Background : This study researches on the microclimate, photosynthesis and growth characteristics for the development of shading materials proper for the wide and inclined ginseng cultivation facility which can respond to climate change and save labor. Methods and Results : The wide shading facilities were installed on the area of 1,000 ㎡ in 2014 and 4 facilities were installed on the test ginseng cultivation area. On Mar. 29, 2017, 2 blue shading nets [with the sun blocking rate of 85% (200 g/㎡) and 90% (220 g/㎡)] were installed each for 4 facilities. On June 26, 2017, the aluminum screen and black shading net (with the sun blocking rate of 40% each) were installed during the period of high temperature (30℃ or higher) for each facility. The maximum light intensity under the shading facility was high with blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%, or blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40%, higher than other treatments. They were higher by 4.8 - 7.3%, 5.3 - 7.8% each in July and August. Among the coating materials for reducing the high temperature, the aluminum screen coating had less water leakage in early July, late July, mid-August and late August when the precipitation was more than 100 ㎜. The death of the aerial part of ginseng occurred less until October. The growth of the aerial part of 4-year ginseng was better in blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%, blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40% or blue shading net 90% and PE black shading net 40% than in blue shading net 90% and aluminum screen 40% The photosynthesis rate was the highest in June with 3.67 μmol CO2/㎡/s under the blue shading net 90% and aluminum screen 40% and with 3.55 μmol CO2/㎡/s under blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40% for K-1. As for the land races ginseng, it was the highest with 3.55 μmol CO2/㎡/s under the blue shading net 85% and PE black shading net 40%. For the growth of the underground part of the 4-year ginseng, the blue shading net 85% + PE black shading net 40% or the blue shading net 85% + aluminum screen 40% was the best with respect to the growth of the ground part of the ginseng such as the length of root, the length of main root, diameter of root and weight of root than other treatment. Conclusion : Best coating materials for the wide shading facilities are the blue shading net 85% and aluminum screen 40%.

Background : The first planted field is decreasing due to replant failure and climate change. As a result, there is an increasing number of cases where new soil is covered in agricultural land or clearing forest to cultivate ginsengs. In this case, it is essential to improve the chemical properties of the soil before ginseng site management. This study was carried out to investigate growth, quality of ginseng and soil chemical properties to set the concentrations of nitrogen. Methods and Results : 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 ㎏/10 a of urea were each treated at 3.3 ㎡ of the field and ginseng cultivar 'Gumpoong' was transplanted. Growth characteristics were investigated by growth period and soil chemical properties were investigated every 3 months. In 2-years-old ginseng, the root weight was the highest at 4 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen while it showed the rate of increase in root weight is increased at 1 ㎏ treatment of nitrogen in 3-years-old ginseng. Physiological disorder and root rot symptom are increased at 8 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen in 2- and 3-years-old ginseng. In case of soil properties, EC and Nitrate-N concentration exceeded 0.5 dS/m and 50 ㎎/㎏ respectively from 16 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen after 14 months. The saponin content tended to decrease with increasing nitrogen treatment concentration at the 2-years-old ginseng. In the case of 3-years-old, the highest value was 0.88% at 1 ㎏ nitrogen treatment group. Conclusion : These results indicate that the application levels of nitrogen influence growth, quality of ginseng and soil chemical properties. These data can be used to set the concentrations of nitrogen when new soil is covered in agricultural land or clearing forest to cultivate ginseng.

