This study was to demonstrate the comparison of immunological activity between vegetable soup made by fresh and extruded radish in in-vitro (bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells, and mouse splenocytes) and invivo models. In cell survival tests, extruded radish added to vegetable soup (EVS) and non-extruded radish added to vegetable soup powder (NEVS) were treated with bone-marrow derived macrophages, dendritic cells, and mouse splenocytes, and showed no cytotoxic effect at a dose below 1000 μg/mL. EVS treated cells had greater cell proliferation and cytokine [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-2, interferon (INF)-γ] production when compared to the NEVS treated group. Cell surface marker (CD 80/86, MHC class I/II) expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells was evenly increased in the EVS treated group. In in-vivo study, administration of EVS increased for the CD4 and CD8 T cell population in splenocyte and cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α) but not Th2 type cytokines (IL-4). Therefore, adding the extruded radish is a more effective method for vegetable soup to increase immunological activity against immune cells.

Historically, the two major aspects of road design have been (i) The design principles – like AASHTO 1993 Empirical Design or lately, Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Method (MEPDM) (ii) The materials & technologies of pavement construction The fundamental design principles have not undergone major changes, however, the advancement in materials and technologies have improved tremendously over last few decades and this makes it necessary to revisit some of the conventional concepts in road design. The new technology now challenges the conventional wisdom and has brought us to the threshold of an era of all new sustainable green roads of tomorrow. AASHTO 1993 Empirical Pavement Design is the basis for pavement design today; in most parts of the world. In some parts of the world, there is a movement towards Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guideline (MEPDG), but the movement is slow and gradual as this approach is expensive and heavily dependent on software programs due to its inherent computational complexities. The concept of Structural Number and Layer Coefficients of pavement layers under AASHTO 1993 Empirical Pavement Design was derived from AASHO road test carried out in Ottawa, Illinois between 1958 & 1960. The conventional Layer Coefficient value of 0.44 which is used today was recommended considering the strength of the construction materials available at that time. But, in view of the new technology available now, this needs to be revisited. Secondly, AASHTO 1993 Empirical Pavement Design provides for assuming certain values for Drainage Coefficients, ranging between 0.4 to 1.4, based on certain criteria. It is quite common to assume a value of 1 for drainage coefficient, in most parts of the world. Now, with the advent of new nanotechnology for waterproofing of road layers, it is possible to consider higher values for drainage coefficients. The new nanotechnology for soil stabilization can make subgrade soils well bonded, strong and flexible, allowing the designer to assume higher values of Resilient Moduli in the AASHTO 1993 design equation, which may bring the required structural number down and allow a lighter design of cross-section of structural layers on top of the subgrade. Indicative calculations for a typical 100 MSA, two lane (10 m wide) highway show that the new technology, while remaining within the AASHTO 1993 design guidelines, enables designing a pavement that is 3 times better (it will now be a 300 MSA pavement instead of 100 MSA) with a cost reduction of about USD 114000 per km. This paper takes an overview of latest trends in USA regarding pavement design approaches. It also puts forth, the opportunities presented to a pavement designer, by the new nanotechnology and proposes a new design approach, for optimized pavement design - green, sustainable & economical; while remaining within the AASHTO 1993 guidelines or MEPDG.

Membrane-based gas separation process is one of the next generations’ gas separation processes for carbon capture and storage (CCS). Membrane process has the advantages of i) low energy consumption without a phase change during the separation, ii) small footprint and easy scale-up of membrane modules, and iii) clean process without any emission of harmful byproducts. The hollow fiber membranes used in this study shows CO2 permeance over 900 GPU (1 GPU = 10-6 cm³/cm²⋅sec⋅cmHg). Using the hollow fiber membranes and modules, we established a moveable CO2 separation system including pretreatment of flue gas and 3-stages of membrane cascade. The system was installed at the several on-site flue gas sources, and the performance of pilot plant operation will be presented in the presentation.

