Historically, there have been certain “unsolved cases” objectively, and the transmission of imperial power in the early Song Dynasty is one of them. The succession of Emperor Taizong of Song has been accompanied by numerous speculations and mysteries since ancient times, among which “the sound of an axe and the shadow of a candle”, “The Golden Cabinet Alliance”, and “the mystery of the birth mother of Tingmei” have always been research hotspots in the field of historical studies. On this series of issues, scholars have undergone continuous textual research and analysis on the truth of these “unsolved cases” over several generations, gradually forming several major academic viewpoints, such as the independent transmission theory and the three-transmission theory of “the alliance in the golden coffer”. This has gradually restored the complex political situation in the early Song Dynasty and promoted the understanding and recognition of the political culture in the early Song Dynasty. Based on the research on the issue of establishing the heir in the early Song Dynasty, which was deeply influenced by the Five Dynasties, new insights have been gained into the changes in the inheritance system during the Tang and Song dynasties, and a theory comprehensively elaborating on the inheritance system has been constructed. From an institutional perspective, this summarizes the objective patterns of change that existed during the Tang, Five Dynasties, and early Song dynasties, interprets the complex political “unsolved cases” and political culture in the early Song Dynasty, and forms a re-examination and new understanding of the issue of imperial power transfer in the early Song Dynasty.

본 연구는 국제경영전략 관점에서 해외자회사가 이전한 지식은 기업 경쟁력 강화에 언제나 긍정 적일 것이라는 가정을 비판하기 위해, 해외자회사의 역지식이전 수준과 기업성과 간 관계를 분석하 였다. 글로벌 기업 직원 256명을 대상으로 설문조사한 결과, 해외자회사가 본사로 이전한 지식 수 준이 높을수록 높은 기업성과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이러한 효과는 해외자회사의 역량 및 해외자회사와 본사 간 비전공유 수준에 따라 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 해외자회사의 역량이 낮거나, 비전공유 수준이 낮은 조직의 역지식이전은 기업성과에 부정적 영향을 제공하는 것 으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 역지식이전 과정에서 글로벌 기업의 형태적 통제기제와 사회 적 통제기제가 요구되고 있음을 제시하였다.

Purpose: This study was aimed to explore and analyze the experiences of nurses regarding department transfers following the sudden closure of a ward due to the collective resignation of residents. Methods: Data were collected from November 1 to 29, 2024, and a qualitative content analysis was employed. The participants were 11 nurses who were transferred to different departments following a ward’s sudden closure owing to the residents’ collective resignation. Results: A total of six themes and 24 sub-themes were identified. the first theme is ‘After the resident left, the ward was closed’. The second theme is ‘Various job placements were assigned after the ward’s unfortunate closure’. The third theme is ‘Difficulty adjusting to the new environment and leaning to adapt’. The fourth theme is ‘Changes in the nurse-physician relationships’, and the subtheme is ‘Surprised by doctors seeking nurses' opinions due to the absence of residents. The fifth theme is ‘Become an expert at adapting’. The sixth theme is ‘Worries about the future and a faint glimmer of hope’. Conclusion: This study highlights the challenges nurses encountered in adjusting to new departments following the unprecedented mass resignation of residents and the ensuing ward closure. Nurses initially faced difficulties, feeling expendable in the new environment. However, through the support and collaboration of their colleagues, they demonstrated resilience and adapted effectively. The study also noted that, despite the absence of residents, direct communication between medical staff and patients continued to function smoothly, facilitating their involvement in treatment planning alongside specialists and professors. Although departmental transfers can lead to increased job stress for nurses, successful adaptation during these transitions fosters professional growth by enhancing their knowledge, skills, and influence. Furthermore, knowledge sharing among nursing staff contributes to the overall development of the organization. To promote both personal growth and organizational advancement, nursing managers must actively listen to nurses’ perspectives about departmental transfers and provide compassionate support to assist in their adaptation. Creating an organizational culture that recognizes and values the contributions of colleagues who have undergone transfers is essential. By establishing a systematic approach that facilitates successful adaptation and fostering a positive, accepting nursing culture, departmental transfers can be transformed into an effective strategy for enhancing the professionalism and capabilities of nursing staff.

This paper presents a finite-difference method (FDM)-based heat-transfer model for predicting black-ice formation on asphalt pavements and establishes decision criteria using only meteorological data. Black ice is a major cause of winter road accidents and forms under specific surface temperature and moisture conditions; however, its accurate prediction remains challenging owing to dynamic environmental interactions. The FDM incorporates thermodynamic properties, initial pavement-temperature profiles, and surface heat-transfer mechanisms, i.e., radiation, convection, and conduction. Sensitivity analysis shows the necessity of a 28-d stabilization period for reliable winter predictions. Black-ice prediction logic evaluates the surface conditions, relative humidity, wind speed, and latent-heat accumulation to assess phase changes. Field data from Nonsancheon Bridge were used for validation, where a maximum prediction accuracy of 64% is indicated in specific cases despite the overestimation of surface temperatures compared with sensor measurements. These findings highlight the challenges posed by wet surface conditions and prolonged latent-heat retention, which extend the predicted freezing duration. This study provides a theoretically grounded methodology for predicting black ice on various road structures without necessitating additional measurements. Future studies shall focus on enhancing the model by integrating vehicle-induced heat effects, solar radiation, and improved weather-prediction data while comparing the FDM with machine-learning approaches for performance optimization. The results of this study offer a foundation for developing efficient road-safety measures during winter.

