Background : One generation of ginseng is four years, so it takes a long time to breed. So far, a total of 18 ginseng varieties have been developed under pure line selection. However the pure line selection can reach the limit, because ginseng’s gene pool is very small. A solution to this is the need for cross breeding. Therefore, this study carries out cross breeding for the introduction of excellent character and expansion of variation and check the F1 generation. Methods and Results : As plant materials, Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Gumpoong, Chungsun and Cheonryang were used in this study. In order to cultivate the F1 of ginseng, we cross-bred ginseng varieties from mid-May to late May 2013 and harvested seeds from late July. Ginseng seeds were sown on November 15 and cultivated in 2014 for one year in the field and then transplanted into the main field in 2015. In 2017, the survey was conducted on 27 items of growth characteristics in accordance with the standards for survey of ginseng variety, such as length of leaf, length of stem and width leaf, and the degree of diseases and physiological disorders. In a combination of cross-breeding in domestic ginseng varieties, the germination time and growth characteristics of F1 were not much different from the parent plants, but the incidence of disease was reduced. Conclusion : According to this study, there was a tendency for expressing dominant figures in the crossbreeding between ginseng varieties. In the future, we will review the characteristics of root and the content of ginsenosides of F1.

Background : Recently, the shortage of first planted ginseng field has increased direct seeding cultivation in paddy. Therefore, the demand for the development of ginseng varieties suitable for direct seeding cultivation in paddy has increased. So the aim of this study was selection ginseng varieties and germplasms suitable for direct seeding cultivation in paddy. Methods and Results : We used 13 varieties and 191 lines of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in this study. Ginseng Seeds were harvested at the end of July 2013, sown in mid-November, and were grown for four years in paddy. In 2017, the survey was conducted on 27 items of growth characteristics in accordance with the standards for survey of ginseng variety, and the degree of diseases and physiological disorders. Among ginseng varieties, the growth of Gopoong, Sunwon and Gwumjin were excellent. However, the incidence of physiological disorder was low in Gumpoong and Geumsun. Among the genetic sources, the growth of 7 ginseng lines, such as G04092, G04098, M05015, G07053, G10069 and G10093, were excellent. However, the incidence of physiological disorder was low in 10 lines of ginseng, such as G04020, G04061, G04081, G04092, G05054, G07052, G07053, G10069 and G10093. Conclusion : This result suggests that 5 varieties and 10 lines of ginseng showed outstanding growths in paddy. In the future, we will review the characteristics of root and the content of ginsenosides of ginseng variety and elite lines.

Background : Sclerotinia rot, caused by a fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the serious and unpredictable yield losses in perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaf production in Korea. Screening disease resistant genetic resources is necessary to develop disease-resistant cultivars and conduct related research. Methods and Results : A Total of 150 perilla accessions, including 123 Korean landraces and 27 cultivars developed in Korea, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) using detached leaf inoculation technique. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate KACC40457 was inoculated at the seedling stage (five to six leaves). For detached leaf method, a mycelial plug was placed fungus-side down on the main leaf vain and incubated at 22 ± 1℃ on moistened paper towel in a plastic box. Three Korean landraces, including IT117036, IT117106, and IT117110, and cultivar IT229431 showed 100% of resistance ratio (no. of plants showed below 1 ㎝ of lesion size/total evaluated plants × 100). Seven accessions including five landraces, IT117080, IT117107, IT117048, 117042, 117029, and two cultivaers, IT276225 and IT213781, showed high level of resistance that is higher than 80% of resistance ratio Conclusion : 11 accessions which showed strong and moderate level of resistance to Sclerotinia rot could be possibly used by breeders, farmers, and researchers to produce new disease resistant cultivars and use them commercially. However, research related to the exploration of appropriate materials (accessions) for breeding cultivars with good quality, high functional components, high consumer acceptability, etc. should be continued, considering pathogenicity test was conducted in young stage.

