The different forms of flowers in a species have drawn thoughtful attention of many evolutionary botanists, including Charles Darwin. Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) is regarded as a dimorphic self-incompatible plant which bears either a pin or a thrum flower. It is revealed that the S supergene the key element to govern the self-incompatibility, flower morphology, and pollen size. Already, we have produced self-incompatible buckwheat lines by an interspecific cross between F. esculentum and F. homotropicum by using embryo rescue. We also notice that the self-compatibility allele, Sh, keeps up the heteromorphic incompatibility. In the past decades, two dimensional gel electrophoresis based proteomics approaches have been applied systematically to identify and profile proteins expressed during pollen development of model plant species. Proteome techniques have vastly been applied in the fields of plant genetics, plant development, and plant physiology and ecology to reveal plant genetic diversity, plant development, differentiation of plant tissue and organ, separation and functional identification of novel component of various organelles, mechanisms of plant adapted to abiotic or biotic stresses including high temperature, low temperature, high salt, drought, and pathogens and insects, and interaction of plant with microbe. However, the plethora of studies related to heteromorphic has added remarkably to our knowledge in the field of the multiple aspects of the breeding system and many researches have provided evidence for the connection between these two components. But in spite of its potential biological significance, the high throughput proteomics analysis of this connection has so far been grossly overlooked. So our attempts are to unravel the proteome investigation in common buckwheat.

Platycodon grandiflorum, known as Doraji in Korea, is used in various medications and traditional cuisine in Korea. This study was conducted to characterize the hormonal effects of diploid and tetraploid roots of P. grandiflorum using proteomics technique. Prior to proteome analysis, different kinds of growth hormones; IBA (1mg/L), NAA (1mg/L) and IAA (1mg/L) were applied in the adventitious (Diploid and tetraploid) roots for investigation. Solid (1/4MS) and liquid (1/2MS) medium were performed in the present study to investigate the hormonal effects. In diploid roots, two dimensional gels stained with CBB, a total of 1154 protein spots were identified using image analysis by Ludesi REDFIN 3 programme (Ludesi AB, Lund, Sweden: www.ludesi.com). Out of 1154 differential expressed protein spots, a total of 33 protein spots (≥ 2-fold) were selected for mass spectrometry. Among the 33 protein spots, 7 protein spots were up-regulated in IBA, 12 proteins in NAA and 14 proteins in IAA. In the case of tetraploid roots that performed under solid medium, a total of 842 differentially expressed protein spots were identified of which 34 proteins spots (≥ 1.5-fold) were selected for mass spectrometry. Out of 34 protein spots, 11 proteins were up-regulated in IBA, 10 proteins in NAA and 13proteins in IAA. However, a total of 659 differentially expressed proteins were confirmed from the liquid medium of tetraploid roots from which 32 proteins spots (≥ 1.5-fold) were sorted for MS analysis. Out of these 32 proteins, a total of 3 proteins were up-regulated in IBA, 7 proteins in NAA and 22 proteins in IAA. The identified proteins may provide insight clues for better understanding of the characteristics of proteins and biological activity from adventitious roots of Platycodon grandiflorum.