수산자원보호해역의 계절 및 해역별 식물플랑크톤 군집특성을 파악하기 위해, 2016년 천수만, 통영(I, II), 한산만, 진동만에서 식물플랑크톤 군집조성, 현존량 및 우점종을 조사하였다. 조사결과, 대부분의 환경요인(수온, 염분, 영양염류)은 계절적인 변화가 뚜렷한 반면 부유물질은 해역별 차이를 보였다. 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 평균 13 ~ 4,062 cells·ml-1의 범위로 조사시기 및 해역에 따라 큰 변동범위를 보였다. 특히 천수만은 4월과 10월에 식물플랑크톤 대량증식(>103 cells·ml-1)이 발생하였고, 우점종인 Skeletonema spp.(4월)와 Chaetoceros socialis(10월)가 시기적인 차이를 보였다. 조사해역의 식물플랑크톤 우점종은 Pseudo-nitzschia spp., Skeletonema spp., Chaetoceros pseudocriniuts 등의 돌말류와 와편모류인 Scrippsiella trochoidea, Tripos furca 등이 출현하였다. 계절적으로는 돌말류가 동·추계에 우점하는 반면 와편모류가 춘·하계에 우점하는 일반적인 연안특성을 보였다. 단, 지역적으로는 고탁도 해역인 서해에 위치한 천수만이 남해 해역 보다 돌말류가 차지하는 비율이 9 ~ 27%가 높았다.

This study is focused on manganese (Mn(II)) removal by ozonation in surface water. Instant ozone demand for the water was 0.5 mg/L in the study. When 0.5 mg/L of Mn(II) is existed in water, the optimum ozone concentration was 1.25 mg/L with reaction time 10 minutes to meet the drinking water regulation. The ozone concentration to meet the drinking water regulation was much higher than the stoichiometric concentration. The reaction of soluble manganese removal was so fast that the reaction time does not affect the removal dramatically. When Mn(II) is existed with Fe, the removal of Mn(II) was not affected by Fe ion. However As(V) is existed as co-ion the removal of Mn(II) was decreased by 10%. Adding ozone to surface water has limited effect to remove dissolved organic matter. When ozone is used as oxidant to remove Mn(II) in the water, the existing co-ion should be evaluated to determine optimum concentration.

As buildings are becoming larger, demand for large-scale composite columns for heavy load is increasing. Welded built-up CFT column (ACT Column I) previously developed by authors of this study is structurally stable and economical. Characteristic of welded built-up CFT column is that there is a limitation of cross-sectional size and application of external diaphragm connection to ensure continuity of rib. Then, composite mega column (ACT Column II) was developed to improve limit of cross-sectional size. Composite mega column has a closed cross section like welded built-up CFT column, but thick plate is inserted between cold-formed steel to expand cross section size. However, when external diaphragm connection is applied to composite mega column, amount of steel is increased greatly and interference with finishing material occurs. In this study, internal diaphragm connection is applied through characteristic of composite mega column to which beam flange or stiffener can be attached to plate. In order to analyze this, simple tensile experiment of composite mega column connection with T-shaped stiffener was performed.

Sizuka Sirakawa’s theory on the Chinese Characters before the Warring States Period is a system theory. The theory includes several kinds of content as followed: First, the causes of Chinese Characters birth. Sizuka Sirakawa thought that characters creation is to express something sacred. Second, the resources of Chinese Character symbols. Sizuka Sirakawa thought, Chinese Characters are etiquette reflections, developing from the symbols which have the sacred nature. Third, Chinese Characters functions. Sizuka Sirakawa thought that to the ancient Chinese people, Chinese Characters had extraordinary power before the Warring States period. Fourth, the usage of Chinese Characters. Sizuka Sirakawa thought that Chinese Characters were mainly used in activities of offering sacrifices and casting inscriptions. The last, the essence of Chinese Pictographic Characters. Sizuka Sirakawa believed Chinese Pictographic Characters not as pictograph characters, but as symbolic characters. However, based on the facts and the logic, we can prove that the five points have some mistakes.

Central odontogenic fibroma(COF) is an extremely rare benign tumor that accounts for 0.1% of all odontogenic tumor. COF is regarded by the World Health Organization(WHO) as a benign odontogenic neoplasm derived from mesenchymal odontogenic tissue. The lesion occurs most commonly in the mandible and patients ranging in age from11 to 80years with mean age of 34years. In this article, we report two case of COF. Case I was associated odontoma and impacted tooth. Odontoma and impacted tooth was removal under general anesthesia. After microscopic examination, finally we diagnosis this lesion as COF. Patients of case II showed radiolucent lesion at the mandible. Lesion was enucleated under general anesthesia. After microscopic examination, finally we diagnosis this lesion as COF. The patients which we presented did not complain any specific complications, showed good prognosis.