Background : The conventional ginseng breeding is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Furthermore, it is difficult to create new desirable variation such as resistant to various stresses and increased ginsenosides. Therefore, creating variants remains a serious challenge of ginseng breeding. Methods and Results : Gamma irradiation was carried out using a 60Co irradiator (3000Ci, Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Canada) of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea. The dehiscent seeds were treated 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 200 and 400 Gy. The seed germination was greatly influenced by gamma-ray treatment. It was found that the germination rate decreased significantly when treated at 60 Gy or more. The maximum survival rate was achieved at 20 Gy but there was no significant difference from control. Following exposure to 40 Gy or more, survival rate was declined compared to the control. Gamma irradiation affected not only the germination and survival rate but also the growth of plants germinated from seeds. As gamma irradiation dose increased, the size of the plant decreased sharply and it also had a negative effect on root development. Conclusion : Considering the extent of reduction in the germination and survival rates, as well as growth reduction, the optimal dose of gamma-ray for inducing mutation in ginseng dehiscent seeds was estimated at approximately 40 Gy, because the germination rate observed at 40 Gy was similar to that of the observed in the control, while the survival rate was 50% of the control.

Background : Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is an important medicinal herb and their major pharmacologically active components are ginsenosides. Many studies have reported that various ginsenosides are effective in the treatment of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and alzheimer’s disease. However, it is difficult to create new desirable variation such as increased ginsenosides. Since the frequency of spontaneous mutations is rare naturally and difficult to apply to plant breeding, artificial mutation inductions are necessary to obtain noble genetic resources having desirable traits. Methods and Results : Gamma irradiation was carried out using a 60Co irradiator (3000Ci, Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Canada) of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea. One-year-old ginsengs were treated at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy. The emergence rate was significantly decreased with increasing gamma doses. When irradiated at more than 80 Gy, it did not emerge at all. Survival rate was also significantly influenced by gamma-ray dose. The maximum survival rate were recorded in control. The survival rate of 20 Gy was 22.0% and only 1.0% survived when 40 Gy dose was treated. There was no survival when irradiated at more than 60 Gy. Gamma irradiation also affected the phenotype of emerged plants. The growth of plants derived from irradiated one-year-old ginsengs was decreased and the leaves became variegated or curled. Also, rusty roots resulting from physiological disorders were observed and the rhizomes, which is a kind of dormant bud, were destroyed completely. Conclusion : Based on these results, we estimated the optimal dose for mutation induction by gamma-ray treatment of one-year-old ginseng is to be less than 20 Gy.

Background : Mutagenesis is one of the most powerful method for genetic variation, however there is little research history in P. ginseng. The seeds and vegetative tissues are materials commonly used for mutagenesis, but there is a problem that chimeras known as sectoral differences can occur and unintentional poor selection can occur owing to the influence of the growth environment. The combination of in vitro culture and mutagenesis can eliminate the effects of the environmental factors. Methods and Results : Gamma irradiation was carried out using a 60Co irradiator (3000Ci, Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Canada) of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea. The explants containing the somatic embryos were treated with 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy. Gamma-rays affected the somatic embryos produced in vitro depending on the dose. The survival rate of somatic embryo was significantly influenced by gamma irradiation. Also, the development of the embryo was changed by gamma irradiation depending on each dose. When somatic embryos were transferred to the medium supplemented with GA3, they started to germinate but were affected significantly by gamma irradiation dose. When germinated shoots were transferred to 1/2 SH medium to induce rooting, as the concentration of gamma ray treatment increased, the rooting gradually decreased. Conclusion : Considering the overall survival rate, germination rate, embryo development, and rooting rate, the optimal dose of gamma rays to be used with somatic embryo is estimated to be between 60 Gy and 80 Gy.