Background : Currently sprout ginsengs are produced in extensive variations of cultivation times, methods and specifications that are different in each farm in Korea. Also, regardless the effective ingredient content of ginseng, overgrown sprout ginseng are distributed so that the quality standardization of sprout ginseng is urgently required. The sprout ginseng market is only a segment of the Korean ginseng market still. However, If development of processed products utilizing the functionalities is connected, the market may exponentially grow. Also, if the use of sprout ginseng is extended to productions of drinks, cosmetics, facial masks and others in the cosmetics and health functional food industries, the export competitiveness to the global market is expected to increase. Therefore, this study aims the quality standardization of sprout ginseng to secure the market competitiveness in Korea and overseas by examining the property change following the cultivation phases. Methods and Results : For the overground growing in green houses, the sprout ginsengs planted in early April and early June show to be better in growing than the ones planted in early August. For the underground growing, while no significance is found among the cultivation periods, the sprout ginsengs planted in early June are excellent in terms of the root length and the weight of overground portion. Also, according to the examination on the stem properties of 2-year grown sprout ginsengs in each cultivation time, a trend that, as the growing period is longer from 25 days to 35 days, 45 days and 95 days, the hardness, gumminess, chewingness and springiness of stem are higher. And, on the hardness, gumminess, chewingness and springiness of leaf, while no statistically significance is found in the growing periods from 25 days to 45 days, the 95-day sprout ginsengs show high figures referring that the leaves becomes tougher. Conclusion : In case of cultivating sprout ginsengs in a green house, cultivating in April - June is advantageous for the overground and underground growing. And, it is determined that cultivating sprout ginsengs for 35 - 45 days produces leaves and stems with the most excellent chewing textures felt by consumers when chewing.

Background : The purpose of this study was to establish the optimum organic compost composition and fertilizer application for nutrient management during the cultivation of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in the greenhouse. Methods and Results : Wood chips, popped rice hulls, and mixed expeller cake were mixed with certain contents, fermented microorganisms were added, and fermented for about 100 days to produce organic composts. Organic compost was applied to the greenhouse soils at a rate of 1,500 – 3,000 ㎏/10 a, and the Korean ginseng seedlings were planted (2015) and cultivated. The growth and quality characteristics of 4-years-old Korean ginseng were investigated as follows. In all treatments, the emergence date were April 17, and the emergence rate were 70 - 74%. Soil chemical properties such as pH (6.7 - 6.8) and trace element Ca (7.9 - 9.2 cmol+/㎏) were higher than the standard values, and EC, P2O5 and OM were appropriate. Disease incidence rate were less than 0.2% in the control (treatments of livestock manure compost 1,500 ㎏/10 a) and treatment 3 (wood chips 60% + popped rice hulls 40%), but there were no disease in other treatments. Plant growth such as plant height, leaf length, and stem diameter were superior to treatment 1 (wood chips 20% + popped rice hulls 80%), and growth of underground part such as root length were excellent in treatment 1 as a whole. In particular, in the application of 1,500 - 2,000 ㎏ of treatment 1, root weight (39.9 g, 42.3 g/plant, respectively) were superior to the other treatments. In general, as woodchip content and usage amount increase, root weight tended to decrease. Conclusion : It is considered appropriate to apply 1,500 - 2,000 ㎏/10 a of fermented compost of organic material which is mixed with wood chips (20%) and popped rice hulls (80%) with mixed expeller cake when growing Korean ginseng in the plastic house covered with blue-white vinyl.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inorganic compounds (germanium etc) on the characteristics of growth and ginsenoside contents in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in plastic houses. Methods and Results : The experiments were performed in the Jinan (elevation: 300 meters above sea level). Seedlings (n = 72 per 3.3㎡) of Korean ginseng cultivar were planted on March 23, 2015. Shading material of plastic house was blue-white vinyl. From May to September of each year, 500 and 1,000 times diluted solution of germanium and silicate and these mixed solutions were drenched once a month. The chemical properties of the soil are as follows : pH, EC, organic content, and P2O5 of the soil were within the proper range, and the Mg content of the Ex-cations was lower than the standard value in 3 treatments, including 500 times solution of silicate. The rate of photosynthesis in Korean ginseng leaves were 2.2 - 2.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s in germanium and silicate treatment than in the non-treatment (1.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s). In the mixed treatment of silicate and germanium, the growth characteristics of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) of the Korean ginseng plants tended to be higher and longer than the other treatments. In a mixed germanium and silicate treatment, the root length was 33.3 ㎝, diameter was 23.5 ㎜, and the weight was the best at 53.8 g. The ginsenoside content was 16.8 ㎎/g in germanium treatment, 16.3 ㎎/g in germanium + silicate treatment. These were 37% and 33% higher than the control, respectively. The incidence of disease such as Alternaria panax was less in the inorganic treatment than in the non-treatment, and the incidence of disease was significantly decreased in the treatment with germanium + silicate. Conclusion : By soil drench of inorganic ingredients in Korean ginseng plastic house cultivation, the growth of the aerial and root parts in ginseng were more improved than non-treatment and ginsenoside content was increased and decreased the incidence of disease.

