal firm can still capture and use the limited new knowledge, depending on its absorptive capacity. Next, we explain how firm’s absorptive capacity influences the relationship between six configurations and breakthrough innovation. Methods We will collect a full sample of data from three main data sources: alliance data from the Securities Data Company (SDC) on Joint and Alliances, patent data from the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) U.S. Patent Citation 1997-2016, and financial data from COMPUSTAT. The initial sample will consist of all firms that announced a triad of strategic alliance firms across industries from 1997 to 2016 in the United States. Implications Our study makes two key contributions. First, we investigate the impact of various triad strong/weak tie network configurations on a firm’s breakthrough innovation. We test various effects accrued from the position of strong/weak ties that are adjacent or non-adjacent to a focal firm on the focal firm’s breakthrough innovation in the triad network. By examining these relationships, we uncover critical implications of the tie strength previously unexplored in the network literature. We provide conceptual advancement of Granovetter’s notion of the strength of weak ties, showing the importance of the position of strong or weak ties as a critical driver to influence a firm’s breakthrough innovation. Second, we investigate how a focal firm’s absorptive capacity moderates the impact of network configurations on a firm’s breakthrough innovation. This provides a more precise and fine-grained understanding of how a firm’s capability to absorb outside knowledge influences the relationship between network configurations and a focal firm’s breakthrough innovation. Combined, our two contributions help to resolve some of the equivocal results in the extant literature regarding the effects of strong or weak ties on breakthrough innovation.

In current research, it was attempted a preliminary design and evaluation of non-uniform ultra high-strength concrete (UHSC) truss members. UHSC used here has the compressive strength of 180 MPa, the tensile strength of 8 to 20 MPa, and the tensile strain after cracks up to 2%. By the three-dimensional finite element stress analysis as well as strut-tie approach on concrete solid beams, the non-uniform truss shape of UHSC truss was designed with the architectural esthetic concept. In a series of examples, to compare with conventional concrete members, the proposed UHSC truss members have advantages in capabilities of the slender design with minimum weight with high performances under transverse loadings as well as the aesthetically non-uniform design for spatial structures.

In the present study, sled analysis was conducted under the condition of 20g (20 times of gravitational acceleration) and 48 km/h of initial velocity, suggested by WC-19 to investigate the injuries of traffic minorities of tie-down type fixing inside a vehicle during crash. Also, four new parameters, which were related to angles between belts and wheelchair and their levels were limited by WC-19, were proposed and orthogonal array was prepared with different levels of each parameter. In the meantime, four parameters were optimised by minimising head injury criteria and chest acceleration of passengers in each case of the orthogonal array.

The purpose of this study is to make a generalized analytical based on the proposed experiments on reinforced concrete(RC) partially infilled frames by U-type precast concrete(PC) wall panels with openings. RC frame and PC wall panels were connected with different strengths. Therefore, we developed modified strut-tie model(STM) with two seismic retrofitting specimens and conducted a nonlinear analysis by using a computer analysis program. Based on the test results, truss member of modified STM was designed, applying the strut-tie model theory of ACI 318M-11 Appendix- A. As a result, the modified STM analysis results were very similar to the experimental results. As a result of the load-displacement curve comparison, the failure load were similar within 5∼17% of error range. In particular, the experimental results and the results of modified STM analysis show that the failure behavior almost matched.

Cyclic loading test was performed on the partially infilled reinforced concrete(RC) frames by L-type precast concrete(PC) wall panels with the connections of two different strength. Based on the results of experimental test, the nonlinear analysis was practiced with modified strut-tie model(STM) method by using a computer program. Truss member of modified STM was designed, applying the strut-tie model theory of ACI 318M-11 Appendix-A. Modified STM was designed with two ways according to the test result. PC wall panel and RC frame were assumed to composite when push loading applied. The PC and RC structures were also assumed to behave non-composite and those two structures connected with link(top connector) when pull loading applied. The connection was designed by using elastic link of program. The results of analytical modified STM process generally conform to the experimental results. The failure load and the failure mode of the specimens could be predicted using modified STM. The ratio of failure load measured in specimens to analytical values were between 0.83∼1.16. The member or connection which was failed in experiment yield in the results of modified STM. The failure mode perfectly matched.

