In the early stage of foreign element words entering the Chinese system, the translator of Huaxue Jianyuan has established the translation principle of element names. It mainly uses monosyllable and phonetic Chinese characters. It determines 48 transliteration elements either by referring to the transliteration of element names in Jinshi Shibie or by self-formulation. 47 out of 48 characters are ligatures, 21 of which are newly-formed, and 26 are borrowed from unfamiliar inherent Chinese characters. It presents the characteristics of high proportion of new characters, strong systematicness and applicability. There are 48 transliterated element names with recorded characters used by translators, 34 of which are still in use today. The transliteration principles established by translators and the selection or creation methods of transliterated element name characters have a great influence on the subsequent element name characters.

Usage-based approaches to language acquisition explain language development as a gradual process of generalizing constructions through language experience. This study investigated second language learners’ development of constructional knowledge from the perspective of usage-based language development. A total of 169 Korean EFL students at five grade levels completed a sentence-sorting and a translation task. Results of the sorting task showed stronger constructional sorting as the learners’ grade level increased. Additionally, the sorting of intermediate-level learners was influenced by verb semantics such that the sentences including light verbs were more strongly clustered according to constructions than the sentences with heavy verbs, suggesting learners’ reliance on light verbs in the early stages of constructional development. Results of the translation task demonstrated a higher translation accuracy with increasing proficiency, but with a significant amount of variation across individual constructions contingent on the constructions’ syntactic and semantic complexity. Overall, our findings confirm the usage-based development of L2 learning.

This study was performed to provide fundamental data on the convenience foods purchase according to the food-related lifestyle. This study was conducted on 398 Chinese international students residing in Gyeonggi area between October and December 2019. Among the total 373 survey subjects, gender was 183 male students (49.1%) and 190 female students (50.9%). This study was conducted by questionnaire method with reference to previous studies. There are significant differences in economic pursuit and taste pursuit for delivery food use, economic pursuit and taste pursuit for delivery food information, health pursuit and taste pursuit in delivery food ordering method, and economic pursuit and convenience pursuit for delivery food use (p<0.05). Delivery food usage time was significantly different in convenience pursuit, health pursuit, eating out pursuit, and taste pursuit (p<0.05), and the delivery food preference menu was significantly different in economic pursuit, health pursuit, eating out pursuit, and taste pursuit (p<0.05). The menu positive factors among satisfaction factors showed statistically significant differences in economic pursuit (β=0.188, t=3.531) and health pursuit (β=0.160, t=3.099) among food related lifestyle factors. In conclusion, this study presented the desirable direction of delivery food usage in Chinese students.

This paper is a follow up to the previous study which reveals that smartphone users are divided into three subcategories according to their usage characteristics. In this paper, these groups are called as ‘general’, ‘entertainment’, and ‘work-assistant’, taking into account their respective characteristics. The ‘general’ is a group whose smartphone usage characteristics are not focused on a specific purpose, the ‘entertainment’ is focused on music, internet, SNS, picture, and e-banking, and the ‘work-assistant’ is on work, GPS, diary. Inter-relation between the importance and satisfaction for the purchase determinants to the groups is investigated. In addition, Kano analysis of quality attributes is also performed, which includes quality type, satisfaction/dissatisfaction index, and PCSI (Potential Customer Satisfaction Improvement) index. The analysis result are as follows. Firstly, inter-relation between importance and satisfaction differs by user group. ‘Internet’, ‘Ease of use’, and ‘Performance’ purchase determinants are evaluated as competitive determinants in ‘work-assistant’ user group. Secondly Kano quality types of quality characteristics also differs by user group. ‘Application’ was classified as an attractive (A) types to ‘entertainment’ group and so on. ‘Internet’ ‘Failure/Bug’, ‘Touch response rate’ and ‘Charging’ are located in ‘Nice’ Region of S-PCSI Diagram and have to be considered as strategic quality characteristics. The results of this study is expected to give some helps in establishing a customer tailored quality strategy.