Background : This experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) growth by LED artificial light source in the plastic house using multi-stage cultivation facility and artificial soil. Methods and Results : Seedlings of Korean ginseng cultivar cultivated from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm by adjusting the ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 for red light and blue light for the LED light quality test. Controls were tested by treating the white light (fluorescent lamps) for the same time. The average temperature inside the plastic house remained above 25℃, then below 25℃ after mid-August and below 20℃ after mid-September. The temperature near the roots of the artificial soils was higher than 26℃ in late July and early August and lowered to 20℃ or lower in all treatments in September. The pH of the soil was in the standard range, but the EC value was 2.89 in the soil before the test and 5.83 in the white light treatment, higher than the standard range of 1.0. The light intensities were 95.3 μmol and 94.9 μmol in the 3 : 1 and 2 : 1 ratios of red and blue light, respectively. The photosynthetic rate was 1.72 μmole CO2/㎡/s in 3 : 1 treatment and 1.9 times higher than white light treatment. As the red light ratio increased, the light amount and photosynthetic rate increased. Growth characteristics of aerial parts (plant height, leaf length etc.) by LED irradiation were longer than that of white light treatment in the 2 : 1 or 3 : 1 treatment of red light and blue light. The root length was the longest at 13.7 ㎝ in the 3 : 1 treatment of red and blue light, taproot length were 6.9 ㎝ and 6.6 ㎝ in the 2 : 1 treatment and 3 : 1 treatment, respectively, longer than 4.3 ㎝ in white light. Root fresh weight was the heaviest (3.6 g/plant) in 3 : 1 treatment for red and green lights. Conclusion : It was confirmed that the rate of photosynthesis of Korean ginseng was higher than that of white light treatment and the growth characteristics of aerial and root parts were excellent at the ratio of 3 : 1 of LED red light and blue light in plastic house using multi-stage cultivation facility and artificial soil.

Background : This study was carried out to secure technology for stable production of ginseng by developing technology to reduce the high temperature in response to climate change. Methods and Results : Polyethylene film (PE film), scattering film and blue-white double-sided film (85% shading rate) were tested for ginseng rain-shielding materials. The shading materials used were a black shading net (90% shading rate) in the first, and an aluminum screen (40% shading rate) in the second. The first shading materials were installed on April 10 with PE film + black light shielding net, and scattering film + black light shielding net. As the treatment for high temperature injury relief, an aluminum screen was installed under a scattering film + black light shielding net and a blue-white double-sided film at a high temperature. The amount of transmitted light was 12.9% at scattered film, 14.5% at double sided film, and 12.5% at PE film when the primary rain-shielding material was covered. In secondary shading, scattering film + aluminum screen and blue-white double-sided film + aluminum showed 8.6% and 7.6% of light transmitting, respectively. In the case of temperature, the average temperature was lower than the outside temperature at the scattering film + aluminum screen, clear double sided film + aluminum screen and PE film recovery. The differences among the cultivars were significant in plant height, stem height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area. There were significant differences in the plant height, stem height, leaf length, and leaf width between treatments, but there was no interaction effect between varieties and treatments. The interactions between treatments were found only in the number of brach root. Conclusion : High temperature damage was influenced by the amount of irradiation in the facility rather than the temperature, which was presumed to be due to the accelerated aging of the ginseng leaf as the light transmittance increased.