Background : Korean ginseng require 3 - 4 years to produce mature seeds from their mother plants. Therfore, it takes over 20 years to genetic fixation by artificial crossing of 8 generation. Anther culture is a useful method for obtaining homozygotes in only one generation. However, there is not much research on ginseng yet. In this study, we investigated the callus induction of anther depending on the type and concentration of the plant growth regulators in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Methods and Results : Flower buds of P. ginseng were cold pretreated at 2 days before the anthers were plated on the induction medium. The flower buds were immersed in 70% ethanol for 30 sec min, washed two times with sterile distilled water, surface-sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 20 min, then rinsed five times with sterile distilled water. The anthers were placed on Petri dishes containting fifteen different concentrations and combinations of 2,4-D, NAA, BAP and KT. Callus induction was significantly influenced by the type and combination of plant growth regulators. The highest callus induction rate was observed in GR5 medium at 79.2%. The 2,4-D mediums had significantly higher callus induction than the NAA medium, and 2,4-D 1 ㎎/ℓ have a higher callus induction rate than the other concentrations. The increase of callus induction rate was not observed by the addition of cytokinin, but the callus induction rate was gradually decreased as the BAP concentration was increased. There was no difference in callus induction rate between BAP and KT. Conclusion : The important factor for inducing callus of ginseng anther was the addition of 2,4-D, and no effect of cytokinin addition could be found.

Background : Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg is herbaceous plant belonging to the umbelliferea. Its root is used as a herbal medicine. Recently, it is cultivated as one of the crops which are attracting attention as a new income crops by using leaf. It is cultivated as native variety and has no standard variety. As a first step to expand cultivation in Korea, we investigated growth characteristics of P. japonicum Thunberg which were collected from domestic regions to select standard variety for P. japonicum Thunberg. Methods and Results : From April in 2017 to June in 2018, total 245 individuals of Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg in forms of seedling from 24 locations including 7 Chungnam, 10 Gyeongbuk, 2 Jeonnam, 1 Gangwon and 4 Jeju were collected and 40 × 20 ㎝ intervals transplanted. In August 2018, the research was carried out on 4 qualitative traits such as stem color, peduncle color, and 11 qualitative traits such as plant height, leaf length, and leaf width based on the test guidelines. As a result, the 21 - 2 species collected in Jeju showed the best growth with 88.0 ㎝ plant height, 267 leaf number, and 174 peduncle number. A total of 245 collecting species were classified into 4 qualitative traits. The stem color was classified into green 125, red green 98, crimson green 21, and light green 1. The 114 species which were developed into flower were divided into green 94, red green 17, crimson green 2, and light green 1, and immature seed color was classified into green 88 and red green 26. The anthocyanin expression was excellent, and the total number of stem color, peduncle color, and immature seed color were 7 collecting species. The inflorescence type was classified into 54 semi-circular type, 47 straight type, 12 spread type. The 4 - 4 species collected in Taean were not registered in the test guidelines, and the compound umbel and cyme were appeared together. Conclusion : The growth characteristics show various differences among collection areas. It is considered that the superior lines can be selected as a standard variety breeding material by comparing the growth characteristics of the collected species.

Background : Licorice has been a medicinal crop which was mainly used as a traditional medicine and food, depends on most imports (99%) in Korea. We have been trying to produce licorice in Korea for a long time. However when it grow in Korea the main ingredients are below the standard value and occur of physiological disorder. Therefore, we evaluated the growth characteristics and major components of genetic resources to develop licorice varieties suitable for the domestic environment. Methods and Results : We collected 19 accession of licorice from 7 regions including China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, and Russia from 2013 to 2014. After regenerating the resources of licorice in the field we identified and classified the species. Among them, 13 lines of 2 species (G. uralensis Fisch, G. glabra L.) were selected from 2015 to 2016. We evaluated the aerial parts, underground parts, yield and glycyrrhizin content of 13 line of licorice grown one year. Plant length and stem diameter of GLY2014 - 002 was high and thick on the aerial parts. GLY2013 - 005 had many pods. GLY2014-006 had many adventitious roots like taproot (3 ea/plant) and high of root weight (170 g/plant), GLY2013 - 005, GLY2014 - 006 had high glycyrrhizin content (2.1%) in the underground parts. Conclusion : As a result of growth characteristics and glycyrrhizin analysis, GLY2013 - 002, GLY2013 - 005, GLY2013 - 007, GLY2014 - 002, GLY2014 - 006, and GLY2014 - 007 were evaluated as good resources. Therefore of six lines will be used to test productivity and conduct regional testing for developing licorice variety.