Modified dapped end, precast prestressed double-tee slabs were considered in this research. It can facilitate insertion of service ducts at the dapped ends. The total depth of the floor slab may be reduced. In addition, the underside of the double-tee slab showed simpler appearance. Static three-point shear loading test was performed on full-scale specimens. And three modified single-tee slabs were analyzed by strut-tie model method. The specimen failed during the test in the same location as predicted by the strut-tie analytical model. The analysis of experimental results in comparison to the analysis results revealed that the experimental failure loads manifested 108% of analytical failure loads on the average.

Purpose of this study is to investigate structural behavior of the rectangular hollow column with various transverse reinforcement details. Experimental variables are diameter, arrangement details and lateral spacing of cross tie. A total of 66 column specimens have been prepared and tested under axial compressive load. Test results showed that behaviors of column specimens were different depending on the cross tie details. Specimens with cross tie wrapping longitudinal steel and transverse steel have greater strength and ductility than specimens with cross tie wrapping the longitudinal steel.

Social media as an online channel for sharing and participating can play an important role for many marketing activities. Social media can be especially influential in word of mouth (WOM) communication as the focus of it is the sharing of information regarding consumers’ product experiences. To use social media as a marketing tool, identifying the relationship between message sender and receiver (the strength of social tie) is important in the viral marketing campaign context. Also, the effects can be influenced by message type, and consumers’ situational context. Therefore, the study examines the consumers’ intention to share advertising message with others in social media focusing on the strength of social ties (strong vs. weak tie) between message receivers and senders. The authors hypothesize that participants’ intention for sharing will be higher for the message recipients of strong tie than of weak tie. Especially, the sharing intention, for strong tie than for weak tie, will be higher when there is a match between message type (visual vs. text) and consumers’ purchasing context (close vs. far distance). The study used 2(temporal distance: close vs. distant) x 2(message type: text vs. picture) x 2 (close friends, vs. general public) design with the first two factors as between –subject factors and the last factor as a within-subject factor. A total of 107 student subjects participated in an experiment. They were recruited from a private university, in Seoul, in exchange for extra credit. The participants’ average age was 22 (SD=2.72) and 58 percent of them were males.

Various non-seismic tie details are frequently used for one- and two-story small buildings because the seismic demand on their deformation capacities is not relatively significant. To evaluate the effects of the non-seismic tie details on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns, six square columns with a cross section of 400 × 400 mm and six rectangular columns with a cross section of 250 × 640 mm were tested. The anchorage details at both ends and spacing of tie hoops, along with the cross-sectional shape and the magnitude of axial load, were considered as the primary test parameters. Test results showed that square columns had higher stiffness and lower lateral deformation rather than rectangular columns. Both lap spliced tie and U-shaped tie provided comparable or improved seismic performance to 90° hook tie in terms of maximum strength, ductility, and energy dissipation. The predicted curves with modeling parameters in ASCE41-13 were conservative for test results of lap spliced tie and U-shaped tie specimens since plastic behavior after flexural yielding could not be considered. For economical design, ASCE41-13 should be revised with various test results of tie details.

콘크리트 깊은 보의 전단강도 산정을 위해 현행 미국콘크리트학회(ACI) 및 캐나다표준규격협회(CSA), 유럽콘크리트위원회(CEB-FIP)의 설계기준은 스트럿-타이 모델을 이용할 것을 제안하고 있지만 설계의 품질이 설계자가 구성한 트러스 모델 적합성에 크게 좌우된다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 내부 트러스 모델에 따른 현행 ACI, CSA 및 CEB-FIP의 콘크리트 깊은 보 설계기준의 타당성을 홍성걸 등에 의해 제안된 콘크리트 소성학에 근거한 전단강도식의 예측치와 비교함으로써 평가한다. 비교 결과 ACI, CSA 및 CEB-FIP의 스트럿-타이 모델에 의해 설계된 깊은 보의 경우 내부트러스 모델이 전단강도 예측에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 CEB-FIP의 경우 가장 높은 스트럿 강도 예측치를 보였다.