This study aims to identify the diverse types and characteristics of signatures that appear in contemporary fashion while primarily brand focusing on emerging Korean designer brands. To this end, qualitative content analysis using news articles and in-depth interviews with 15 emerging Korean designers were conducted. The news article analysis revealed six types of signatures: design based on formative sensibility expression, strategically constructed designer/brand identity, brand practices carried by cultural and spatial experiences, craftsmanship and custom production, contemporary reinterpretation of traditional designs, and text-based visual symbolic systems. The result of the in-depth interviews identified five types of signatures among emerging Korean designer brands: design expressions evolving from designer and brand identity, production emphasizing practicality and craftmanship, brand experiences based on spaces, visual narrative symbolism, and limited-edition items. Unlike established fashion brands that focus on fixed visual or textual elements through strategic planning by the established fashion brands, emerging Korean designer brands gradually and dynamically develop signatures which are grounded in personal philosophy, ethical values, and ongoing interaction with consumers. The findings of this study imply that the signatures of emerging Korean designer brands are not merely aesthetic repetitions, but are instead representations of evolving and situated expressions that interacts with and responds to socio-cultural changes and contexts.

Despite its historical association with oppression, fear, and marginalized femininity, modern reinterpretations of the figure of the witch position it as a symbolic entity combining historical context and literary imagination. This study analyzes contemporary fashion designs that incorporate witch imagery, focusing on the designs' representational methods and aesthetic characteristics. It includes a literature review examining evolving perceptions of witches across different eras as well as visual and formal analyses of post-2010 fashion collections, using image and text materials from Showstudio.com and other online sources. In various realms of visual culture–including art, film and drama, advertising, product design, and halloween costumes–the image of the witch is no longer confined to traditional iconography. Instead, it is continuously reimagined, taking on expanded and multifaceted meanings that attest to its unique and evolving nature. This study identifies two primary expressive types: direct iconographic appropriation, employing traditional motifs such as pointed hats, black cloaks, and pentacles; and metaphorical suggestion, using dark tones, deconstructed silhouettes, and layered styling to imply the witch's essence. The analyses also highlight three aesthetic characteristics: empowered sensuality, expressed through sheer fabrics and dramatic makeup; supernatural mysticism, combining natural and occult symbols; and uncanny playfulness, which subverts traditional motifs through fantasy and humor. Ultimately, the witch in contemporary fashion serves as both a stylistic code and a visual signifier of cultural narrative and identity. This reimagining has contributed to the development of new aesthetic systems in fashion and broadened the visual culture and design innovation discourse.

Business model(BM) innovation is widely known as a differentiated strategy and strategic framework for companies to secure a sustainable competitive advantage in an uncertain environment. While prior research has studied new business models in accordance with changes in manufacturing trends such as digitalization and servitization, empirical understanding of the dynamic processes of BM innovation is still lacking. This study addresses this gap by proposing an analytical framework of the BM innovation matrix that classifies companies' BM innovation cases into four types according to the degree of BM change and the influential level of the industry/market outcome through a critical literature review on business models and dynamics. Drawing on this framework, we conduct longitudinal case studies of leading global 3D printing firms to examine the dynamic processes and external environmental factors that shape the evolution of BM innovation. Our findings reveal previously underexplored patterns of co-evolution between firms’ business models and their broader industrial and market environments. This study has the significance of constructing a framework for dynamically analyzing BM innovation based on longitudinal case studies of emerging 3D printing companies. We presented implications for companies seeking successful commercialization of emerging technologies, such as the strategic usefulness of the BM innovation framework and the importance of co-evolution with industrial structure and environmental factors in the process of change.