Background : The small-scale medicinal crops is rapidly decreasing, and there is a risk of collapse of the pharmaceutical production base due to the radical market opening such as the Korea - China FTA. Among them, the Artemisia gmelinii has been used in the oriental medicine, and it is effective in treating the fever, humidity, urination, and scabies. Although it is being grown in small areas such as Gyeongnam and Gangwon Province in Korea, standardization of raw material production is insufficient. Then we were carried out on seed characteristics and growth characteristics by harvest time of A. gmelinii. Methods and Results : We were collected 114 accession from 7 regions from 2017 to 2018. The collected resources were growing to the testing field of Department of Herbal Crop Research. An average length and width of seed in A. gmelinii were 1.05 ㎜, 0.57 ㎜ respectively. A thousand seed weight were 0.42 g. Seed germination rate was highest at 25℃ (76.4%). Plant height was similar, stem diameter was 9 – 15 ㎜ in early growth collected resources. AG1801 had many leaves (60 ea), AG1802 was blooming fast. Conclusion : The above results showed that AG1801, AG1802, and AG1803 were selected good resources. We will analyze a valid ingredient by harvest time.

Background : Rhododendron brachycarpum belong to Ericaceae family is northern herbaceous plant and grows high in mountains of Korea. Traditionally, this plants have been used to treat arthralgia, neuralgia, hypertension, roborant and diuretic. In spite of medicinal values, natural populations are decresing due to climate change and grows slowly. Therefore it need to secure plant materials and in vitro culture is able to the alternative methods. In this study, we examined the effect of PGRs treatment using leaf and petiole explants. Methods and Results : The effects of the different surface sterilization agents (NaOCl and HgCl2) and time were tested. Best results with lower contamination and higher explants survival were recorded with 2 - 4% NaOCl for 1 minutes and 0.5 - 1.0% AgNO3. Callus was obtained when cultured onto MS medium using different concentration and combination of 2,4-D, BA and NAA. Maxium induction of callus was obtained from combinations of 2.0 ㎎ l-1 2,4-D and 1.0 - 2.0 ㎎ l-1 BA from leaf explants. Petiole explants were more effective to induce callus than leaf explants from combination of 1.0 ㎎ l-1 2,4-D and 0.1 - 1.0 ㎎ l-1 BA. Conclusion : The resultes provide that different explants and PGRs combinations were good source of callus induction.

Background : Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (甘菊) is listed in 「The Korea Herbal Pharmacopoeia (KHP)」as the original plant of Chrysanthemum indicum L. C. indicum was one of the most representative medicinal plants in Asteraceae, Dried flowers of this plant have been valid chemical composition such as flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides, possessing broad spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, antihypertensive and anti-oxidation functions. Meanwhile, C. indicum was a polymorphic species, its morphological characteristics showed great diversity due to the different geographical and environmental factors. For this reason, there was conducted to develop molecular markers to distinguishing these C. indicum with C. morifolium, C. zawadskii var. latilobum and Aster spathulifolius by using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods and Results : In this study, In order to clearly identify origin of Chrysanthemi Indici Flos, these samples (C. indicum, C. morifolium, C. zawadskii var. latilobum and A. spathulifolius) were analyzed from five barcoding regions of chloroplast DNA (rbcL, matK, rpoB, atpF-atpH) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2) to evaluate the ability of discrimination for each barcoding region. Based on genetic distance, the percent of variable sites were provided the highest ITS2 value (56.9%), followed by atpF-atpH (48.18%), matK (27.2%), psbK (8.2%), and rbcL (2.9%). Comparative analysis based on the complete genome sequence of the petL-petG region INDEL (insertion/deletion) that the gene annotations were registered to the GenBank (accession number: JN-867592.1, NC-020092.1, MF-034027.1, NF-279514.1). Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that the petL-petG region INDEL analysis were conducted for molecular authentication of four plants (C. indicum, C. morifolium, C. zawadskii var. latilobum and A. spathulifolius). The findings of results indicated that petL-petG region might be established INDEL analysis systems and hence were proved to be an effective tools for molecular evaluation and comparison of “Chrysanthemi Indici Flos” with other plants.