Background : Recently demand of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz increased rapidly using a food and cosmetics as an emphasis on well-being. Cultivation tests of Rehmannia glutinosa for new varieties are tested around Geumsan area of Chungnam province. It is different for the soil condition and wether between Chungnam area and Gyeongbuk area. It is needed cultivating tests of new variety region of north Gyeongbuk. Methods and Results : Test variety of Rehmannia glutinosa was Dagang and test place was 918 Banguri Jangsu Yeongju. Planting density of Dagang was 20 × 20 ㎝, 30 × 20 ㎝, 40 × 20 ㎝ and all seedstocks were disinfected before sowing. Composite fertilizer use 60 ㎏/10 a and press cake use 600 ㎏/10 a on the test field. Black vinyl muching was using for preventing of grass. Leaf length, leaf width and leaf number were no difference in growth among 20 × 20 ㎝, 30 × 20 ㎝ and 40 × 20 ㎝. There was no difference in root length, root number root weight between planting distances, and root width was the largest at 30 × 20 ㎝ and 16.3 ㎜, Followed by 20 × 20 ㎝ and 40 × 20 ㎝ in order. Total root weight of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higher than other plant density and total income of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higer than others. Roots rot of root was not significant difference among plant density. It was the first test Dagang around north Gyeongbuk area and plant density of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higher output than 30 × 20 ㎝, 40 × 20 ㎝. Conclusion : Plant density of 20 × 20 ㎝ was selected for cultivating Dagng around north Gyeongbuk area. 20 × 20 ㎝ of cultivating Dagang get a more roots and also increase famers income.

Background : This experiment was conducted to improve the farm income by decreasing the rate of corrosion and increasing the emergence rate by selecting the proper storage method of the medicinal crop seed root. Methods and Result : Ten kinds of medicinal crop seed roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Codonopsis lanceolata, Platycodon grandiflorum, Atractylodes japonica, Angelica acutiloba, Adenophora triphylla, Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica gigas and Cnidium officinale were used as test materials. In experiment 1, storage experiments were carried out using four treatments: untreated (dry in advance), untreated, filler (dry in advance) and filler. Drying in advance was carried for 2 days in dark place and the filler was vermiculite. For storage, in styrofoam box, seed roots were laid down in 3 replicates of 10 sets, stored in – 1℃ warehouse. The storage temperature was set as long as each seed root was not frozen investigating freezing point, supercooling point. As a result, the rate of corrosion was significantly lower in the 4th treatments (filler), such as A. japonica (30%) and A. gigas (10%), compared with untreated one. Therefore, in experiment 2, six treatments were carried out using filler. There were 6 treatments: filler disinfectant (dry in advance), filler disinfectant, filler biochar (dry in advance), filler biochar, filler disinfectant biochar (dry in advance) and filler disinfectant biochar. The disinfectant was used by metalaxyl-M at a concentration of 0.4 g/ℓ, and a biochar was used at a volume ratio of 50% (v/v). As a result, the rate of corrosion was significantly lower in the 6th treatment (filler disinfectant biochar), such as S. miltiorrhiza (13.3%) and C. lanceolata (6.7%). Conclusion : In storing medicinal crop root, it is better to store using fillers. It was shown that a mixture of filler and disinfectant biochar reduced the rate of corrosion.

Background : Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang are very sensitive to the excess moisture condition and dry crops. This is why the tuberous root is big and as many as the quantity for adequate water is needed. Study of proper bed width and hight to maintain optimal moisture for the high quality and yield. Methods and Results : So this study was designed in order to find out proper bed Width and hight. Bed width were 80 ㎝, 100 ㎝, 120 ㎝ and hight were 10 ㎝, 15 ㎝, 20 ㎝. The result of an experiment, when cultivation with bed width 100 ㎝, hight 20 ㎝, In situation of growth and development, plant length and root length were long and number was plants was many than bed width 120 ㎝, hight 10 ㎝. In addition, in quantity characteristics, tuberous root number was 27 to 58 more than 31 and tuberous root length and tuberous root thickness was long and thicker. When these growth and development situation and the quantity characteristics, yield was 66 ㎏ to 252 ㎏ more than 186 ㎏ per 10 a. Conclusion : In cultivation of Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang, when to maintain optimal moisture with bed width 100 ㎝, hight 20 ㎝ have been higher quality and yield than cultivation with bed width 120 ㎝, hight 10 ㎝.