To conduct a comprehensive assessment of aquatic ecosystems, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of lentic ecosystems such as lakes, in addition to rivers. This requires analyzing the characteristics of biological communities in lakes and developing appropriate assessment indices. In this study, we analyzed the distributional characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected from 90 lakes between 2022 and 2024, according to four categories of lake types (inflow stream type, lake size, salinity characteristics, and trophic states). The environmental variables used to classify lake types (catchment area, altitude, area of water, electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a) all followed a log-normal distribution with positive skewness. Most of the lake types were characterized by inflow from lowland small streams, small or middle size, and freshwater lakes. However, in terms of trophic states, many lakes were assessed as mesotrophic or eutrophic. Analysis of seven community structure characteristics (taxa richness, taxa abundance, dominance, diversity, richness, evenness, and Lake Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assessment Index, LBAI) and two functional groups (feeding and habitat) showed clear changes primarily associated with trophic states, while other lake types showed irregular increase or decrease or similar levels. In the CCA, which analyzed dominant taxa by abundance and six environmental variables, the distribution patterns of lakes were more clearly distinguished by salinity characteristics related to electrical conductivity, unlike the community indices. The results of this study are expected to serve as basic data for future monitoring and assessment of lake aquatic ecosystems using benthic macroinvertebrates.

관상학(Physiognomy)은 오랜 역사에도 불구하고 경험적 검증의 부재로 미신 으로 치부되어 왔으나, 일부 실용 분야에서는 활발히 참조되어 이론과 실제 간의 괴리가 존재했다. 이에 본 연구는 ‘외형이 내면을 반영한다’는 관상학의 핵심 전제를 현대 통계 방법론으로 실증적으로 검증하고자, MBTI의 감정형 (F)-사고형(T) 유형과 관상학적 얼굴 특징 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 총 77 명의 참여자로부터 사진 데이터를 수집하여, 관상학 이론에 기반한 6가지 얼 굴 특징(눈 크기, 눈동자 크기, 코끝의 살, 입술 두께 등)을 전문가와 함께 5점 척도로 코딩하였다. 수립된 가설을 검증하기 위해 선형 및 로지스틱 회귀분석 을 적용하였다. 분석 결과, F/T 유형은 ‘눈길이’를 제외한 5가지 특징에서 유의미한 차이를 보였으며, 감정형(F) 집단이 더 큰 눈, 도톰한 입술 등을 갖는 경향을 나타냈 다. 또한, F/T 유형을 예측하는 로지스틱 회귀 모델(Pseudo R²=.462)에서는 ‘눈 동자 크기’, ‘코끝의 살’, ‘입술 두께’가 통계적으로 유의미한 핵심 예측 변수로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 관상학적 특징과 성격 유형 간의 실증적 연관성을 규 명함으로써, 관상학을 탈신비화하고 과학적 탐구의 대상으로 전환할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하며, 이는 관상학이 향후 심리학, 인공지능 등과 융합될 수 있 는 토대를 마련했다는 점에서 학술적 의의를 지닌다.

본 연구는 우리나라 영유아의 기질 유형이 부모의 요인과 영유아의 요인에 따른 분포의 특성을 분석하여 부모가 영유아의 기질 유형을 파악하고 적절한 양육을 제공하기 위한 기초를 제공하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위해 전국의 만 6세 이하의 영유아를 둔 부모를 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하였다. 총 9,230 부의 설문을 수집하여 분석에 반영하였다. 본 연구의 결과 첫째, 우리나라 영유 아의 기질 유형은 순한 기질 64.3%, 더디고 느린 기질 17.9%, 복합적인 기질 15.4%, 까다로운 기질 2.5% 순으로 나타났으며, 어머니와 아버지가 인식한 자 녀의 기질 유형의 비중은 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 영유아의 성별에 따른 기질 유형의 분포는 유사하였으나, 연령에 따라 기질 유형의 분포에 차이 가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 점은 관행적으로 수용하여 온 선행연구의 결 과가 우리나라의 실정과 다른 점을 고려하여 자녀의 발달 및 부모의 양육상담 현장에서 우리나라의 특성을 고려한 상담이 이루어져야 함을 시사한다.