Background : Curcumae Longae Rhizoma (薑黃) is listed in「The Korea Pharmacopoeia (K P)」as the original plant of Curcuma longa L (Zingiberaceae). Meanwhile, Zeodariae Rhizoma (莪朮) is listed in 「The Korea Pharmacopoeia (KP)」as the original plant of C. phaeocaulis, C. aromatica and C. Kwangsiensi (Zingiberaceae). Due to the morphological similarities of the dried roots of this plant to those of C. phaeocaulis, C. aromatica and C. Kwangsiensis which is used as a substitute herbal for C.longa, distinguish these four species is extremely difficult. Methods and Results : A total of 90 collected samples were used in this study, In order to clearly distinguish of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma and Zeodariae Rhizoma were analysis based on sequence of the chloroplast DNA (trnK, rbcL, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2). The present study aimed to analyze the percent of variable sites were provided the highest trnK (2.3%), in oder to develop a species-specific primer that can distinguish C.longa form C. phaeocaulis, C. aromatica and C. Kwangsiensis. In addition, the complete chloroplast genome of C. longa were sequenced by a 454 sequencing platform, and the structure of the obtained chloroplast genome was also analyzed. the result used that INDEL (insertion/deletion) marker for distinguish C.longa form C. phaeocaulis, C. aromatica and C. Kwangsiensis. Conclusion : The INDEL markers were developed based on the divergence of each sequence, and it is possible now to identify the four species of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma with just a single performance of PCR. This will not only prevent misused of the plant, but also to maintain the quality of the herbal medicine as well as to verify and guarantee safety for public health.

Background : In the KHP (the Korea Herbal Pharmacopoeia), the Cuscutae Semen (菟絲子) is defined as the seed of the Cuscuta chinensis Lamark (family: Convolvulaceae). Using authentic raw herbal materials is fundamental to herbal medicine quality and Cuscutae Semen is widely distributed in many asian countries. Due to having tiny bodies of seeds, it is extremely difficult to differentiate them from adulterants and closely related species by morphologic characteristics, leading to serious safety problems. For this reason, there was conducted to develop molecular markers to distinguishing these Cuscuta chinensis with Cuscuta japonica and Cuscuta pentagona by using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Method and Results : In this study we developed a clearly and efficient method to identify Cuscutae Semen on the market. These samples (C. chinensis, C. japonica and C. pentagona) were analyzed from two barcode regions of chloroplast DNA (rbcL, psbA-trnH) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2). Based on genetic distance, the precent of variable sites were provided the highest psbA-trnH value (38.7%), followed by ITS2 (23.4%), rbcL (9.9%), in order to develop a specific primer that can distinguish C. chinensis, C. japonica and C. pentagona. Conclusion : From the above results, DNA barcoding was proved to be a successful tool for authentication the three species of Cuscutae semen. The adoption of DNA barcoding as an authentication tool by food safety agencies can safeguard the interests of both consumers and traders.