Background : Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang is planting in April and harvest next April for the fourth season went through medicinal crops. This is why growth and impact on the quantity of additional fertilizer for application timing and amount of application is very important. To want to find out optimal method of additional fertilizer that can increase the quantity and quality application. Methods and Results : So this study was designed in order to find out proper timing for application and amount of applied fertilizer. Timing for application were July, September, November (custom) and May, July, September and August, October, December. Amount of applied fertilizer were 7 ㎏, 13 ㎏, 19 ㎏ per 10 a. The result of an experiment, when In cultivation with timing for application was May, July, September and amount of applied fertilizer was 7 ㎏ per 10 a, In situation of growth and development, plant length was short and root length was long and number of plants was many than timing for application was August, October, December and amount of applied fertilizer was 19 ㎏ per 10 a. In addition, in quantity characteristics, tuberous root number was 44 to 68 more than 24 and tuberous root length and tuberous root thickness was long and thicker. When these growth and development situation and the quantity characteristics, yield was 275 ㎏ to 340 ㎏ more than 65 ㎏ per 10 a. That is 5.2 times. Conclusion : In cultivation of Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang, when the timing for application quickly start in May and reducing the amount of applied fertilizer was yield increased 5.2 times.

Background : Cynanchum wilfordii is a perennial species of climbing vine belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. Cynanchum wilfordii native to Korea has been cultivated and used for medicine with tuber root. Direct seeding and seedling transplanting and tuber root seed (below ∅10 ㎜) planting have been performed for cultivation. This experiment was carried out to investigate growth and yield characteristics of Cynanchum wilfordii according to planting method. Methods and Results : Direct-seeding and tuber root seed (TRS) planting were performed in early April and seedling transplanting with seedling grown for 40 days was performed in early may. TRS size was 2 – 3 ㎝ in length and 10 ㎜ and 20 ㎜ in diameter respectively. Seedling establishment rate was similar as 97.3% - 99.0% in all treatments. Vine length, branch number, node number and chlorophyll content were not significantly different in all treatments. Stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were higher in TRS planting. Main root number was more as 4.5 - 4.3 in seedling planting and TRS planting (∅20 ㎜) respectively but first lateral root number was not significantly different in all treatments. Root diameter was thicker as 23.3 ㎜ in TRS planting (∅20 ㎜). Total yield in TRS planting (∅20 ㎜) was higher as 1,041 ㎏/10 a, 25% increased compared to 830 ㎏/10 a of direct seeding and with higher commercial yield rate of 75.7%. Conclusion : It was considered that higher total yield and commercial yield in TRS planting (∅20 ㎜) was resulted from bigger size of stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width and bigger main root size related to root yield and commercial value.

Background : Cynanchum wilfordii is a perennial species of climbing vine belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. Cynanchum wilfordii native to Korea has been cultivated and used for medicine with tuber root. Prevalent furrow size is 20 ㎝ in height for Cynanchum wilfordii cultivation in Korea. This experiment was carried out to find out yield and commercial characteristics according to furrow height in cultivation of Cynanchum wilfordii. Methods and Results : There were 4 furrow height of 10 ㎝, 20 ㎝, 30 ㎝, and 40 ㎝. Seedling transplanting was performed in early May with 40-day seedlings grown in pot from late March. Seedling establishment rates were similar as 96.7% - 99.7% in all treatments. Vine length, branch number, node number, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were higher in furrow of 40 ㎝ and chlorophyll content was not significantly different according to furrow height. Main root number was more as 5.2 ea/plant in 20 ㎝ furrow and first lateral root number was more as 4.5 ea/plant but not significantly different in 20 ㎝ and 30 ㎝ furrow. Main root length was longer as 39.2 ㎝ and 37.0 ㎝ in 40 ㎝ and 30 ㎝ furrow height respectively. First lateral root length was longest as 25.0 ㎝ in 30 ㎝ furrow. Main root diameter was thicker as 24.9 ㎜ in 40cm furrow and thinner as 18.7 ㎜ in 10 ㎝ furrow. First lateral root diameter was thicker as 14.4 ㎜ in 20 ㎝ furrow and thinner as 11.2 ㎜ in 10 ㎝ furrow. Total yield and commercial yield in 40 ㎝ furrow were highest as 1,173 ㎏/10 a and 919 ㎏/10 a, 78.6% of total yield. Conclusion : It was considered that higher total yield and commercial yield in 40 ㎝ furrow was resulted from better aerial part growth including vine length, branch number, node number, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width and bigger main tuber root size.