Platycodon grandiflorum is a perennial flowering plant, known as Chinese bell flower, widespread in northeast Asia. The roots of this species are used for centuries to treat diseases, and have extensive pharmacological effects such as reducing adiposity, hyperlipidemia as well as anti-atherosclerotic disorder. In this study, systematical and targeting proteome analysis were executed from the 3, 4 and 5 months aged diploid and tetraploid roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and the proteins were separated by 2-DE and stained by CBB. In diploid roots, a total of 30 protein spots (≥ 2-fold) were analyzed using MASCOT search engine according to the similarity of sequences with previously characterized proteins along with the UniProt database. Among the 30 differentially expressed proteins, 21 proteins sopts were identified as up-regulated and 9 proteins were identified as down-regulated. In contrary, a total of 40 differentially expressed proteins were confirmed from tetraploid roots whereas 28 protein spots were confirmed as up-regulated and 12 proteins were identified as down-regulated. However, the differentially expressed proteins from diploid and tetraploid roots were classified into 12 and 14 possible functional categories respectively using Protein Information Resources. The results revealed that the identified proteins from diploid and tetraploid roots were mainly involved in oxidoreductase activity, nucleotide binding, transferase activity and catalytic activity in bellflower roots. In conclusion, the exclusive proteins from diploid and tetraploid roots may provide insight clues for better understanding the characteristics and functions of proteins and metabolic activity of Platycodon grandiflorum.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is important crop as a staple carbohydrate sources and was regarded as domesticated in Asia region. The seed dormancy is one of the domesticated traits, and this character allows that plants survive in various environment. The degree of dormancy have been targeted for controling in breeding program while weak dormancy cause pre-harvest sprouting contrary to the nonuniform seed germination by strong dormancy. In this study, we surveyed the variation of germiability in diverse rice genetic resources including japonica and indica ecotype. Overall, the degree of seed dormancy of rice germplasm was distinguished into four groups and admixed types; first group(G-1) included accessions revealing high germiability, the accessions of second group(G-2) acquired the high germiability by after-ripening process, third group(G-3)’s accessions showed high germiability after dormancy breaking process and the accessions of last group(G-4) maintained the low germiability in spite of the dormancy breaking process. Among the 51 japonica accessions G-1, G-2, G-3 and G-4 included 15, 15, 11 and 10 accessions, respectively, and among 40 indica accessions, G-1, G-2, G-3 and G-4 groups included 15, 15, 9 and 1 accessions, respectively. Based on these primary test, we plan to detail examine the seed germiability and survey the genetic factors affecting the degree of germiability in representative accessions of each group

Rice embryo contains valuable materials which are related to human health and industrial material, thus controlling embryo size is more and more important in the field of rice breeding. Especially, main health-aid components such as γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), tocopherol and vitamins showed positive-correlation with embryo size. We obtained three enlarged embryo character mutants derived from Hwacheongbyeo (Korean japonica cultivar) by treatment of chemical mutagen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea(MNU). These three mutants were named according to their embryo size as ge-m, ge, ge-s. The result of allelism test between Hwacheongbyeo, ge-m, ge and ge-s represented that the embryo size of ge and ge-s was controlled by the same gene(Giant embryo, GE). Through GE locus sequencing of three mutants, we found that each of ge and ge-s mutant has a point mutation, causing non synonymous amino acid substitution. On the other hand, ge-m mutant, the embryo of which featured intermediate size in between those of Hwacheongbyeo and ge, turned out to be non-allelic to the GE locus, suggesting it is likely a novel gene, which influences rice embryo development through a different mechanism than GE gene. Fine mapping of ge-m is currently in progress. This work was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (Plant Molecular Breeding Center No. PJ008125), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Current consumers have interest in nutrition and health. So, the interest in barley for other food and industrial applications is increasing. Noodles, which have been consumed largely in korea, are usually made from wheat flour, salt and appropriate amount of water. A New Six-rowed Naked Barley Cultivar “Dahan” was developed in 2012, have high winter hardness, lodging tolerance and good noodle property. It was crossed in 2001, and an elit line was selected in 2010 and designated as ‘Iksan 106’. It showed good agronomic performance in the regional yield trials (RYT) from 2010 to 2012. The average heading and maturing dates of “Dahan” were April 29 and June 3 in paddy field, which were two day earlier than those of the check cultivar ‘Saessalbori’ respectively. The new cultivar, “Dahan”, had 92cm of culm length and 3.9cm of spike length. It showed 625 spikes per m2, 54 grains per spike, 31.3 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 815 g of test weight. “Dahan” showed better resistance to BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus) than those of the check cultivar. Its average yield of the pearled grain in the regional yield trial was 4.32 MT/ha in paddy field, which were 16% higher than those of the check cultivar. It showed higher breakdown and setback than those of the check cultivar. Texture properties of noodle was better in hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness. This cultivar would be suitable for the industrial application as noodle and bread.