Background : Kalopanacis Cortex (海桐皮) is listed in「The Korea Pharmacopoeia (KP)」as the original plant of Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. However, the dried cortex of Erythrina eariegata L (刺桐) is an adulterant, one of the most indiscriminately used herbal medicines because of its similar morphologic. Due to the morphological similarities of the dried cortex of this plant to those of K. septemlobus which is used as a substitute herbal for E. eariegata, distinguish these two species is extremely difficult. Meanwhile, K. septemlobus is a polymorphic species, its morphological characteristics showed great diversity due to the different geographical and environmental factors. For this reason, it is conducted to develop molecular markers to distinguishing these K. septemlobus with E. eariegata by using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods and Results : In this study, In order to clearly identify origin of K. septemlobus, E. eariegata was analyzed from four barcode regions of chloroplast DNA (psbA-trnH, rbcL, matK, atpH-atpF) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2) to evaluate the ability of discrimination for each barcode region. The present study aimed to analyze the percent of variable sites were provided the highest ITS2 (2.3%) followed by rbcL (8.2%), in oder to develop a species-specific primer that can distinguish K. septemlobus form E. eariegata. Conclusion : The INDEL markers were developed based on the divergence of each sequence, and it is possible now to identify the two species of K. septemlobus with just a single performance of PCR. This will not only prevent misused of the plant, but also to maintain the quality of the herbal medicine as well as to verify and guarantee safety for public health.

Background : Pinellia ternata is imported more than 95%, tuber is used as herb medicine according to The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (KHP). There is no cultivar of P. ternata in Korea, and it is cultivated using native species. This study was to select the strains according to the leaf type in order to develop the standard varieties of P. ternata and expand the import substitution effect and domestic production base. Methods and Results : This study was conducted by the Department of Korean Medicinal Resource Development, NIKOM. A total of 1,260 individuals of P. ternata were collected from Jeju Island, Jangheung County, and China, and classified into three lines according to the ratio of leaf length and width. The selected lines were sowed in the middle of April, 2018 and cultivated with a black polypropylene mesh with a direct sunlight radiation transmittance of 60% to reduce solar radiation. Investigation items were investigated by leaf type (lanceolate, long oval, elliptical shape), plant height, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length. Lanceolate (leaf length / leaf width ratio, over 6) were selected for 157 individuals, average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 7.9, 17.3 ㎝ and 7.1 ㎝, respectively. long oval (leaf length / leaf width ratio, 6.0 to 2.0) were selected 118 individuals, average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 3.4, 12.3 ㎝ and 5.5 ㎝, respectively. In addition, 91 individuals were selected for elliptical shape (leaf length / leaf width ratio, less than 2), average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 1.7, 10.6 ㎝ and 4.6 ㎝, respectively. According to leaf type analysis, the growth characteristics of lanceolate were the best and the growth characteristics of oval were the lowest. Conclusion : These results can be used as basic data for the breeding of standard varieties of P. ternata, and further studies such as analysis of gene relatedness and major component will be conducted in the future.

Background : Angelica dahurica, Ligusticum sinense and Ledebouriella seseloides are cultivated in small areas in Korea. Domestic cultivation area is around 10 ha, and cultivated varieties have not been developed yet. Therefore, the quality of the product is not uniform, and industrialization is difficult. Lately, studies on the development of varieties have been carried out using domestic collecting germplasm. Methods and Results : Germplasm was collected in Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do and sowed in pots in March 2017. Angelica dahurica was used the collected in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, Ligusticum sinense was used the collected in Gangwon-do and Gyeongbuk-do and Ledebouriella seseloides was used the collected Jeju-do. In May of 2017, those were planted and the stem and leaf characteristics were compared and analyzed 1-year. It was bloomed in the second years of 2018, and stem, leaf and flowering characteristics were compared and analyzed. In the first year of growth characteristics, Angelica dahurica showed lower leaf and stem growth in Jeollanam-do collected germplasm. However, there was no statistical significance. Growth characteristics of Ligusticum sinense were higher in Gangwon-do collection than in Gyeongsangbuk-do, but there was no statistical significance. Ledebouriella seseloides was no significant difference between the groups in Jeju-do. In the second years, individual selection were carried out for popullation improvement. The Angelica dahurica showed green and purple stalks and the collected germplasm of Jeollanam-do showed relatively low growth. Ligusticum sinense and Ledebouriella seseloides were no significant differences in growth and color between stem and leaf, stem and stem Conclusion : All three crops were cross pollination, and collected open pollination. Therefore, there were many segregation by germplasm and genetic variation was large. Furthermore, it is considered that statistical significance does not appear. If genetic uniformity is increased through continuous selection and population improvement, it will be possible to cultivate varieties using germplasm. Genetic variation will be a good source of genetic resources.

