Economical radioactive soil treatment technology is essential to safely and efficiently treat of high-concentration radioactive areas and contaminated sites during operation of nuclear power plants at home and abroad. This study is to determine the performance of BERAD (Beautiful Environmental construction’s RAdioactive soil Decontamination system) before applying magnetic nanoparticles and adsorbents developed by the KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) which will be used in the national funded project to a large-capacity radioactive soil decontamination system. BERAD uses Soil Washing Process by US EPA (402-R-007-004 (2007)) and can decontaminate 0.5 tons of radioactive soil per hour through water washing and/or chemical washing with particle size separation. When contaminated soil is input to BERAD, the soil is selected and washed, and after going through a rinse stage and particle size separation stage, it discharges decontaminated soil separated by sludge of less than 0.075 mm. In this experiment, the concentrations of four general isotopes (A, B, C, and D which are important radioisotopes when soil is contaminated by them.) were analyzed by using ICP-MS to compare before and after decontamination by BERAD. Since BERAD is the commercial-scale pilot system that decontaminates relatively large amount of soil, so it is difficult to test using radioactive isotopes. So important general elements such as A, B, C, and D in soil were analyzed. In the study, BERAD decontaminated soil by using water washing. And the particle size of soil was divided into a total of six particle size sections with five sieves: 4 mm, 2 mm, 0.850 mm, 0.212 mm, and 0.075 mm. Concentrations of A, B, C, and D in the soil particles larger than 4 mm are almost the lowest regardless of before and after decontamination by BERAD. For soil particles less than 4 mm, the concentrations of C and D decreased constantly after BERAD decontamination. On the other hand, the decontamination efficiency of A and B decreased as the soil particle became smaller, but the concentrations of A and B increased for the soil particle below 0.075 mm. As a result, decontamination efficiency of one cycle using BERAD for all nuclides in soil particles between 4 mm and 0.075 mm is about 45% to 65 %.

2020년 1월 1일부터 전세계 배출통제구역을 제외한 전 해역에서 선박에 사용하는 연료유의 황함유량 기준이 현행 3.5% m/m에서 0.5% m/m이하로 강화됨에 따라 최근 대체기술로 주목을 끌고 있는 것이 배기가스세정장치이다. 배기가스세정장치는 선박의 연소기관을 통과한 배기가스를 주로 수처리를 통해 탈황 처리함으로써 황함유량 0.5% m/m 또는 0.1% m/m 등의 기준치 이하의 배기가스를 대기로 배출하는 기술을 지칭하는데 상대적으로 저렴한 전통적 인 연료유를 지속적으로 사용할 수 있다는 장점 측면에서 적용사례가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 개방형 배기가스세정장치의 경우 배기가스를 처리한 세정수가 곧바로 해양으로 배출되기 때문에 배기가스세정장치 승인에 관한 지침서에 언급된 기준 외 추가적인 중금속 등으로 인한 해양생태계에 대한 영향이 정확하게 파악되지 않았다는 점에서 중국, 싱가폴 등 일부 국가에서는 세정수의 배출금지 를 추진하고 있다. 이는 사전배려의 원칙을 실현하는 조치의 일환으로 충분히 인정할만한 조치라고 판단된다. 국제해사기구가 개발한 지침서에 따라 각국이 승인한 개방형 배기가스세정 장치에 대해 만약 향후 세정수의 유해성이 과학적으로 파악되고 모든 해역에서의 배출금지조치를 고려할 때는 선의의 목적으로 선박에 설치된 개방형 배기가스세정장치에 대해 설치당시 승인기준으로 작용한 지침서에 따라 정상적으로 작동한다는 조건하에 사용할 수 있도록 Grandfathering 조항을 명문화하여야 한다. 그리고 세정수의 유해성을 평가하기 위한 환경영향평가를 조속히 시행하여 필요하다면 배기가스세정장치의 지침서를 개정하여 새롭게 설치되는 배기 가스세정장치에 대해서는 보다 엄격한 기준을 적용하는 것이 타당할 것이다.

This study was aimed at determining the changes in heavy metal removal efficiency at different acid concentrations in a micro-nanobubble soil washing system and pickling process that is used to dispose of heavy metals. For this purpose, the initial and final heavy metal concentrations were measured to calculate the heavy metal removal efficiency 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 min into the experiment. Soil contaminated by heavy metals and extracted from 0~15 cm below the surface of a vehicle junkyard in the city of U was used in the experiment. The extracted soil was air-dried for 24 h, after which a No. 10 (2 mm) was used as a filter to remove large particles and other substances from the soil as well as to even out the samples. As for the operating conditions, the air inflow rate in the micro-nano bubble soil washing system was fixed at 2 L/min,; with the concentration of hydrogen peroxide being adjusted to 5%, 10%, or 15%. The treatment lasted 120 min. The results showed that when the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 5%, the efficiency of Zn removal was 27.4%, whereas those of Ni and Pb were 28.7% and 22.8%, respectively. When the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 10%, the efficiency of Zn removal was 38.7%, whereas those of Ni and Pb were 42.6% and 28.6%, respectively. When the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 15%, the efficiency of Zn removal was 49.7%, whereas those of Ni and Pb were 57.1% and 42.6%, respectively. Therefore, the efficiency of removal of all three heavy metals was the highest when the hydrogen peroxide concentration was 15%.

