This study was surveyed by 319 male and 336 female college students in Seoul for food behavior and effect of Western food on food life. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The recognition of Korean folk food was higher in female than male students. 2. Eating type of college students appeared that they prefered to cooked rice at breakfast, lunch, and dinner because of a general food type of their family. 3. The favorite food items in college students showed fruits in female and meat in male. 4. Eating out type with family appeared mainly Korean food, because of their preference. 5. The 29% of college students visited fast food restaurants more than 1~2 times per week. 6. In compared to Western food, the Korean food were favored by college students but cooking process of food were complicated. 7. The preference of Korean food against Western food was mostly higher in male than female. 8. The standard of food choice were taste and convenience of food. 9. Main factor of food habit change appeared convenience of buying easily. 10. The influence of the Western food in our food behavior were easy to buying but not fit our preference. 11. Opinion of students in order to keep Korean food were follows; Various food development, enlargement of consumption market, correct education about Korean food and change of people consciousness through consumer campaign.

이 본 연구의 목적은 코로나 19로 인해 수업의 공백과 생활의 어려움을 겪었던 평생교육 강사들이 경험한 온라인 수업의 어려움과 이슈를 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위해 충남 소재 G 평생교육기관 의 강사 5명을 기관으로부터 추천받아 면담을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 수업 준비 과정은 강사 개개 인에게 맡겨져 있었기 때문에 강사가 스스로 학습자를 파악하고, 수업 환경을 조성하기 위해 노력한 것으로 나타났다. 수업 실행 과정에서는 강사가 학습자와 소통하고 수업의 몰입도를 높이기 위해 노력해온 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 온라인 수업 환경에서 강사의 긴장도가 높음에도 불구하고 학습자를 구경꾼으로 만들지 않기 위해 노력하였음을 확인하였다. 수업 평가 과정에서는 교육활동에 대한 피드백이 대면 수업에 비해 줄어든 것으로 나타났고, 평가를 통한 구체적인 환류 정보가 확보되지 않았음을 확인하였다. 이러한 분석 결과를 토대로 평생교육 거점 기관에서는 강사들이 온라인 수업에 적절한 형태로 수업을 설계할 수 있도록 지원해야 한다는 점, 강사의 온라인 수업 역량 강화를 위한 지원이 필요하다는 점, 온라인 환경에 적합한 평가 방법의 탐색과 적용이 필요하다는 점을 제안하였고, 개별 평생교육기관 차원에서는 원활한 수업 환경 조성 및 학습자들의 참여도 증진을 위한 사전 준비 지원이 필요함을 제시하였다.

최근 지진의 발생 빈도가 잦아지면서 고강도 내진 철근에 대한 관심이 급증하였다. 그러나 현재 콘크리트구조 학회기준 (2017)에서는 철근콘크리트 부재의 전단철근의 항복강도를 500MPa로 제한하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 설계기준항복강도 제한을 확장하기 위해 고강도 내진 철근을 사용한 철근콘크리트 보의 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에는 항복강도가 400MPa, 500MPa, 700MPa인 전단철근이 사용되었으며 전단철근의 배근간격을 변수로 하여 철근비에 따른 철근콘크리트 보의 전단거동을 비교하였다. 실험결과 철근량과 철근의 항복강도가 증가할수록 전단강도비가 감소하는 경향이 나타났다.