The heat transfer characteristics of double-pipe spiral heat exchanger using aluminum oxide nano-fluid were investigated by three different sizes of curvature size, experimentally. Five concentration of nano-fluid as working fluid were made and tested to analyze the heat transfer characteristics. As results, the heat transfer performance was improved at 0.25% of nano-fluid due to high thermal conductivity, however, as the concentration of nanofluid increased (~2.0%), the heat transfer performance deteriorated due to the increase in thermal resistance caused by the sedimentation of particles in the flow path. In addition, the nano-fluid has a higher pressure drop than water due to its high density and viscosity. The optimal range for heat transfer enhancement of nano-fluid was found to be less than 4.0 LPM in flow rate and 0.25% of nano-fluid concentration in this study.

초음속 혹은 극초음속 미사일의 레이돔은 공력 가열로 인해 과도한 열유속에 노출된다. 또한 미사일은 발사 후 속도와 고도가 변화 하면서 이에 따라 레이돔에 가해지는 열유속이 변화한다. 이러한 열부하에 의해 레이돔의 온도가 소재의 허용 온도를 초과하면, 레이 돔은 레이더를 보호하는 기능을 상실하게 된다. 따라서 비행 시나리오에 따른 레이돔의 열전달 특성을 고려하여 레이돔을 설계해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 준-비정상 기법을 적용하여 가상의 비행 시나리오에서의 레이돔의 열전달 특성을 분석하고 준-비정상 기법의 정 확도와 효율성을 평가하였다. 준-비정상 기법을 적용하여 시간에 따른 레이돔 외벽의 열유속과 온도 분포를 도출하였으며, 15초 이후 레이돔 외벽의 온도가 소재의 허용 온도 이상으로 가열되는 부분이 있는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 준-비정상 기법을 통해 도출된 결과 와 비정상 해석 결과를 비교하여 레이돔 평균 온도 측면에서 15% 이내의 오차로 예측할 수 있고 해석 소요 시간은 75%가 단축되는 것 을 확인하여 준-비정상 기법의 효율성을 입증하였다.

귀환 창업자(Returnee CEO)는 그 독특한 역량 때문에 기업 성과에 적지 않은 영향을 미치고 있다고 알려져 있다. 기존 연구에서는 일반적으로 귀환 창업자의 개인 능력에 주목하고 귀환 창업자의 혁신성이 기업성과에 긍 정적 영향을 미친다고 보았다. 그러나 현실적으로 귀환 창업자는 다양한 사회 모국(母國) 자본을 보유하고 있으며, 단순히 귀환 창업자인지 여부가 기업에게 같은 정도의 영향을 미치는 것은 아니다. 또 창업자들의 해외 사회관계와 지식 이전 능력 역시 상이하기 때문에 기업 성과에 서로 다른 영향을 미칠 수도 있다. 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 아직 발굴하지 않은 귀환 창업자의 소셜 네트워크에 초점을 두며 귀환 창업자의 모국 소셜 네트워크가 귀환 창업 자가 모국에 돌아간 후의 창업성과에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 한다. 여기에서 더 나아가 귀환 창업자의 해외 사회관계와 지식 이전 능력이 어떠한 조절 효과를 미치는지, 소셜 네트워크 이론을 통해 설명한다. 중국 국적 귀환 창업자 303명을 대상으로 한 설문 자료를 분석한 결과, 강화된 모국 사회관계는 기업 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 발견하였다. 동시에, 귀환 창업자의 해외 사회관계 및 지식 이전 능력은 성과에 정(+)의 조절 효 과를 가지게 되는 것도 발견하였다. 본 연구는 귀환 창업자에 관한 연구를 사회관계의 측면으로 고도화하여 현실 설명력을 부여했다는 의의가 있다. 또 지식 이전의 실제 효과를 분석함으로써 기업이 귀환 창업자의 역량을 충분 히 활용하는 데에 있어 실무적 함의가 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The hydrogen valve used in this study is intended to be applied to a automobile, and since there is a limit to the length of the stem, it is necessary to review the optimized stem, and for this, it is required to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the hydrogen shut-off valve. For this, the temperature of the entire shut-off valve and especially the plunger and O-ring, which are key components in the solenoid valve driving the hydrogen shut-off valve, was calculated using the ANSYS-CFX flow analysis program. From the analysis results, the length of the stem capable of maintaining the design temperature of -40℃ or higher should be at least 139 mm, and it is judged that it should be 140 mm or more considering safety. When determining the stem length of the hydrogen blocking valve for automobiles, constraints on installation in automobiles should be considered.