목적 : 본 연구는 통계청의 ‘2014년 생활시간조사’원 자료를 활용하여 장애 노인의 시간 사용을 분석하고, 작업 영역별 시간 사용량을 사용하여 작업 유형을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 원 자료를 사용하여 65세 이상 노인을 추출하였으며, 그 중 돌봄이 필요한 장애 노인 574명의 자료를 분석하였다. 영역으로는 수면활동, 일상활동, 노동활동, 여가활동으로 재분류하여 분석하였으며, 영역별 시간 사용량을 기준으로 일상생활 유형, 여가과다 유형, 노동과다 유형, 작업균형 유형으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 또한 유형에 따른 시간 사용 부족감 및 만족도를 확인하였다. 결과 : 작업 유형별 분석 한 결과 여가과다 유형 33.62%, 일상활동 유형 31.71%, 노동과다 유형 21.78%, 작업균형 유형 12.89% 이었으며, 모든 작업 영역에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 작업 유형 예측 요인을 분석한 결과 작업균형 유형보다 일상생활 유형이 될 가능성은 60대와 70대보다 90대의 치매를 가진 남성이 높다고 예측되었으며, 여가과다 유형이 될 가능성은 치매와 뇌졸중을 가진 남성이 될 가능성이 높다고 예측되었다. 결론 : 장애 노인의 시간 사용 분석과 만족도를 분석하여 삶의 질과 건강 증진을 위한 중재 활동을 제공하는데 기초 자료로 제공하고자 한다.

It can be meaningful that this study attempted to analyze the use cases and forms based on the literature on the painting walls of the Joseon Dynasty, and attempted basic research to prevent disaster damage using traditional elements. This study summarizes the use of the Hwabangbyeok wall of J oseon Dynasty as follows. First, Hwabangbyeok wall was used from the early J oseon Dynasty and was adopted by palaces and other major state facilities to cope with fire and theft. Second, the Hwabangbyeok Wall was also referred to as the wall below the lower part of the wall, and was constructed with the purpose of preventing disasters from outside. Third, in an analysis of the Daeseongjeon shrine of Hyanggyo, many construction cases were identified mainly in the Gyeonggi area, which is assumed to be based on production and construction conditions along with local climatic factors. Fourth, it can be said that the Hwabangbyeok wall was basically adopted to prevent comprehensive disaster risk reduction in case of external intrusion and fire.

본 연구는 대학도서관 옥상정원을 회복환경으로서의 치유정원으로 리모델링하기 위한 기초자료를 도출하기 위해 설계요소에 대한 중요도 분석을 실시한 것이다. 연구대상은 국방대학교 도서관 이용자로 한정하였다. 설문지는 배포 후 회수하는 방법으로 수집하였으며, 설문기간은 2019년 7월 10일부터 9월 18일까지였다. 수집된 자료 중 하자가 없는 77매의 설문지를 분석한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 도서관 주 이용목적은 자료수집이 많았고, 대부분 주 1회 이상 방문하였으며, 머무는 시간은 2시간 이내였다. 휴식패턴은 거의 쉬지 않는 경우가 절반 이상이었고, 나머지 인원도 대부분 20분 이내로 휴식을 취하였다. 옥내 휴게활동은 주로 단순휴식, 커피/차 마시기였고, 공간선택 이유는 접근성, 쾌적성 및 기능성이었다. 옥외 휴게활동은 주로 단순휴식이며, 공간선택은 접근성, 경관성 및 휴식기능성이 주요 요인이었다. 회복환경으로서 옥상정원은 입지특성상 직접이용자 집단과 실내에서의 시각적 감상자 집단 등 두 집단을 고려한 공간설계가 필요하다. 치유정원의 직접이용 시 원하는 활동은 단순휴식, 정원감상 및 산책이 주를 이루었다. 치유정원의 주요 네가지 기능에 대한 빈도분석결과, 자연감상을 통한 기분전환을 위한 공간과 대화/소통을 위한 공간이 대부분을 차지하였다. 공간별 설계요소의 중요도는 대화/소통 공간에는 그늘막이나 퍼골라, 대화하기 편리한 벤치의 중요도가 높았으며, 프라이버시 확보 공간은 개인만을 위한 벤치가, 자연감상 공간은 녹음수, 상록수 및 화목이, 운동/산책공간은 산책로가 상대적으로 중요하게 평가되었다.

In this study, a survey was conducted among university students (119 men and 134 women) in Chungbuk province using questionnaires to investigate the variables and eating patterns related to the use of food delivery apps. A survey was conducted from March 22, 2019 to April 3, 2019. Of the total respondents, 77.2% reported that they had ordered food at least once using food delivery apps on smartphones. Further, 63.3% of the total subjects had ordered food delivery through smartphone apps once or twice a month, and the most preferred cuisine for food delivery was fast food, followed by Bunsik (Korean street food/snack), western food, and Chinese food. The average satisfaction scorefor food delivery apps was 3.8 points, and the satisfaction score was the highest with the convenient ordering process (4.0), followed by good taste (3.9) and good portion (3.8). The subjects who used smartphone food delivery apps three times or more a month showed a significantly higher frequency of instant food intake (p=0.0132), dining out (p=0.0282), and late-night eating (p=0.0047) than the subjects who ordered food using delivery apps less than three times a month. In conclusion, these study results may be applied as baseline data for dietary education among university students.