Anthocyanins are the primary pigments in black, blue, and purple cereal grains. Recently, anthocyanins have been recognized as health-enhancing substances due to their antioxidant activity. Anthocyanin-pigmented barley grains can be a stable source of anthocyanins as well as β-glucan. Cloered barley as purple, blue and black barley consumptions are rapidlly growing presently due to their healthy functional food ingredients in Korea. Color barley cultivars accumulate purple pigments in the stem, awn, lemma, palea, and pericarp during seed maturation. The large consumption of barley in human foods is almost pearled products. Here we investigated composition of pearled barley and pearling by-products of korean colored barley varieties by degree of pearling. Barley grains from four hull-less colored barley varieties, Zasoojeongchal, Boseokchal Ganghochung and Huknarae were pearled to various degrees(5-50%). The composition (β -glucan, total phenol, proanthocyanidin and total anthocyanin) of pearled barley fractions flour and pearled barley grain was determined. β-glucan content was not changed seriously in pearled barley grain according to increasing pearling degree. Total phenol and proanthocyanidin content was decreased. β-glucan content was increased in pearling by-products according to increasing pearling degree and total phenol and proanthocyanidin content was decreased. Total anthocyanin content also was decreased in pearled barley fractions flour by the degree of pearling.

This study is to raise the utilization of genetic resource of wheat (Triticum aestivum) landrace by evaluating genetic variation related to end use quality of the Far East. Allelic composition of HMW-glutenin subunits encoded by genes of Glu-1 loci associated with bread baking quality was investigated in 324 wheat landrace genetic resources originated from Korea, China, and Japan. The most frequent combination of HMW-glutenin subunits were Glu-A1c, Glu-B1b in Korean and Japanese resources, but Glu-A1a and Glu-B1c were the most in Chinese resources. By using the Glu-1 score system, 24 accessions were evaluated as 10 out of 10. As for genetic diversity, represented by polymorphic information content(PIC) index, the level of variation of Korean landrace(0.245) was lower than that in China(0.569) and Japan(0.294). When it comes to unique composition, Glu-B1f(13+16) and Glu-D1f(2+10) subunits are only in Chinese resources. Glu-B1d(6+8), Glu-B1e(20), Glu-D1b(7+8), and Glu-D1c (7+9) subunits are only in Korean resources. Consequently, this study showed that Chinese landrace collection was the most highly diverse and had distinctive characteristics compared to Korean and Japanese one. Especially, some resources having preferable genetic stock or high Glu-1 score can be valuable for wheat breeding program.

Doenjang is one of the most favorite traditional food which was produced by the fermentation process of soybean with various microbes such as Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis and so on. The aim of this research is to analyse the antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of doenjang made by 9 different cultivar (Daewonkong, Taekwangkong, Daepungkong, Hwangkeumkong, Saedanbaek, Hanolkong, Pungsannamulkong, Cheongja-3 and Cheongdu-1). Doenjang samples were made by traditional manner using rice straw. Each samples were extracted with 40% methanol and extract were used Among them, cheongja-3‘s doenjang showed a significant highest antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase inhibitory activities because of its anthocyanin. Except for cheongja-3's Doenjang, antioxidant activity had positive correlation with isoflavone content. But no relationship observed between isoflavone content and anti-α-glucosidase activity. The highest anti-α-glucosidase activity was observed in Saedanbaek's Doenjang with highest protein content.