본 연구는 응답자의 특성에 따른 정원 조성 및 관리 의향, 선호하는 정원 유형 차이를 확인하고, 정원 조성 의향 증진 전략을 제시하여 정원 설계에 유용한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2024년 8월 12일부터 9월 13일까지 설문조사를 실시하였고, 회수된 설문 중 부절절한 설문지를 제외한 183부의 설문을 분석하였다. 그 결과 인구통계학적 특성 중 응답자의 특성으로 직업적 배경의 경우 관련 업계 종사자가 72명(39.3%)으로 가장 많았고, 일반시민 59명(32.2%), 전공학생이 52명(28.4%) 순으로 나타났다. 응답자 특성에 따른 정원 조성 의향 및 관리 차이에서 관련 업계 종사자와 전공 학생들이 일반 시민에 비해 정원 조성에 관심이 더욱 많았으며, 정원 관리에 사용하는 시간도 더욱 많은 시간 소요하고 싶다는 것으로 나타났다. 선호하는 정원 유형으로는 “나무를 위주로 한 정원(64.0%)”, “이색적인 정원(60.6%”), “꽃과 채소, 과수 등이 같이 있는 정원(59.9%)” 순으로 긍정적 선호 비중이 높았으며, 부정적 선호가 많은 정원으로는 “단일 화종 위주의 정원(23.9%)”이었다. 정원 조성 의향에 미치는 선호하는 정원 선호 유형으로는 “한국식 정원”, “서양식 정원”, “토피어리 정원”, “수경 정원”, “나무를 위주로 한 정원”, “꽃과 채소, 과수 등이 같이 있는 정원”이 통계적으로 유의미한 양적 상관을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, IPA 분석을 통한 정원 조성 의향 증진 전략을 위한 정원 유형으로는 “서양식 정원”에 적극적 자원 투자로 중점 개선해야하는 것으로 확인되었다.

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data necessary for establishing a system for analyzing the dimensions and body types of men aged 30–59. The subjects were 1,247 adult males selected based on data from the 8th Korean anthropometric survey; the direct and calculated values constituted 36 items; and descriptive statistics analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis were conducted. the descriptive statistics analysis revealed that the weight difference between individuals was high, while the height difference was low. Overall, the differences between individuals were high in waist-related items and low in lower limb circumference-related items. It was found that knee height and hip side length increased in subjects aged in their late 30s and decreased in those aged in their early 50s, while lower leg circumference decreased with age from the late 30s onward. The factor analysis identified four dimensions: “horizontal size of lower body,” “vertical size of lower body,” “hip length,” and “ankle size.” on the basis of the cluster analysis, they were classified into the following types: “tall body shape with long waist and hips, bent legs and hips, thick legs and ankles,” “slim body shape with short legs and short hips,” and “slim body shape with short legs and thin ankles.” A follow-up study is required to analyze changes in body shape over time based on annual measurements. We believe that this study will furnish basic data for establishing a measurement system for men’s clothing.

Background: Logistics service workers (LSWs) face significant occupational challenges, with ankle sprains being the second most prevalent work-related musculoskeletal disorder. Foot posture, assessed through the navicular drop test, can significantly influence dynamic balance performance, which is crucial for injury prevention in physically demanding occupational settings. Objects: This study aimed to investigate differences in dynamic balance performance among LSWs with pronated, supinated, and normal foot types using the Y-Balance test (YBT), comparing reach distances across anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. Methods: A total of 205 LSWs were classified into three groups based on navicular drop measurements: supinated (n = 44), normal (n = 94), and pronated (n = 67) foot types. The YBT was performed on the dominant leg, measuring reach distances in three directions. Participants’ demographic characteristics were recorded, and statistical analyses were conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction. Results: Significant differences in YBT performance were observed across all three directions (anterior: p = 0.009, posterolateral: p = 0.015, posteromedial: p = 0.014). The supinated and normal foot groups showed significantly greater reach distances compared to the pronated group (p < 0.026 for anterior direction). In the posterolateral direction, the supinated group demonstrated significantly better performance compared to the pronated group (p = 0.014). Similarly, the posteromedial direction revealed significantly higher reach distances for the supinated group compared to the pronated group (p = 0.012). Conclusion: The study reveals that foot type significantly impacts dynamic balance performance among LSWs. Workers with pronated feet demonstrate reduced balance capabilities, while those with supinated feet show the most superior dynamic balance performance.