In this research, a novel and efficient quinoline thioacetamide functionalized magnetic graphene oxide composite (GO@Fe3O4@QTA) was synthesized and utilized for dispersive magnetic solid phase preconcentration of Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions in urine and various food samples. A number of diverse methods were employed for characterization of the new nanosorbent. The design of experiments approach and response surface methodology were applied to monitor and find the parameters that affect the extraction performance. After sorption and elution steps, the concentrations of target analytes were measured by employing FAAS. The highest extraction performance was achieved under the following experimental conditions: pH, 5.8; sorption time, 6.0 min; GO@Fe3O4@QTA amount, 17 mg; 2.4 mL 1.1 mol L-l HNO3 solution as the eluent and elution time, 13.0 min. The detection limit is 0.02 and 0.2 ng mL-1 for Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions, respectively. The accuracy of the new method was investigated by analyzing two certified reference materials (sea food mix, Seronorm LOT NO 2525 urine powder). The interfering study revealed that there are no interferences from commonly occurring ions on the extractability of target ions. Finally, the new method was satisfactorily employed for rapid extraction and determination of target ions in urine and various food samples.

The subfamily Mirinae, commonly called plant bug, represents the largest group in Heteroptera, and is also one of the most important groups economically, containing many insect pests as well as predators that can be used as biological control agent in agriculture. However, the monophyletic and phylogenetic relationships of each group within Mirinae are not understood to date, due to a lack of phylogenetic analysis. In this talk, the first comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Mirinae are presented, based on total-evidence data. Major questions raised based on results of this study are discussed: (i) Is each tribe in Mirinae a monophyletic?; (ii) Which tribes or genera are related or not related? (iii) Are these complexes monophyletic?; and (vi) Which characters are nonhomoplacious or homoplacious, and Which are supported in each group?

Family Nitidulidae is the second largest family in Cucujoidea which includes ten subfamilies. Because of their morphological and biological diversity, the phylogenetic relationship within Nitidulidae is one of the most debated topics among Cucujoidea phylogeny and yet, is still open to many questions. To recover the internal relationship of Nitidulidae, we performed ML and BI analyses that targeted on five gene regions (COI, 28s, CAD, H3, Wingless) for 73 taxa. We include 67 ingroups containing nine of the ten currently recognized subfamilies of Nitidulidae and 6 outgroups. The phylogenetic results suggest followings i) Subfamilial status of Prometopinae is reconfirmed; ii) Epuraeinae is paraphyletic with inclusion of Calonecrinae; iii) Nitidulinae is paraphyletic with inclusion of Meligethinae and Cillaeinae. In addition, the generic relationships within Nitidulinae and the evolutionary history of their feeding behaviors are also briefly discussed.

Evolutionary relationship between ovipositior and oviposition behaviour in insect is an intriguing yet poorly understood topic. Gigantic member of phytophagan, the subfamily Cerambycinae provide us a unique opportunity to understand the topic because they have diversified but specialized host plants, oviposition strategies and ovipositors. The evolutionary pathway of these traits is totally unknown because no robust internal phylogeny of Cerambycinae has been studied. Here we construct a multi-locus phylogeny of Cerambycinae (134 taxa, 9 gene regions, 5211bp) focusing on wide range of oviposition site, host plant and ovipositor length. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses show some general trends in cerambycine evolution: i) host plant use evolved from stressed broad leaved trees to conifers and herbaceus plants; ii) oviposition site evolved from bark crevice to wood fissure or plant surface; iii) extremely shortened and elongated ovipositor independently evolved at least four times, respectively. Correlated evolution test show that ovipositor length and oviposition strategy evolved with very strong correlation, while any of other two traits did. This study unveils the complex evolutionary history of ovipositor, oviposition site, host plant use and their correlation within Cerambycinae for the first time.