Background : Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge is herbaceous perennial plant used for medicine with tuber root. This experiment was conducted to establish proper drying method of Anemarrhena asphodeloides for GAP post-harvest management manual. Methods and Results : Anemarrhena asphodeloides radix was cut in 3mm thickness after washing. Drying methods were air curing, sun drying, and hot-air drying (45℃, 50℃, 55℃, 60℃). Dry matter ratio (DMR) and moisture content (MC) were checked for every 12 hours for air curing and sun drying and checked for every 2 hours for hot-air drying. In 6 hours hot air drying at 45℃ and 50℃, DMR and MC were 39.9%, 38.4% and 13.5%, 12.8% respectively. In 4 hours hot air drying at 60℃, DMR and MC were 38.0% and 13.6% respectively. In air curing and sun drying for 4 days, DMR and MC were 37.0%, 37.6% and 12.3%, 13.1% respectively. Color value according to drying methods was higher as 74.57 in ℓ value under 50℃ hot air drying and lower as 65.35 under air-curing. a value was higher as 3.50 under air-curing and lower as 0.47 under 50℃ hot air drying. Conclusion : In 6 hours hot air drying at 50℃, MC was 12.8% and color value was higher as 74.57 in ℓ value and lower as 0.47and 22.59 in a value and b value respectively. This result showed that hot air drying for 6 hours at 50℃ was more proper for Anemarrhena asphodeloides radix drying.

Background : Two major forest medicinal resources, Korean angelica (Angelica gigas Nakai) and Cnidii rhizoma (Cnidium officnale Makino) were used as medicinal herbs for long times and in these day consumed as cosmetic materials. For keep pace with a mass demand and supply, pesticides were should be sprayed for control of pests and plant diseases. However, the social concerns on well-balanced life, pesticides safety, and continuous and stable production of clean non-timber products were increased with the times. Therefore, environmental-friendly cultivation was increased before decade. This study performed for selection of effective control agents to hyphal growth of leaf spot and anthracnose in two medicinal resources. Methods and Results : The antifungal effects of eugneol, pine needle E.O, and 7 natural product extracts (Sophora root, green tea, neem, eucalyptus, grapefruit seed, derris, and 36% rosin) were evaluated against two plant pathogens (Phoma sp., and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). After re-loading of each 20 ㎕ natural product extracts to the PDA plate which loaded two spore dilution (106 spores/㎖) 100 ㎕, the hyphal growth control effects to pathogens were confirmed. Among 9 control agents, eugenol and pine needle E.O were the most effective, and then Sophora root, green tea, and neem. However, 4 agents (eucalyptus, 36% rosin, grapefruit seed, and derris) were not effective. Conclusion : It confirmed that possibility as a control agents of eugenol and pine needle E.O to leaf spot (Phoma sp.) of Korean angelica and anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of Cnidii rhizoma, respectively. We will be developed as commercial products safe in the forest lands