본 연구는 의약품의 정보디자인 시스템 구축을 통한 경영진 각자의 주관적 선택이나 결정을 통해 디자인이 선택되는 상황에 있어서, 제품을 사용하는 사용자를 고려하여 정보디자인 기준을 정립하여, 의약품 사용 환경에서 패키지디자인을 통해 사용성과 정보이해를 개선하는 방법을 모색하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 의약품의 경우 투약오류를 직접 환자에게 큰 생명의 위험을 줄 수 있으므로 투약의 모든 과정에서 발생한 오류를 최소화하고자 하는 목적이 있다. 투약 중 부정확한 용량, 부정 확한 투약 빈도, 위임, 빠뜨림 등이 투약오류에 포함한다(Tamet al., 2005). 점차 의약품의 종류가 다양해지고, 투약방법과 관련된 기술이 복잡해짐에 따라, 간호사들이 투약오류를 일으킬 가능성은 점점 커지고 있다. (Tang, Sheu, Yu, Wei, & Chen, 2007). 이러한 투약오류 중 76%는 예방이 가능한 것으로 분류되고 있어 (Khan & Honda, 2005), 투약오류를 예방하고 재발을 방지하기 위해 투약오류 관련 요인을 파악하는 것이 필요하다. (Kany, 2000). 이를 위해 의약품에서도 정보 중 우선순위를 기준을 찾고, 정보의 구조 활용 방안을 탐색하고자 한다. 연구방법 의약품 정보디자인의 선행연구, 국내, 해외 디자인상의 평가 기준, 제품 사용성, 패키지 평가 기준을 분석, 의약품의 패키지디자인을 분석하고, VOC를 기준으로 의약품 패키지의 정보디자인 시스템 기준을 마련하고자 한다. 추후 기업의 의약품 패키지디자인을 구축하는 방향성을 제시하고 특히 정보디자인 시스템의 프레임워크를 통해 활용 방향을 제안하는 것에 목적이 있다.

본 연구는 외가방문 지원사업에 참여했던 다문화가정 한국인 아빠들의 경험의 의미를 심층적으로 살펴보고자 한 연구로, 2016-2018년에 외가방문 지원사업에 참여했던 11 가족의 부모 8명, 자녀 6명을 연구참여자로 선정하고, 심층면담을 통해 자료를 수집하고, 분석했다. 연구결과, 다문화가정의 한국인 아빠들이 가족들과 자녀의 외가를 방문했던 경험은 자녀의 외가 가족에 대한 이해 높이기, 자녀교육 주체로서의 역할을 인식하기, 가족의 범위를 넓히 기의 의미가 있었던 것으로 나타났다. 자녀의 외가 가족에 대한 이해 높이기는 ‘자녀의 외가 문화를 이해하려 노력하기’와 ‘자녀의 외가에서 부인의 입장 이해하기’로, 자녀교육 주체로서의 역할을 인식하기는 ‘자녀에게 관심을 기울이기’와 ‘자녀 이중언어 교육의 필요성을 인식하고 실천하기’로, 가족의 범위 넓히기는 ‘부인의 가족을 나의 가족으로 받아들이기’와 ‘한국인 아빠들 간 연대 형성하기’로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 결혼이민자의 모국 방 문 지원사업들이 다문화가정의 아빠 역할을 지원하고, 다문화적 정체성을 형성하는데 기여 하는 방향으로 전개되어야 함을 시사한다.

국제해사기구(IMO)에서는 해양 환경보호를 위해 황산화물(SOX), 질소산화물(NOX), 이산화탄소(CO2) 등의 선박 배기가스 배출 규제를 강화하고 있으며, 특히 미국, 유럽을 중심으로 배출가스통제구역(Emission Control Area, ECA)을 설정하여 운용하고 있다. 이러한 환경 규제의 대응방법으로서 친환경·고효율 선박에 대한 요구가 커지면서 배출가스를 줄일 수 있는 전기추진시스템 관련 연구 및 기술에 대한 관심이 늘어나고 있다. 컨테이너선과 같은 상선은 경제속도 운항의 이유로 전기추진시스템의 적용대상에서 벗어나 있었으나, 앞으로 배기가스 배출 규제가 강화되고 4차 산업혁명 기술로 대표되는 빅데이터, IoT 기술을 적용한 자동화 시스템이 선박에 적용되기 위해서는 모니터링 및 제어가 쉬운 전기추진시스템이 필요할 것으로 전망된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 6,800TEU 컨테이너 선박을 대상으로 전기추진시스템을 적용하기 위해서 기존 컨테이너 선박의 부하분석을 통해 부하분석 기반의 발전기 및 배터리 용량 설계를 목표로 연구를 진행하였다. 부하분석기반으로 설계된 시스템은 배터리를 이용한 부하분배제어를 통해 발전기가 높은 효율구간에서 운용할 수 있다는 장점이 있다.