무의 핵심집단 구축을 위해 국내외의 유전자원을 수집하여 평가 중, 국내에 잘 알려져 있지 않은 꼬투리무 및 노란 꽃무를 발견하였기에 그 형태적 특성을 조사하여 보고하고자 한다. 꼬투리무는 십자화과 무속(Raphanus sativus L.)에 속하는 1년생 초본으로, 어린꼬투리를 이용하는 채소이다. 인도, 파키스탄, 아프가니스탄 지역으로부터, 타 이, 인도네시아 등 동남아시아 지역에 걸쳐서 분포하며, 식물체가 성장해도 뿌리의 비대는 이루어지지 않는다. 꼬 투리무는 파종 후 약 45일-70일경에 화서가 신장하여 추대하고, 옅은 보라색 꽃을 피우며, 개화 후 꼬투리는 콩처럼 얇고 길게 신장한다. 일반무는 화아분화 및 추대에 저온을 요구하나, 꼬투리무는 저온감응을 필요로 하지 않는 것 이 특징이다. 주당 다수의 꼬투리가 달리며, 종자를 맺을 때에는 콩처럼 꼬투리가 20cm이상까지 신장한다(일반무 의 꼬투리는 5cm 전후). 동남아시아에서는 10cm 전후의 어린 꼬투리를 샐러드, 볶음요리 혹은 카레의 재료로 이용 하며, 맛은 어린꼬투리일수록 더욱 매운맛을 보인다. 무꽃은 전형적인 십자화과 꽃의 모습으로, 4장의 꽃잎이 십 자모양으로 개화한다. 화색은 일반적으로 백색이나 옅은 자색이 많으나, 매우 드물게 노란꽃을 피는 무도 있다. 본 연구실에서는 노란꽃 무를 수집하여, 형질 고정을 위해 4세대 이상 자식 후 증식 중에 있다. 노란꽃 무는 F3세대를 공시하여 형질 평가를 실시한 결과, 시험한 100주 전부에서 노란꽃이 보였으며, 파종 후 약 37일경에 개화하였다.

Anthocyanins are very important constituent of human diet. In recent years, they have gained much attention due to their antioxidative properties. As the radish (Raphanus sativus L) has rich content of anthocyanins, the study is aimed to develop increased functional radish from selected radish varieties. ‘Bordeux’ is a hybrid variety of breeding between one accession derived from ‘Oharu’ as a maternal variety and ‘Chungpihongsim’ as a paternal variety. In this study, we investigated the new varieties of radish commonly consumed in Republic of Korea for their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities using three (DDPH, FRAP and CUPRAC) different assays. The selected radish varieties like ‘Bordeux’, ‘Chungbok’, ‘3209’, ‘Chungwoon’, ‘Oharu’, and ‘Chungpihongsim’ were procured from the company Syngenta Korea. Among the selected radish varieties, ‘Bordeux’ (289 μg/g FW) and ‘Chungpihongsim’ (276 μg/g FW) revealed maximum amount of phenolics; whereas ‘3209’ (103 μg/g FW) and ‘Chungwoon’ (166 μg/g FW) showed the lower amount of phenolics content, respectively. Extracts from these studied radishes showed good to moderate antioxidant activities. The varieties ‘Chungpihongsim’ and ‘Bordeux’ revealed maximum antioxidant activity for all assays as demonstrated. However, some varieties like ‘3209’ and ‘Oharu’ exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity in all the tested assays, viz; DPH, FRAP and CUPRAC in μg TE/g FW, respectively. The antioxidant activities may be attributed to the higher phenolic acid contents as a linear relation was observed between the two components and the antioxidant parameters.

채소종자는 채소생산을 주목적으로 사용되고 생산목적 이외의 활용도가 매우 낮은데 그 이유는 채소종자는 부산 물로 인식되어 대부분 폐기되기 때문이다. 그러나 채소종자 중 호박, 수박 등의 박과채소 종자는 중국, 미국, 유럽 등지에서 간식, 식용유, 에센셜오일 등으로 많이 이용되고 있다. 호박씨의 경우에는 단백질과 불포화지방이 풍부 하며, 머리를 좋아지게 하는 레시틴과 필수아미노산이 많이 들어있고 파미틴산과 같은 지방산은 비만을 방지하고 암이나 동맥경화 등 성인병을 예방하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 호박 유전자원의 종자를 대상으로 유용한 항산화 성 분이 높은 자원을 선발하여 호박자원의 활용성과 부가가치를 향상하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 호박 유전 자원 58점의 종자에 대한 항산화 활성(DPPH 소거능)을 조사한 결과 항산화성의 범위가 30.1～77.2%이었으며 평 균 44.7%이었고 60% 이상인 자원이 전체의 19%를 차지하였다. Total phenol 함량에 있어서는 함량범위가 건물중 6.1～81.2 mg/100g이었으며 평균 26.2 mg/100g이었고 40 mg/100g이상인 자원이 전체의 83%를 차지하였다. Total Flavonoid의 함량은 그 범위가 건물중 22.2～74.8 mg/100g이었으며 평균 41.3 mg/100g이었고 50 mg/100g이상인 자 원이 전체의 31%를 차지하였다. 항산화 활성(DPPH 소거능)이 47.6% 이상인 ‘P54’ 등 16계통, total phenol 함량이 30 mg/100g 이상인 ‘P38’ 등 13계통, total flavonoid함량 45 mg/100g 이상인 ‘P38’ 등 15계통을 선발하였으며 선발된 자원은 다양한 종자크기와 종피색을 보였다. 선발된 호박 유전자원 중 ‘P54’ 등 7점은 동시에 항산화 활성, total phenol 및 total flavonoid 함량이 높은 자원이었다.