This study examined motivation to use omni-channel services on mobile devices in fashion stores and the effects of such usage motivation on brand purchase intention through continuous and affective commitment. Data were collected on consumers in their 20s and 30s who experienced omni-channel services during shopping for or purchasing fashion products. An online survey asked 413 consumers to rate their brand purchase intention. Sub-levels of each variable were examined using SPSS 25.0, followed by confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS 19.0. In addition, path analysis using structural equation modeling was applied to analyze associations between variables. The statistical results were mixed. First, only two dimensions of usage motivation for omni-channel services, hedonic and relational motivation, had positive effects on continuous and affective commitment. Second, continuous commitment had a greater effect on purchase intention of brands that provided omni-channel services than it did on affective commitment. Third, of the dimensions of usage motivation, utilitarian motivation had a direct influence on purchase intention in the modified model, while social motivation did not affect service commitment and purchase intention. Finally, our findings suggest that brand loyalty can be built by encouraging service commitments through hedonic and relational motivation, based on the usability of omnichannel services.

This paper examines the extended usage of ‘jagi’ to analyze to what extent and in what contexts ‘jagi’ is being used, and assesses the speaker's attitude toward it. Furthermore, this paper discuss the role played by women in the extended usage of ‘jagi’. For the purpose of this study, 117 adult males and females living in Daegu have been surveyed. The results of the survey have been analyzed to identify speakers' knowledge of and attitude toward ‘jagi’. Findings can be summarized as follows. First, ‘jagi’ is used as an intimate term of address for spouses and couples. More recently, it has also been used as a term of address between speaker and listener who are not involved in such relationships. Second, the typical usage of ‘jagi’ is its use among same-age women or lower class female speakers. Third, while many of the users of ‘jagi’ are women, there also are men using it. Fourth, the use of ‘jagi’ by younger speakers when speaking to older interlocutors is not an accepted usage. Fifth, the way men perceive and use ‘jagi’ differs from the way women do. For male speakers, there is no gender distinction between the speaker and the listener when using ‘jagi’, whereas women perceive it as being most commonly used by female speakers. Sixth, the use of ‘jagi’ has been extended from female to male speakers. More specifically, the new usage of the word was first advocated by women, who then played a key role in changing the use of ‘jagi’. The extension of the scope of speakers for ‘jagi’ can be considered within two different dimensions. On the one hand, the use of ‘jagi’ as an equivalent to the second-person pronoun by couples was extended to its usage as a general second-person pronoun by other types of interlocutors. On the other hand, if ‘jagi’ was initially mostly used by and among female speakers, the range of users was extended to male speakers and listeners.

오늘날 환경오염이 심각하고 폐기물이 양산되고 있는 상황에서 자원재 활용법은 1회용품의 규제를 위한 제조업자 등에 대한 재활용의무와 그 위반에 대한 권고, 부담금 등의 부과 및 1회용품 사용 금지 위반에 대한 과태료 처분을 규정하고 있다. 그런데 1회용품 사용 규제에 있어서는 현실적으로 제기되는 문제점은 첫째, 일회용품 사용 규제에 대한 명확한 가이드라인이 없고, 정부의 단속도 형식적이라는 것이다. 따라서 1회용품 사용 규제가 현실과의 괴리가 있고 규제(단속)도 비일관성・비체계성이라는 것이다. 둘째, 재활용의 무자의 재활용 의무 부과와 의무불이행 시 부과금 부과와 폐기물 부담금 등 이중규제가 행해지고 있으며, 부담금 운영에 있어서도 실효성이 미흡 하다는 것이다. 셋째, 재활용지정사업자 등이 재활용 지침 권고를 따르지 않는 경우 곧바로 명단공개 및 필요한 조치로 이어져 개인의 기본권(사생활) 침해 우려와 행정기관의 부작위로 인한 재량권의 남용으로 발생할 수 있다는 것이다. 넷째, 1회용품 사용 금지 위반에 따른 실효성 확보 측 면에서 과태료 부과의 적절성이 문제되고 있다. 이러한 문제점에 대한 해결방안으로는 첫째, 제조업자 등의 생산, 유통 단계에서의 재활용 의무를 부여하고, 관련 시설과 업소에서의 1회용품 사용을 규제하는 것이 바람직하다. 1회용품의 사용금지의 법적 기준, 범위, 한계, 방법, 제재조치 등이 구체화되어야 한다. 둘째, 1회용품에 대한 부담금 부과의 요건으로서 제품의 제조 단계에서부터 재활용이 쉬운 제품을 만들도록 유도하고 재활용 처리에 드는 부담금 부과와 폐기물 처리 부담금도 부과해야 한다. 다만 이중규제 부담을 완화하기 위한 조정이 필요하다. 셋째, 1회용품(폐기물)의 적정한 처리를 위한 지침의 준수에 대한 권고와 1회용품의 사용 규제에 대한 실효성 확보를 위해서는 그의 불이행정도와 횟수에 따른 명단공표와 필요한 조치 등 규제를 가하는 것이 바람직하다. 넷째, 1회용품 사용 금지 위반에 대한 제재(과태료)가 법적 규정과는 달리 실제적으로는 제각각이므로 과태료 부과의 사유, 대상, 금액 등에 있어서 일관성있고 체계적인 부과・징수가 필요하다. 또 1회 용품 사용 금지 위반에 대한 벌금과 징역도 고려된다.