전체 의약품 시장에서 차지하는 바이오 의약품의 비중이 점차 증가하고 있다. 바이오의약품은 기존 오리지널 의약품과 같은 효능을 보이면서, 가격은 상대적으로 낮아 시장잠재력이 크다. 바이오시밀러 의약품은 점차 개발됨에 따라, 기존의 제품과는 차별화되며, 환자나 간호사가 사용하기 편리하고, 구조가 단순하며, 제품 오남용을 막을 수 있는 바이오의약품 패키지 디자인이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 바이오의약품 류마티스관절염 치료제를 중심으로 전문의약품의 중요한 기재사항을 분석을 통해, 패키지 디자인의 기재 해야 하는 허가사항 중 가장 중요한 요소를 추출한다. 그 결과를 토대로, 사용자에게 오남용을 막기 위한 브랜드명, 성분명, 함량, 제형, 주사 투약방법, 포장 단위를 중심으로 국내 출시된 바이오의약품의 패키지 디자인을 분석하고자 한다. 최근 허가받은 바이오의약품 패키지를 분석한 결과, 시각·정보 전달, 구조 및 형태 면에서 국외사례보다 패키지 디자인에서 미흡한 점을 발견할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 바이오의약품의 개발이 활발해짐에 따라 바이오시밀러의 디자인 적합성에 문제점을 느끼고, 현재의 의약품 디자인과 국내외 바이오의약품의 분석과 유럽과 미국에 허가된 패키지 디자인의 분석을 통해 보완 방향에 관해서 연구를 진행 하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 도출한 국내외 바이오의약품 패키지 디자인의 시각적 요소의 표현 방향은 추후 패키지 디자인 개발 시 방향성 수립에 기초적 자료로 활용될 것이다.

Background : The purpose of this study is to select potential genetic resources from safflower germplasm collected from India based on their oil compositions and agronomic characteristics. Methods and Results : The agronomic characteristics were measured during the growing period of the safflower. Total oil contents were recovered by Soxhlet extraction and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by using gas chromatography. The mean of plant height, leaf length and leaf width were 100.19 ㎝, 20.49 ㎝, and 7.29 ㎝, respectively. The percentage of leaf margin with serration was 95%, and 2% of the total resources didn’t have spines on the involucral bract. K185681 had no spines on the involucral bract and the plant height was the smallest. 73% of the flower of safflower was yellow. 68% of safflower germplasm changed flower color from yellow to red. Total oil contents of 267 safflower accessions showed a significant variability among the entire domain of collections and ranged from 5.81 to 38.91%. Palmitic and stearic acid were ranged from 4.98 to 6.65%, and 1.82 to 2.73%, respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid showed a wide variation which ranged from 10.53 to 22.27%, and 69.46 to 81.26%, respectively. Linolenic acid was ranged from 0.06 to 0.13%. K185639 and K185639 had the highest total oil contents and linoleic acid, respectively. Cluster analysis based on oil composition and agronomic characteristics data divided the germplasm collections into three groups. Group Ⅲ having 114 accessions contained accessions with taller plant height than the other groups. Group Ⅱ having 68 accessions, the main color of flower was white but the other groups were yellow. Oleic acid showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.9691**) with linoleic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the oil compositions and agronomic characteristics data revealed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) together explained 36.28% total variation. Conclusion : These results showed that K185681, K185639 and K185639 could be useful to develop breeding and functional food.