Background : Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom) is a common edible mushroom with a number of potential therapeutic and nutritional applications. However, the growth of Lentinula edodes were classified in accordance with nutrients have no differences in seemingly. The growth characteristics of L. edodes were difficult to find out influenced about between oak and medium. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool to analyze the mechanisms underlying the biosynthetic pathways of these substances. Methods and Results : A gene encoding amylase AMY was successfully isolated from the L. edodes using RT-PCR. The putative amino acid sequence encoded by AMY showed the highest the homology with the sequence of glycoside hydrolase family 13. We compared the amylase activity and levels of gene expression in L. edodes grown on different breeding materials (oak, and medium), strains from oak (Chunbaegko, and Mori 290), and strains from medium (Tanong, and Carrefour), respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR utilizing pairs of primers specific for AMY gene expression shows that the expression of AMY was induced polysaccharide, and increased during the process of fruiting body formation in L. edodes by medium compositions. Conclusion : This result indicates that amylase may play an important role of growth in morphogenesis of medium condition growth mushroom. The present work will contribute to RT-PCR studies in L. edodes.

Background : Panax ginseng the king of Oriental medicines, has enormous potential against many of the disease symptoms and ailments. Panax quinquefolius is an another important member of Panax family which has similar benefits and medicinal properties. Both the species contains ginsenosides a pharmacologically active component abundant in their roots. In an effort to establish the new ginseng cultivars with improved agronomical characters such as root shape, stress tolerant and higher ginsenoside contents, the reciprocal interspecific hybrids were generated Methods and Results : Four elite cultivars and two new lines of ginseng were chosen to produce interspecies reciprocal hybrids with P. quinquefolius, by pollen dusting on the emasculated flowers. Among the F1 populations, the reciprocal hybrids generated by using new line 0837 both as maternal and paternal parent showed better properties and hybrid vigor. They showed strong root phenotypes with many lateral and fine roots thus having 10% to 20% higher ginsenoside contents compared to the parental populations. Among the major ginsenosides, the pharmacologically active ginsenosides such as Re, Rb1, Rb2 and F1 were enriched and accounted for the 70% of the PPD ginsenosides in 0837/Pq and Pq/0837 crosses, displaying strong dominance. Conclusion : Thus, based on our result we could conclude that P. ginseng line 0837 is the superior variety compared to the already existing lines for performing the interspecific hybrids with promising outcome in their root quality and ginsenoside content.

Background : Gastrodia elata (GE) is a perennial herb that belongs to the orchidaceae and is used as a medicinal or food material. Known pharmacological agents include gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. It is used as medicinal herb that is traditionally used for headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy and infant seizures. It is used for medicinal herbs such as sedation, hypnosis, epilepsy treatment, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, neuroprotection, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, Antioxidant, memory improvement, anti-aging, antiviral, anti-tumor. The purpose of this study was to find the extraction method with the highest oxidative stress inhibition and to optimize the pharmacological effect of the extract. Methods and Results : GE was freeze-dried to obtain 5 g, and then extracted into 50 ㎖ of water. Extraction temperature was 0, 30, 60 and 90℃ for 20, 40, 60 and 120 min, respectively. After centrifugation, the mixture was filtered through a 0.45 ㎛ filter. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability, total phenol content, neuronal cell line (PC12) cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress scavenging activity in neurons were measured by this extract. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability and total phenol content increased with increasing temperature and extraction time. However, at 60℃ and 90℃ extraction temperature, there was no significant difference. The cytotoxicity of 2 ㎎/㎖ of GE extract was significantly increased in the extract group of 90℃ after 20 hours. Conclusion : From the above results, the water extraction conditions to optimize the pharmacological activity of GE were 120 minutes at 60℃ or less.