기장은 농업기후대, 품종의 특성 및 재배시기 등에 따라 수확시기가 상이하나 농가에서는 재배지역, 시기 및 품종 특성 등에 상관없이 획일적으로 수확하고 있는 실정이다. 기존 식량원의 연구에 따르면 도정수율 및 품질향상을 위한 적정 수확적기는 출수 후 45일로 보고하였다. 현재 출수 후 등숙일수에 따른 수확적기 설정기술은 개발되어 있으나 농업지대 및 재배시기는 고려되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 농업현장에서는 이와 관련된 정보가 부족하여 적 기수확이 이루어지지 않아 생산된 잡곡의 손실 및 품질저하의 한 원인으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수 확된 기장의 도정수율의 변화를 조사하고 등숙 적산온도를 산출하여 적정 수확시기를 제시하고자 하였다. 그 결 과 기장의 완전미 도정수율 향상을 위하여 적정수확에 필요한 출수 후 등숙 적산온도는 조생종(황금기장)은 1,05 0℃, 중생종(이백찰)은 950℃, 만생종(황실찰)은 1,000℃로 조사되었다. 또한 이에 해당되는 적정 등숙일수는 내륙 평야지(밀양)에서는 조생종은 38일, 중생종은 35.5일, 만생종은 39일이었으며, 중부중산간지(원주)는 각각 45, 44 및 48.5일로 조사되었다. 이상의 결과는 잡곡재배농가와 잡곡 도정관련 업체에 정보 제공과 지역특성화사업에 정 책지원을 통해 잡곡생산 및 수요에 대한 통계자료 미흡으로 정확한 경제성분성은 곤란하나 약 3〜5% 가격 및 품질 경쟁력 향상이 가능할 것으로 판단된다

The objective of this study was to evaluate grain appearance and cooked rice taste preferred by Africans for the rice ecotype of one Japonica variety, one Indica variety, and two varieties of Tongil type as compared with Korean’s preference. The preferred grain appearance by Africans who have participated as panelists was in the order of grain length, aroma, and shape, while Korean preferred rice quality in the order of appearance(head rice) and grain length. Africans preferred imported Indica rice from Thailand the most, while Korean preferred Japonica Haimi the most. Overall, African preferred aromatic rice with long grain, while Korean preferred short grain rice with high head rice ratio. In the evaluation of cooked rice taste, there was no significant statistical difference between varieties preferred by Africans. Whereas, Koreans showed clear preference in the order of Haiami > Dasan 1 = Hanareum > Indica rice. The preference analysis results of cooked rice taste subjected to Japonica and Indica which showed clear preference by Koreans revealed that Africans from Cameroon, DR Congo, and Tanzania preferred Haimai. Meanwhile, the Africans from Uganda, Mali, and Nigeria preferred imported Indica rice from Thailand. The Africans from Kenya, Malawi, Ghana, and Sudan showed similar preference among Japonica and Indica varieties. The study results indicated that Africans had different preference of cooked rice taste for eco-type rice varieties by different nations. It is regarded that additional research would be conducted to evaluate cooked rice taste by the appropriate numbers of panelists from various field and by the various rice varieties including rice variety preferred by different African countries.