Background : To select potential plant resources as natural antioxidants and functional materials, e valuation of N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS) in 43 safflower accessions collected from South Asia was conducted. Method and Results : CS and FS were analyzed by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). The mean CS content was 32.74 ㎎/g dried extract (DE) with a range from 3.44 to 83.30 ㎎/g DE, and the FS content ranged from 1.43 to 34.53 ㎎/g·DE with a mean of 12.69 ㎎/g DE. The mean of TPC of 43 safflower accessions was 55.22 ㎍ GAE/㎎·DE. The average values of antioxidant activities based on DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP assay showed 48.77 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, 97.62 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, 70.22 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, and 50.01 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, respectively. The 43 safflower accessions were classified into two groups based on the complete linkage cluster analysis using their CS, FS, TPC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP. Group Ⅱ showed higher CS, FS and antioxidant activity than Group Ⅰ (p < 0.05). K185245 and K185247 were included in Group Ⅱ, K185245 had the highest CS and FS, and K185247 was the highest in TPC, DPPH, and ABTS. CS had significant positive correlation with FS (r = 0.849**). Significantly high correlation coefficients were recorded between TPC and antioxidant assays including DPPH, ABTS, and RP. The first two principal components had accounted for the 80.46 % of the total variance. Conclusion : These results showed that K185245 and K185247 could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials and could be useful to develop new functional materials.

Background : Carotenoids are pigments that are found in plants, fruits, bacteria, and fungi. β -carotene and canthaxanthin are orange pigments among thousands of carotenoids that possess potent antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to determine β-carotene and cantaxanthin in 55 Kimchi cabbage germplasm using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Method and Results : 55 Kimchi cabbage accessions were sown in plug trays in the end of August, 2016. All the tissue samples were freeze-dried for 1 week and ground into fine powder and stored at -20℃ until analysis. Crude carotenoids from freeze-dried materials (100 mg) were extracted using 1 ㎖ of 100% (v/v) hexane in 10 minutes by using sonication bath followed by centrifugation. The average β-carotene contents was 1.43 ㎎·㎏-1 and ranged from 0.76 (IT 120045) to 2.25 ㎎·㎏-1 (IT 100378). The average canthaxanthin content in the entire domain of sample was 0.59 ㎎·㎏-1 with a range between 0.36 (IT 32746) and 1.08 ㎎․㎏-1 (IT 100386). Canthaxanthin content was significantly positively correlated with β-carotene (r = 0.65**) and leaf length (r = 0.63**). However, canthaxanthin was negatively correlated with cotyledon color (r = -0.41**). Principal component analysis results of the first two components (PC1 and PC2) explained 44.53% of the point variability. Conclusion : The resources with the highest β-carotene and canthaxanthin content are IT 100378, 100386, 100391, and 110828. This study could be useful to select a potential sources of health beneficial carotenoids (β-carotene and canthaxanthin) in Kimchi cabbage germplasm in nutraceutical formulations and for further applications as a breeding material and other research activities.

Background : Alpha-linolenic acid is a type of omega-3 fatty acid and has been reported to be found at a remarkably high content in seeds of perilla (Perilla frutescens). The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid compositions in 45 perilla accessions collected from Russia and recommend the potential genetic resources related to their fatty acid compositions. Methods and Results : The 45 accessions of perilla seeds which were collected from Russia were used for the study. Perilla seed oil was recovered using hexane in a soxhlet extraction method. The fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography. The total oil content was ranged between 28.39 and 46.89%. The compositions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid ranged from 5.57 to 7.09%, 1.16 to 2.27%, 11.83 to 19.55%, 11.92 to 16.71%, and 59.19 to 67.28%, respectively. Cultivars 'Dayu', 'Daeyu' and 'Anyu' showed lower linolenic acid composition compared to the average value of linoleic acid in perilla germplasms collected from Russia. Cluster analysis based on the fatty acid composition of the 45 perilla accessions segregated into three groups. Group Ⅰ characterized as higher palmitic, stearic and oleic acid compositions compared to other groups. Group Ⅱ which contained 12 accessions had high total oil and linoleic acid composition. Group Ⅲ characterized as a higher linolenic acid composition compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Oleic acid showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.825) with linolenic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 74.4% total variation. Conclusion : Our results indicated that accessions IT235818, IT235820, IT226739 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition could be useful to develop new functional vegetable oil materials.