The influence of seed maturity, stratification, and seed washing method on seed germination were investigated for establishment of seed propagation system in dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC). Seed germination rate was increased as period of the seed ripening increased, especially the seed over 40 days after flowering showed the highest germination rate. The optimum period of cold stratification treatment to promote seed germination was about 8 weeks. The seed treated by a cold wet stratification with sand exhibited higher germination rate compared to the seed treated by a cold wet stratification without sand. The stratified seeds that were stored in the ground having fluctuating temperature were improved up to 19%, while stratification stored under constant temperature(4℃) did not improve germination rate. In addition, 8 weeks of stratification period under fluctuating temperature in the ground was most effective. Sodium hypochlorite, vital oxide, and distilled water were used as chemicals to remove the germination inhibitor of seed coat. Water washing of seed coat after soaking in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and 0.0005% vital oxide for three minutes and 60 minutes respectively could effectively remove the germination inhibitors in the seed coat.

The objectives of this study are to examine the processing of oils contamination soil by means of using a micronano-bubble soil washing system, to investigate the various factors such as washing periods, the amount of micro-nano bubbles generated depending on the quantity of acid injection and quantity of air injection, to examine the features involved in the elimination of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) contained in the soil, and thus to evaluate the possibility of practical application on the field for the economic feasibility. The oils contaminated soil used in this study was collected from the 0~15 cm surface layer of an automobile junkyard located in U City. The collected soil was air-dried for 24 hours, and then the large particles and other substances contained in the soil were eliminated and filtered through sieve No.10 (2 mm) to secure consistency in the samples. The TPH concentration of the contaminated soil was found to be 4,914～5,998 mg/kg. The micronano-bubble soil washing system consists of the reactor, the flow equalization tank, the micronano- bubble generator, the pump and the strainer, and was manufactured with stainless material for withstanding acidic phase. When the injected air flow rate was fixed at 2 L/min, for each hydrogen peroxide concentrations (5, 10, 15%) the removal percents for TPH within the contaminated soil with retention times of 30 minutes were respectively identified as 4,931 mg/kg (18.9%), 4,678 mg/kg (18.9%) and, 4,513 mg/kg (17.7%). And when the injected air flow rate was fixed at 2 L/min, for each hydrogen peroxide concentrations (5, 10, 15%) the removal percents for TPH within the contaminated soil with retention times of 120 minutes were respectively identified as4,256 mg/kg (22.3%), 4,621 mg/kg (19.7%) and 4,268 mg/kg (25.9%).

본 연구는 표면 세척 시스템을 이용하여 유자의 미생물과 잔류농약 제거 효과를 살펴보았다. 선행 연구로 오징어 먹물을 제거 효과를 보기 위해 스프레이 회전 속도 0.11, 0.42, 0.73 m/s, 수압 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 MPa과 컨베이어 속도 0.046, 0.092, 0.138 m/s 으로 세척 조건을 달리하였다. 오징어 먹물 제거 실험 결과 먹물 제거 효율은 컨베이어 속도와 분사 노즐 회전수와는 높은 상관관계를 나타내었으며 수압의 조건

We developed a surface washing system for ginseng. The washing system was developed using different treatments and conditions and characterized in terms of product hardness, weight loss, and change in temperature and color. Optimal results were obtained using a surface washing system involving a washing conveyor speed of 1.0 L/min, a water pressure of , a washing nozzle angle of , a washing height of 5 cm, a 1-sec reciprocating washing nozzle cycle, a dehydration wind velocity of 30 m/sec, and an internal drying temperature of . A surface washing system using a washing conveyor speed of0.8 L/min, a water pressure of , a washing nozzle angle of , a washing height of 3 cm, a 1-sec reciprocating washing nozzle cycle, a dehydration wind velocity of 30 m/sec, and an internal drying temperature of resulted in ginseng that was stained yellow.

The clogging phenomenon in the fixed film reactor is shown when biomass growth is excessive for long operating time. In addition, effluent water quality gets worse because of detachment of biomass. In this study, we conducted air - backwashing to sustain biomass in reactor to complement these defects. The results of experimental are showed in the following conclusion. The detachment rate was 19.5 - 38.0 % when the organic loading rate was 0.40 - 1.32 ㎏ COD/㎥/day, the air - backwashing intensity was 2 L/min(6.7 ㎥/㎡/hr) and the backwashing time was 15 - 19 seconds. And the detachment rate was 32.2 - 58.6 % when the organic loading rate was 1.37 - 2.27 ㎏ COD/㎥/day, the backwashing time was 1 - 12 minutes. As organic loading rate and backwashing time are increased, detachment of fixed biomass is increased. The detachment equation with detachment rate(DR, %), backwashing time(BWT, min), fixed biomass concentration(FB, ㎎/L), and organic loading rate(OLR, ㎏ COD/㎥/day) through multiple linear regression was given by the following equation: DR = 17.964 BWT^0.41407 FB^0.0597 OLR^0.1945