Soybean has around 20% oil in total seed compound. Fatty acid concentration of soybean oil is about 12% palmitic acid, 4% stearic acid, 23% oleic acid (ω-9), 54% linoleic acid(ω-6) 54% and 8% linolenic acid(ω-3). To improve oxidative stability and quality of oil, the breeding programs mainly focused on reducing saturated fatty acids, increasing oleic acid and reducing linolenic acid in soybean oil. In plant oil, an essential fatty acid omega-3 fatty acid is in the form of α-linolenic acid (ALA) therefore, increasing ALA in soybean oil became one of the breeding goals for human health. In our research group, we have two breeding programs for concentration of ALA in soybean oil. Wild soybeans have almost twice ALA than that in cultivated soybeans. Introgression of alleles from wild soybean to cultivated soybean may lead to the increase of ALA in soybean seed oil for various applications. We developed several backcross populations by elite cultivars x wild soybean to select high ALA with good agronomic traits. In the case of low linolenic acid program, we developed an EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate) mutation population to select low ALA concentration line and found a mutant line with low ALA in seed oil. The scheme for developing high ALA concentration from wild soybean and molecular characterization for low ALA line will be discussed.

기후변화에 의한 온도상승으로 인해 벼는 등숙기간 중 고온에 의한 벼 품질과 수량이 저하될 것으로 예상하고 있 고 이에 따라 기후온난화에 대처하기 위한 고온 적응형 품종개발이 요구되고 있다. 기후변화 대응한 고온 적응형 고품질 품종개발을 위해서는 등숙율 향상과 도정수율이 향상된 고품질 우량계통을 육성하는 것이 중요하다. 본 실험은 국내 품종 및 계통에 대하여 수형과 관련 있는 항목 및 도정특성들 간의 상관관계를 분석하여 등숙율과 도 정수율에 관계하는 특성과 우수계통을 선발하고자 수행되었다. 40품종 및 계통을 보통기 보비 재배하여 1, 2차지 경수, 임실율, 수당립수, 수수, 수장 등 농업형질과 제현율, 현백율, 도정율, 완전미율 등 도정특성을 조사하였다. 시험결과, 수수는 2차지경수, 등숙율과 부의 상관이 인정되었다. 1차지경수는 등숙율과 부의상관, 수당립수와 정 의상관이 인정되었고 2차지경수는 수당립수와 정의 상관이 인정되었으며 1차지경수, 2차지경수와 도정특성간에 는 상관관계가 인정되지 않았다. 도정특성은 천립중과 정의 상관이 인정되었고 완전미율은 등숙율, 현백율, 도정 율과 정의 상관이 인정되었다. 등숙율과 상관이 있는 것으로 알려진 2차지경수에서 유의성이 없었는데 향후 도정 율과 등숙율이 양호한 품종과 계통을 대상으로 이상형태별로 도정율과 등숙율에 대한 정밀한 분석을 실시할 필요 가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Onion(Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important crops to the fresh vegetable spices and the food processing industry in Korea. To evaluate genetic variation in onion, major agricultural characteristics and biochemical characteristics such as flowering day, harvest day, brix and so on. Phenolic compound compositions were analyzed for 44 accessions. Accessions in white color was about 92% which is the largest one followed by standard criteria. The sweetness of juice ranged from 6.1 to 19.3(in brix), and Brix range of 117 accessions was from 10.1 to 14.0. High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to identify the phenolic profile and quantify phenolic content in bulbs: quercetin, quercetin 7, 4’-diglucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside and quercetin 4’-glucoside were detected as major components. The total Quercetin and Quercetin glycoside content ranged between 123.59 and 1155.84 mg/100mg bulb freeze dried weight. The quercetin contents was up to 16.7mg/100g, and 7.41mg/100g in average. It is expected that the result of this study can be used for breeding more competitive species with respect to contents in functional chemicals.