Background : Sclerotinia rot, caused by a fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the serious and unpredictable yield losses in perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaf production in Korea. Screening disease resistant genetic resources is necessary to develop disease-resistant cultivars and conduct related research. Methods and Results : A Total of 150 perilla accessions, including 123 Korean landraces and 27 cultivars developed in Korea, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) using detached leaf inoculation technique. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate KACC40457 was inoculated at the seedling stage (five to six leaves). For detached leaf method, a mycelial plug was placed fungus-side down on the main leaf vain and incubated at 22 ± 1℃ on moistened paper towel in a plastic box. Three Korean landraces, including IT117036, IT117106, and IT117110, and cultivar IT229431 showed 100% of resistance ratio (no. of plants showed below 1 ㎝ of lesion size/total evaluated plants × 100). Seven accessions including five landraces, IT117080, IT117107, IT117048, 117042, 117029, and two cultivaers, IT276225 and IT213781, showed high level of resistance that is higher than 80% of resistance ratio Conclusion : 11 accessions which showed strong and moderate level of resistance to Sclerotinia rot could be possibly used by breeders, farmers, and researchers to produce new disease resistant cultivars and use them commercially. However, research related to the exploration of appropriate materials (accessions) for breeding cultivars with good quality, high functional components, high consumer acceptability, etc. should be continued, considering pathogenicity test was conducted in young stage.

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of packaging material on the growth of rootstock of Liriope platyphylla. Methods and Results: This study examined the effects of two types of packaging material, LDPE (low density polyethylene) and functional film on the growth of the tubers of L. platyphylla, at 5℃. During the 16-weeks of storage period, the ratio of loss and decay of the tubers was examined at intervals of 4, 8, and 16 weeks to detect the quality of the plant. After 16 weeks of storage, the treated tubers were own. Subsequently, plant height and the number of leaves were recorded. The results revealed that functional film at 5℃ was the ideal material for the storage of L. platyphylla tubers. The rate of loss was the highest (57.42%) with a onion net and the lowest (22.12%) with a functional film. Similarly, the rate of tuber decay was highest (8.20%) using onion net and the least (4.60%) when the functional film was used. Conclusions: Thus, the use of the functional film proved to be the most effective in the storage of L. platyphylla tubers when compared with the LDPE.

Background : Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the fifth most important crop in the world. Although it is known as a crop with many medicinal action, Studies on sorghum breeding are inferior to other crop. Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate excellent varieties of sorghum which is stable and has excellent physiological activity. So, this study was conducted to investigate the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the sorghum accessions to select the sorghum accessions with rich antioxidants. The results of this study can be used as basic data for future breeding. Methods and Results : The seeds for study were supplied from the Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The seeds were extracted with 100% methanol and concentrated at 45℃. To determine antioxidant, we measured the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The highest total phenolic content showed in the accession from IT No. 155552 (55600.34 ± 17.78 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content showed the highest in IT No. 143716 (116563.20 ± 149.39 ㎎·QE/g). On the other hand the lowest total phenolic content showed in the accession from IT No. 135777 (20.14 ± 4.29 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content showed the lowest in IT No. 152910 (701.25 ± 5.53 ㎎·QE/g). Conclusion : Among 300 sorghum accessions, we analysed the total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents.

Background : Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor) is the fifth most important crop in the world. Although it is known as a crop with many medicinal action, Studies on sorghum breeding are inferior to other crop. Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate excellent varieties of sorghum which is stable and has excellent physiological activity. So, this study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activity of the sorghum species and to select the sorghum species with high antioxidant activity. The results of this study could be used as basic data for high-function breeding. Methods and Results : The seeds for study were supplied from the Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The seeds were extracted with 100% methanol and concentrated at 45℃. To determine antioxidant activity, we measured the DPPH radical scavenging ability and ABTS radical scavenging ability. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity showed in the accession from IT No. 158264 (RC50 : 5968.71 ± 4986.24 ㎍/㎖) and the ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the highest in IT No. 143744 (RC50 : 1558.47 ± 273.21 ㎍/㎖). On the other hand the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity showed in the accession from IT No. 155497 (RC50 : 3.26 ± 20.06 ㎍/㎖) and the ABTS radical scavenging activity showed the lowest in IT No. 152910 (RC50 : 3.31 ± 20.10 ㎍/㎖). Conclusion : Among 300 sorghum accessions, we analysed the antioxidant activities of DPPH and ABTS.