Buddhist Texts written in Chinese are important data not only for studies of Buddhist texts but also for studies regarding the history of the Chinese language. Seonmun Yeomsongjip (hereafter SMYSJ), a book compiled by monk Hyesim during the Goryeo era, is the oldest and largest Buddhist scriptures in the nation and has always been one of the must-reads in the Buddhist community. This Zen dialogue-type SMYSJ which details quotations by founders of religious sects has many interrogative sentences. From such an aspect, this book is highly valued as precious data for studying colloquial words during the Song Dynasty. However, there have not been many linguistic studies with regard to this text. Considering that there are plenty of interrogative sentences in SMYSJ, for this study, efforts were made to understand the patterns of development of interrogative sentences based on an analysis of the kinds, types, and frequency of interrogative sentences that appear in the book. Based on this kind of analysis, interrogative sentences appearing in SMYSJ can be divided into six categories. The ‘何’ category, which has the largest number of lower types and is used the most frequently, has been used in the forms of 如何, 云何, 若何, 何物, 何者, 何等, 何处, 何方, 何所, 何在, 何人, 何故, 何以故, 因何, 何以, 以何, 作何, 何似生, 何时, and 如何 has enjoyed the highest frequency of use. The ‘什么’ category of the second-highest frequency of use contains the forms of 什麼, 什麼生, 什麼处, 什处, 什麼人, 什麼时, 什摩时节, 作什麼, followed by the ‘怎么’ category to which the forms of 作麼, 作麼生, 作生, 怎生 belong. An interrogative pronoun of the fourth-highest frequency of use is the ‘怎么’ category to which the forms of 作麼, 作麼生, 作生, 怎生 belong, followed by the ‘那’ category with just three forms of 那箇, 阿那箇, 阿那个, and the ‘几’ category with 幾箇, 幾何, 多小, 大小. In the ‘几’ category, 大小 appeared most. Regarding the study on the usage of interrogatives, those interrogatives for asking men, things and places were connected by type and their semantic functions were analyzed. According to the analysis, each type had very different forms of expression, but there were significant differences in terms of frequency. Regardless of types, most of the interrogatives appearing in SMYSJ were used in interrogative sentences. A considerable proportion of them, of course, were used for rhetorical questions but some of them were used for directing. In conclusion, regarding interrogatives appearing in SMYSJ, expressions used for colloquial words during the Song Dynasty appeared, but some types of usage during this period did not appear. Considering these aspects, interrogatives appearing in SMYSJ did not have the complete features of the modern version of the spoken language.

본 연구는 혁신 기술이 적용된 새로운 지급결제 방식인 모바일 간편결제 서비스가 제공하는 혜택이 서비스에 대한 소비자의 반응(구전 및 사용의도)에 미치는 영향에 대해 검증하였다. 본 연구는 모바일 간편결제 서비스의 지각된 혜택을 단일 변수가 아닌 다차원적인 변수로 검증하여 실효성 있는 혜택을 확인하였다는데 학문적/실무적 의의를 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 모바일 간편결제 서비스가 제공하는 혜택을 지각된 실용적 혜택(편리성, 경제성, 정보성)과 지각된 유희적 혜택(즐거움, 경험성, 인식성)으로 나눠 측정하였다. 더불어, 사회적 영향요인이 혜택과 사용의도 및 구전과의 관계에 미치는 조절효과를 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 실증적 분석을 위해 모바일 간편 결제 서비스를 경험해 본 적 있는 미국 내 성인 소비자 312명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 연구모형에 대한 가설을 검증하였다. 가설 검증 결과, 모바일 간편 결제 서비스의 편리성, 경제성, 즐거움은 소비자의 긍정적인 구전을 형성하는데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 사용의도에는 유희적 혜택 중 인식성만이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 모바일 간편 결제 서비스의 선발 국가이자 가장 큰 시장을 형성하고 있는 미국시장에 대한 분석으로 모바일 간편결제 서비스 시작하는 후발 국가에서 효과적인 전략을 수립하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.