In order to encourage collaboration with North Korea in astronomy research field, we have studied the astronomical almanacs published in South and North Korea. The almanac contains fundamental astronomical data including not only daily calendar data but also unique characteristics selected by necessity in each country. We compared the South and North Korean astronomical almanacs in terms of contents, detailed descriptions, unique items, and so forth. We used the 2017 almanac for South Korea and 1993 almanac which is useful for this research for North Korea. We found that there were several differences between South and North Korean almanacs. The North Korean almanac is published for the astronomer or navigator, thus it has supplementary information about spherical astronomy such as precession of the north pole and position of celestial bodies. Whereas the South Korean almanac is published for the general public, and it distinctively contains luni-solar calendar, 24 solar terms, national holidays, etc. This study could be helpful for research cooperation between South and North Korea in astronomy.

목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료사가 적절한 평가와 중재의 방향을 설정할 수 있도록 작업치료 실행체계를 토대로 근거기반의 한국 치매 작업치료 가이드라인을 개발하고자 시행되었다. 연구방법 : 임상진료지침개발과 수용개작의 과정을 통하여 국외의 치매 작업치료 가이드라인 5개를 AGREE Ⅱ(Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & EvaluationⅡ)로 평가하여 1차 가이드라인을 구성하였으며, 국내 임상에 맞는 권고안을 도출하기 위하여 국내 58개의 작업치료 치매 관련 연구를 분석한 내용을 추가하여 최종 한국 치매 작업치료 가이드라인을 완성하였다. 결과 : 작업치료 실행체계를 기반으로 6개 영역 66항목으로 가이드라인이 구성되었다. 각 영역별로는 작업의 영역 14개 항목, 수행기술 31개 항목, 수행양상 3개 항목, 물리적 환경 6개 항목, 활동요건 5개 항목, 환자-보호자 영역 7개 항목으로 가이드라인이 도출되었다. 각 항목에는 권고 강도(A~D)가 부여되었으며, A 또는 B의 권고 강도로 나타난 항목은 42항목이었다. 일상생활활동 평가, 인지기능(기억력, 집중력, 지남력) 평가, 심리상태 평가, 보행과 균형 평가, 신체적 활동, 환경수정, 보호자 교육 및 상담 등에서 권고 강도가 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구의 한국 치매 작업치료 가이드라인은 다양한 환경에서 치매환자에게 평가와 중재를 제공하는 작업치료사에게 유용하게 활용될 것이며, 치매환자 관리에 있어 작업치료사의 역할을 명확히 하는 근거가 될 것이다.

We are currently considering to write a paper on the potential of using U.S. courts to push for U.S. participation in Jeju 4.3 reconciliation,similar to how reopening the Korematsu case tied into a broader reparations movement for the wrongful mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. For this paper, it plans to include some of the survivor testimony featured in the book Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy during ‘peacetime’ Korea: The Asia Pacific Context (1947-2016). The book contains a transcript of survivor testimonies given in Seoul on May 30, 2015. Some of the survivors whose testimony is included in the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy book are petitioning to have their cases reopened. I would like to connect the petition to the importance of U.S. participation in Jeju 4.3 reconciliation. To do this, we would like to specifically incorporate parts of the petitioners’ testimony recorded in the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy book into Hawaii team’s paper. We think including the testimony would powerfully emphasize the continuing need for social healing and would strengthen the argument for U.S. participation. If we can do it collaboratively, we can do a lawsuit or other such action in the US may help draw attention to the case in 2019.

As buildings are becoming larger, demand for mega-sized composite columns (over 1-meter diameter) is increased. We have developed and commercialized welded built-up CFT column (ACT Column I) since 2005 which are structurally stable and economical using cold-formed steel with rib. However, there has a limit in size of cross section (618˟618mm) by a fabrication facilities. And due to characteristics of closed cross section, there has a limit to construction of connection of moment frame. Composite mega column (ACT Column II) has same concept of forming closed cross section. But in order to enlarge cross sectional size, thick plate is inserted between cold-formed steels. Since composite mega column can control thickness and width of thick plate, steel or composite beams can be directly attached to the connection. In this study, we propose strength formula of composite mega column to beam connections with T-shaped stiffener as internal diaphragm and verified through finite element analysis and simple tensile experiment.