Background : Perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil is known to contain high omega-3 fatty acid than other plant oils. This study was aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition in seeds of 255 perilla accessions from South Korea and recommend the potential genetic resources rel ated to their fatty acid composition. Method and Results : Total oil was extracted by soxhlet extraction apparatus and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GCMS QP2010 ULTRA, SHIMADZU, JP). Total oil contents ranged from 22.41 and 47.62% with an average content of 34.20%. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid contributed 4.46 to 7.67%, 1.64 to 4.11%, 9.15 to 26.39%, 11.89 to 28.76%, and 50.24 to 64.16% to the total oil content, respectively. Seeds from Jeollabuk-do showed the highest average total oil content (41.14%) compared to other regions (p < 0.05), while the linolenic acid composition was the highest in the samples from Chungcheongnam-do (59.48%) (p < 0.05). The cluster analysis segregated the perilla seed accessions into two major clusters. ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (p < 0.05). Group Ⅰ (86 accessions) characterized as higher palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linolenic acid compositions than group Ⅱ (169 accessions). The highest content of linolenic acid were recorded in accessions K126190, K135903, and IT283646 from group Ⅰ, and accessions IT108680, IT208894, and IT111050 from group Ⅱ had high total oil content. Linoleic acid content showed a strong negative correlation with palmitic acid (r = -0.726*) and oleic acid (r = -0.678*) content. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 68.75% total variation. Conclusion : Our results showed that accessions K126190, K135903, IT283646 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition and accessions IT108680, IT208894, IT111050 which exhibited high total oil composition, could be useful to develop new functional oil materials.

Background : Perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens) are known to possess antioxidant activity and have long been used to treat a variety of health related issues. The present study was conduct ed to compare the antioxidant activity among perilla accessions collected from Russia. Method and Results : The leaves of a total of 46 accessions of perilla were collected from Russia. Crude extracts were obtained from 2 g of oven-dried perilla leaves using ASE-350 extractor. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (A BTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). TPC was ranged from 88.70 to 148.85 ㎍ gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /㎎ dried extract (DE). DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP were ranged from 59.49 to 94.80 ㎍ ascorbic acid equivalent (ASCE) /㎎ DE, 73.01 to 190.59 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, 98.73 to 326.39 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, 82.58 to 264.88 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, respectively. Cluster analysis based on antioxidant assay results of 46 perilla accessions divided into three major groups. Group Ⅰ (9 accessions) characterized as higher antioxidant activity accessions than other group (p < 0.001). The correlations between antioxidant assays were strong and positive (r ≧ 0.78). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 92.96 % total variation. Conclusion : Among the perilla accessions collected from Russia, group accessions clustered in group Ⅱ showed high antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that accessions IT274300, IT226732 and IT274293 could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials.

Background : The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extracts using various solvents. Method and Results : The safflower seed extracts was obtained using methanol (50, 75, 100%), ethanol (50, 75, 100%) and water. Total phenolic content (TPC) w as determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities w ere estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). Average TPC of safflower seed extracts were 72.03 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in methanol, 50.16 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in ethanol, and 28.47 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in water. TPC were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the solvents. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP a average activities of methanol extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity, with value of 62.95 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, 123.48 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, 171.68 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and 76.07 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, respectively. Values of Ethanol extracts showed DPPH 32.26 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, ABTS 81.02 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, FRAP 159.24 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and RP 34.83 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE. There was no significant difference between extracts of ethanol and methanol in FRAP value. The 75% ethanol extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than 50% and 100% ethanol extracts (p < 0.05). The 75% ethanol extracts had TPC 68.98 ㎍·GAE·eq/㎎ DE, DPPH 70.07 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, ABTS 166.59 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, FRAP 208.78 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and RP 82.16 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE. Conclusion : Although ethanol extracts had lower antioxidant activity compared to methanol, it was suggested to be more suitable for further studies as it is less toxic and a recommended food grade solvent. It is estimated that the bioactive substance is extracted extensively from 75% ethanol with high antioxidant activity.