Background : To develop a new cultivation technique which can save the labor and harvest cost in Cynanchum wilfordii. Stable production is possible for soil and container cultivation. Therefore, this test was conducted to evaluate the reuse effect that can reduce the cost of culture soil. Methods and Results : Container standards were used plume tube of diameter 30 ㎝ × height 50 ㎝. The blending ratios of reuse cultivation soil were 60% cocopeat, 10% peatmoss, 6% pearlite, 6% vermiculite, 5% zeolite, and 5% char. To this, 0, 10, 20, and 30% of composts containing 45% of fowl droppings and 5% of cattle dung were added to the culture soil and mixed. In each treatment C. wilfordii seedling were planted, and the overground growing and yield ability were examined. After harvesting, the functional components contents (cynanoneside B, wilfoside C1N, and p-hydroxyacetophenone) of C. wilfordii conventional cultivation and container cultivation (culture soil) were analyzed. As a result, the growth of overgrown crops showed better tendency as the compost content increased. However, the growth and yield of undergrowth increased by 182% (164.7 ㎏/10 a → 282 ㎏/10 a) compared to no addition at 20% mixing ratio. The content of functional ingredients according to cultivation method and skin was not different all in cynanoneside B, wilfoside C1N, and p-hydroxyacetophenone. Therefore, it was a larger tendency that the classification according to whether it was skined (existence and nonexistence) than the cultivation method. In the economic analysis, it was found that when the cultivation soil was reused by adding 20% compost, the profit of 680,000 won/10 a was increased. Conclusion : Soil and container cultivation was effective saving method for harvesting ease of C. wilfordi, harvest yield was increased by 66%. Also, container cultivation was effective the cost cutting of installation dismantlement and redres since no need to move the cultivation area. As the cultivation soil can be reused, it can be expected to maximize the utilization in container cultivation of deep rooting medicinal crops as well as Cynanchum wilfordii.

Background : Oplopanax elatus, comnonly called Asian devil’s club, is distributed in the northern high mountains of the Korean peninsula, northeastern China, and southeastern Russia. Its root is traditionally used to treat asthma, depressive states, chronic fatigue syndrome, and hypertension, neurasthenia, hypopiesis, schizophrenia, cardiovascular problems, diabetes mellitus, impotence, emaciation, hypotension cough, rheumatism, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and wounds. Plant cell and tissue culture techniques for the mass production of adventitious roots in suspension culture allows a high proliferation rate, stable accumulation rate, and production of valuable compounds. Methods and Results : The plants were cultured on 1/4 MS medium with 1% sucrose and 1% plant agar for 3 month and they transferred to pot. The pots were contained of soil, soil + pelite (1 : 1), and soil + sand (1 : 1), respectively. The plants were measured plant length, leaf length, and leaf number. The number of leaves have represented as similar result of 7.44 ± 1.34 ㎝ in soil and 7.56 ± 1.26 ㎝ on soil + pelite. The 3.22 ± 0.53 ㎝ of plant length and the 6.57 ± 0.51 ㎝ of leaves length were highest on soil. Conclusion : The survival rate depending on soil types of Oplopanax elatus was confirmed to exist in these cases of soil and soil+pelite. However, they all died in condition of soil+vermiculite. The number of leaves have no difference and the length of plant and the length of leaves were longest on soil.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the differences of growth characteristics, photosynthetic rate and ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer according to the covering materials during house cultivation. Also the results of this study will be used as basic data for the standardization of ginseng house cultivation. Methods and Results : This experiment site was conducted from March to October, 2017 in the house located in Jinan - gun, Jeollabuk-do. The ginseng cultivar used in the experiment was a violet stem variant of 4-years-old. There are three kinds of covering materials used in the experiments: polyethylene (PE) film, scattering film, and blue-white film. PE film and the scattering film were first coated with 85% of light shielding net after the first installation, and then secondly coated with 75% and 30% of the light shielding net respectively in the middle of May when the house temperature reached 25℃. The blue-white film was cultivated after the initial installation without further treatment. The light transmittance of each covering materials were in the order of scattering film (14.5 ± 1.5%), blue-white film (10.0 ± 1.0%) and PE film (6.7 ± 1.0%). The average photosynthetic rate of each treatment was in the order of scattering film (2.94 μmol CO2/㎡/s), blue film (2.71 μmol CO2/㎡/s) and PE film (2.34 μmol CO2/㎡/s). Aboveground growth characteristics of ginseng were good in a scattering film and blue-white film. Root weights were found in the order of scattering film (47.1 g/plant) > blue-green film (41.3 g/plant) > PE film (37.6 g/plant). Conclusion : In order to select proper covering materials for ginseng house cultivation, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of each treatment were compared with each other in order of scattering film, blue-white film and PE film. The photosynthetic rate of each treatment was measured according to the growing season. PE film was relatively low during the entire growth period. In the case of scattering film and blue-white film, the rate of photosynthesis was higher in the scattering film with high light transmittance until May, but showed a similar tendency after July. As a result, the difference in the growth characteristics of ginseng is thought to be due to differences in photosynthesis and assimilation according to the coating materials.