Acanthopanax species is known commonly as Siberian ginseng, touch-me-not, devil’s shrub, prickly eleutherococc, eleutherococc and wild pepper. A diverse group of chemical compounds isolated from Acanthopanax species was named ‘eleutherosides’. Among eleutherosides, eleutherosides B and E were widely known in Acanthopanax species. Acanthopanax species are cultivated and grow wild in a various area of Korea and have a variety of pharmacological effects. But, there are a lot of difficulties on producing excellent Acanthopanax species, according to the cultivated method is different pharmacological ingredients. This study, therefore, analyzed eleutherosides B and E in A. divaricatus and A. koreanum by different fertilizer ratio using HPLC. We will be investigated a high content of eleutherosides B and E by different fertilizer ratio and suggest an efficient fertilizer ratio of A. divaticatus and A. koreanum. All samples of A. divaricatus and A. koreanum were collected at Yeongcheon Agricultural Technology & Extension Center, Yeongcheon, Korea. The sample was prepared by upper and lower parts. The fertilizer ratio are N-P-K(10.5-8.5-8.5: 50 kg/10a), 2N-P-K (21-8.5-8.5: 50 kg/10a), N-2P-K (10.5-17-8.5: 50 kg/10a), N-P-2K (10.5-8.5-17: 50 kg/10a), and 2N-2P-2K (21-17-17: 50 kg/10a), respectively. To analyze eleutherosides B and E, 5 g of A. divaricatus and A. koreanum was extracted with 50% MeOH (3 × 100 ml) by reflux and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 1 ml of MeOH. The resulting solution was used for HPLC analysis. HPLC separation of eleutherosides B and E for qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed using a reverse phase system. A Discovery®C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) column was used with a mobile phase that consisted of water and acetonitrile. A gradient solvent system of water and acetonitrile (90:10 to 70:30 for 20 min) was used for the elution program. UV detection was conducted at 350 nm. The injection volume was 10 μl and the flow rate was 1 ml/min. All injections were performed in triplicate. The different fertilizer ratio yielded total eleutherosides B and E contents of 4.417-6.905 and 3.652-7.227 mg/g in the upper and lower parts of A. divaricatus, respectively. In A. koreanum, the total eleutherosides B and E contents were 4.591-10.108 and 3.834-9.079 mg/g in the upper and lower parts, respectively. The best conditions to increase eleutherosides B and E content in A. divaricatus was determined to be with N-2P-K fertilizer ratio, on the other hand, in A. koreanum was 2N-2P-2K fertilizer ratio.

An increasing preference for good eating quality of rice among consumers has become one of the important considerations in rice breeding. Amylose content of starch is one of the important factors of rice eating quality. Amylose composition is determined by the relative activity of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). This study focuses on modifying the expression of SSS1 gene which is responsible for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice by using RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense technology. The transgenic rice plants showed various amylose content (9-17%) in rice seed. Candidate rice lines were selected according to PCR, RNA expression and amylose contents analyses. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to determine the expression level of SSS1 gene at several time points after the flowering of transgenic plants. Downregulation of SSS1 gene in transgenic rices was evident in the decreasing expression in rice grains over time. Accordingly, SEM micrographs analysis revealed uniform size with smooth curves starch granules in downregulation rice lines, in contrast with the non-uniform granules in wild type.

There is a great consideration on rice eating quality aside from improving its tolerance to various stresses. High yielding and pest and disease tolerant rice is highly desirable but it is more commercially important if it also has a high eating quality. There are various factors contributing to the good eating quality of rice. This study focuses on modifying the expression of GBSS1 genes which are responsible for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice by using RNAi and antisense techniques. We have developed 40 transgenic plants with RNAi-GBSS1 gene and 60 transgenic lines with antisense-GBSS1 gene. The transgenic plants show diverse amylose contents in rice seed. We selected candidate lines according to PCR, RNA expression and amylose contents. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to measure the expression level of GBSS1 gene at several time points after the flowering of transgenic plants. The expression level of GBSS1 gene in rice grains decreases over time and the mRNA expression among the transgenic plants were lower compare to its wild type. In the SEM analysis, the starch granule of wild type Gopumbyeo has very large structures accompanied with small ones around the area. However, the starch structures in transgenic plants were smaller and more uniform in size and shape throughout the viewing area