본 연구는 Q방법론을 활용하여 간호대학생들이 간호사의 전문직 정체 성에 대해 가지는 인식 유형을 탐구하였다. 연구의 목적은 첫째, 간호대 학생들이 간호사의 전문직 정체성을 어떻게 인식하는지 유형화하는 것이 며, 둘째, 간호사의 핵심 역할에 대한 인식을 분석하는 것이다. 연구 결 과, 간호대학생들이 인식하는 간호사의 전문직 정체성은 세 가지 주요 유 형으로 분류되었다. 첫째, 환자 중심 및 전문적 지식과 기술 중심형은 간 호사가 환자와의 신뢰 관계 형성, 정서적 지지, 전인적 접근을 강조하면 서도 최신 의료 기술과 전문적 지식 습득에 중점을 두는 유형이다. 둘째, 환자 중심형은 간호사가 환자와의 신뢰 관계를 구축하고, 효과적인 의사 소통을 통해 공정하고 평등한 간호를 제공하는 데 초점을 둔다. 셋째, 환 자 중심 및 윤리와 가치관 중심형은 간호사의 윤리적 책임, 환자 권리 보 호, 공정한 간호 제공을 중시하며, 간호사가 사회적 책임을 수행해야 한 다는 점을 강조하는 유형이다. 본 연구는 간호대학생들이 간호사의 전문 직 정체성을 어떻게 이해하고 있으며, 각 역할을 어떻게 인식하는지를 체 계적으로 분석함으로써 간호 교육과정에서 환자 중심 접근, 전문적 지식 과 기술 습득, 윤리적 가치관 함양을 균형 있게 반영할 필요성을 제시하 였다. 연구 결과는 간호 교육 및 임상 실습 과정에서 간호사의 핵심 역할 을 효과적으로 강화할 수 있는 방향을 마련하는 데 기여할 것이다.

This study analyzed the changes in sodium content across different types of kimchi over various storage periods, distinguishing between solids and seasoning (liquid), to better estimate actual sodium intake and improve the food composition databases. Six types (baechu-kimchi, oi-sobagi, buchu-kimchi, baek-kimchi, dongchimi, and nabak-kimchi) were analyzed using ICP-AES. The results were compared with salinometer readings, food composition databases, and nutrition labels from commercial products. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test (=0.05). The findings showed that the seasoning had significantly higher sodium content than the solids and, except for baechu-kimchi and nabak-kimchi, accounted for more than 50% of the total sodium content. Sodium content varied across kimchi types and changed over storage time. Additionally, sodium content measured by ICP-AES significantly differed from those in the food composition databases and commercial nutrition labels, which often over or under-estimated values. Moreover, sodium content in commercial kimchi products exhibited up to a 581-fold difference between the minimum and maximum values. These results suggest that current databases and labeling systems, which do not distinguish between solids and seasoning, may misrepresent the actual sodium intake. Further research and regulatory measures are needed to improve sodium estimation and consumer guidance.