Background : Cnidium officinale Makino is a perennial herb of the family Umbelliferae, and an important traditional oriental medicinal plant in China, Japan and Korea. Cnidii Rhizoma, the dried rhizome of C. officinale have been used as traditional oriental medicine in Korea. It has been shown that the cnidii rhizomes are used in the treatment of pain, inflammation, menstrual disturbance, and anti-vitamin deficiency disease, and also act as a blood pressure depressant. In this study, we anticipated to establish the mass propagation system of C. officinale, which is a high economic value as medicinal herb, by plant tissue culture to solve the problem of root stocks contamination. Methods and Results : The whole study was carried out in the department of Herbal crop research, Eumseong, RDA. In this study, C. officinale root bud was used as a explant and it was surface sterilized by 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 minutes, then several times washed with ddH2O. Multiple shoots were induction them on MS, B5, SH media with 0.1 - 2 ㎎/ℓ auxin (NAA, IBA) and cytokine (BA, Zeatin). In this study we obtained, 7.4 multi-shoots per an explant, and the shoot growth was also favorable in the presence of 0.2 ㎎/ℓ Zeatin. Subsequent transfer of these regenerated shoots on 1/2 SH media resulted in root formation. Rooted plantlets were able to grow in soil after a short period of acclimatization. Conclusion : This experiment was comducted to identify the optimal in vitro propagation condition of C. officinale.

Background : Multi-stage system were used for development of stable ginseng seedling production. Bed-soil for the production of ginseng seedling in the multi-stage was similar to the conventional bed-soil but the weight of the bed-soil was high and the efficiency of operation in the multi-stage was lowered. In this study, the yield and quality of ginseng seedling was investigated by commercial lightweight bed-soil in the multi-stage facilities, and the possibility of application of lightweight bed-soil. Methods and Results : This study was carried out by a 3-stage cultivation bed using a 50 ㎜ sandwich panel in a house shaded with 85% light-shielding net. The width of the cultivating bed was 90 ㎝, the height was 30 ㎝, and the height of each stage was 50 ㎝. In the first and second stages, the amount of light was insufficient, so two rows of fluorescent lamps were installed and the third stage was used natural light. Ginseng seeds were sown on the cultivating bed in November 2016, and ginseng seeds (native species) were sown with a density of 3 × 3 ㎝. The chemical properties of lightweight bed-soil were pH 5.11, and EC 0.76 dS/m. It was suitable for ginseng seedling cultivation. The bulk density was 0.21 Mg/㎥. Among the growth characteristics of the ginseng seedlings, the root length was the longest as 17.0 ㎝ in the conventional cultivation, and the second stage was the longest at 14.8 ㎝ in the multi-stage facility. The root diameter in the multi-stage system was 0.2 - 0.4 ㎜ thicker than the conventional one. Root weights of lightweight bed-soil were similar to those of conventional cultivation. The yield of ginseng seedlings in the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd stage was 721.3 g, 692.0 g, and 394.7 g/1.62 ㎡ respectively. Conclusion : In the production of ginseng seedling using multi-stage facilities, the commercial bed-soil was better than the conventional bed-soil (light, workability). The differences in yields in the multi-stage facilities can be overcome if the growth management such as moisture management is more systematic. If we develop the technology to reuse the bed-soil after harvesting the ginseng seedling, it will be economical and able to supply to farmers.