본 연구는 양버즘나무(Platanus occidentalis) 가로수를 대상으로 가지치기 유형(자연형, 두절형)에 따른 목질부 내부 결함 및 수관울폐도를 분석하였다. 2022년에 서울과 대구에서 총 40본을 선정하여 6월과 9월에 지표면으로부터 30, 60, 90cm 높이에서 음파단층촬영과 전기비저항단층촬 영을 실시하였다. 각 수목의 사방위에서 안드로이드 기반 앱을 활용하여 수관울폐도를 측정하였다. 서울과 대구 모두 자연형에서는 수목 내 부후 중기, 부후 후기, 공동이 없었으나, 두절형에서는 이러한 내부 부후가 확인되었다. 수관울폐도는 자연형(69.9%)보다 두절형(86.0%)이 높았다. 또한 수관울폐도가 높을수록 가로수 내부의 부후, 공동 발생이 증가하였다. 특히 30cm 높이에서 부후, 공동 발생이 가장 많았다. 두 지역 모두에서 수관울폐도와 내부 결함 발생 간에 양의 상관관계가 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 양버즘나무 가로수의 효율적 관리를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

본 연구는 전문 코치의 코칭 윤리에 대한 인식 유형과 특성을 Q방법론을 통 해 Q모집단을 구성하고 33개의 Q진술문을 추출한 후, 전문 코치 27명을 대상으 로 Q분류를 실시하여 자료를 수집하였다. QUANL 프로그램을 사용하여 주요인 분석을 통해 결과를 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 전문 코치의 코칭 윤리는 네 가지 인식 유형으로 분류되었다. 첫 째, ‘코칭 윤리 인식의 기본 원칙 제시형’은 고객 보호와 신뢰 구축의 중요성을 강조한다. 둘째, ‘고객 존중 및 지속적 성장 지향형’은 고객의 존재와 결정을 존 중하는 윤리적 원칙을 반영한다. 셋째, ‘전문성 유지 및 윤리적 행동 지향형’은 전문성 향상과 윤리 기준 유지를 강조한다. 넷째, ‘윤리적 책임 및 고객 정보 보 호형’은 고객의 비밀유지와 신의의 원칙을 강조한다. 본 연구 결과는 전문 코치의 윤리의식 고취와 코칭 역량 향상을 위한 교육 프로그램 및 윤리지침 개발에 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

This study aims to identify latent classes among shared e-scooter users based on their characteristics and analyze the differences in personal and usage characteristics across these classes. Specifically, the study has the following key objectives: (1) to select variables related to the personal and usage characteristics of shared e-scooter users; (2) to collect data on the personal and usage characteristics of shared e-scooter users; (3) to derive the latent classes of shared e-scooter users; and (4) to test the differences in personal and usage characteristics across the identified latent classes. Variables related to the personal and usage characteristics of shared e-scooter users were selected based on a literature review. Through a survey, data on the personal and usage characteristics of shared e-scooter users were collected. A latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to derive the latent classes of shared e-scooter users. Finally, a chi-square analysis was conducted to test the differences in personal and usage characteristics across the latent classes of shared e-scooter users. The results of this study are as follows. The personal characteristics of shared e-scooter users were identified as age and sex, whereas the usage characteristics were identified as usage frequency, time periods of e-scooter usage, return/rental zones, return/rental places, and types of roads used. Data on sex, age, usage frequency, periods of e-scooter usage, and return/rental locations were collected from 278 shared e-scooter users. Based on information criterion, statistical validation, and the entropy index, four latent classes of shared e-scooter users were identified: “male users with a commuting purpose in business zones,” “male users with a homeward commuting purpose in residential zones,” “female users with a leisure purpose in park/green zones,” and “users in their 20s with a commuting purpose in residential zones.” The results of a chisquare analysis revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the personal and usage characteristics across the latent classes. Shared e-scooter user types were classified through Latent Class Analysis (LCA), and differences in personal and usage characteristics were identified across the classes. The preferred usage environments and conditions for each class of shared e-scooter users are determined. Variables related to the return/rental zone and periods of e-scooter usage showed the most significant differences among the classes. These findings can contribute to the development of customized user policies and the improvement of services based on the characteristics of shared e-scooter users.