The Janghang smelter is the first lead, zinc and copper smelting facility in Korea which was operated for a half century from 1936 to 1989. The clay minerals and their heavy metal association in the soil profile around the smelter have been studied using XRD, EPMA, SEM-EDS, TEM, EPR and sequential extraction techniques. The soils in A horizon are highly acidic showing pH 4.45. The pH is going up with increasing depth. They have residual water contents of 1.18-1.51 wt%, loss on ignition of 6.32-7.79 wt%, and carbon contents of 0.08-0.88 wt%. Soils consist of quartz, feldspar, muscovite, kaolinite, vermiculite, biotite, chlorite, goethite and hematite in the decreasing abundance. The contents of clay minerals, especially vermiculite and chlorite, decrease with increasing depth. Sequential extraction experiments for the profile samples show that heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) are highly concentrated in the A horizon of the soil profile as water-extractable (mostly amorphous), MgCl2-extractable (exchangeable in clay minerals), and organic phases. The heavy metal contents decrease with increasing depth. It suggests that the heavy metals are mainly associate with clay minerlas in an exchangeable state. It is also noted that heavy metals are highly concentrated in the manganese and iron oxide phases.

The community of phytoplankton and water quality were investigated 5 times from October, 1994 to October, 1995 in the east area of Chinhae Bay. Seasonal changes of environmental parameters were shown general pattern and related to the red tide mechanism of phytoplankton community. Seasonal variations of dissolved oxygen concentrations were affected by the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton community and the increase of COD at the bottom water was occurred after the red tide. The standing stocks of phytoplankton in this study area ranged 202 - 1616 Cells·ml^-1 and the bloom(red tide) was formed from April to July. The diatom species, Skeletonema costatum was a dominant species all the year round and the dinoflagellate species, Alexandrium tamarense and Prorocentrum triestinum were red tide species increased standing stocks in phytoplankton bloom.

eo, Kyunghee. 1997. Effective Methods of Grammar Instruction. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 10: 139-156. The purpose of this paper is to suggest effective methods of grammar instruction which has been undervalued by some researchers. First, this paper discusses consciousness raising which can be defined as the deliberate attempt to draw the learner`s attention to the formal properties of the target language. Next, input processing instruction, the transition from input to intake, is found to be a better method than traditional grammar instruction which stresses the manipulation of output. Finally, a task-based approach -- integrating grammar instruction and communicative language use -- is recommended for effective grammar teaching.

Because of the sharp increase of its export and import container cargo volumes contrast to the lack of related Container Terminal facility, equipment and inefficient procedure, there is now heavy container cargo congestions in Pusan Container Terminal. As a result of such a situation, many container ships avoid their calls into Pusan port. This is a major cause that in tum kads to weakening intemational competitiveness of the Korean industry. This study, therefore, aims are to make a quantitative analysis of Container Terminal System through the computer simulation, especially focusing on its 4 sub-system of a handling system, 'it is checked whether the current operation is being performed effectively through the computer simulation. The overall findings are as folIows; Firstly, average tonnage of the ships visiting the BCTOC was 32,360 G/T in from January '96, to may '96. The average arrival interval and service time of container ships at BCTOC are 5.63 hours and 18.67 hours respectively. Ship's arrival and service pattern at BCTOC was exponential distribution with 95% confidence and Erlang-4 distribution with 99% confidence. Secondly, average waiting time and number of ships was 9.9 hours, 235 ships(38%) among 620 ships. Number of stevedoring container per ship was average 747.7 TED, standard deviation 379.1 TEU and normal distribution with 99% confidence. Thirdly, from the fact that the average storage days of containers at BCTOC are 2.75 days (3.0 days when import, 2.5 days when export). it is founds that most containers were transfered to the off-dock storage areas with the free periods(5 days when import, 4 days when export), the reason for which is considered to be the insufficient storage area at BCTOC. Fourthly, in the case of gate in-out at BCTOC, occupied containers and emptied containers are 89% and 11% respectively in the gate-in, 75% and 25% seperately in the gate-out. Finally, from the quantitative analysis results for container terminal at BCTOC, ship's average wating time of ships was found to be 20.77 hours and berth occupancy rate(σ) was 0.83. 5~6 berths were required in order that the berth occupancy rate(σ) may be maintained up to 60% degree.

Yeo Sang-Pil. 1996. Partial Reduplication and Prosodic Structure. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 9: 161-183. The propose of this paper is to examine Jun`s(1993, 1999) and Davis & Lee`s(1996) analyses of Korean partial reduplication and to offer a new proposal on the subject. Contrary to Jun`s analysis, I show that Korean tense and aspirated consonants are not underlyingly geminates and coda consonants are not moraic. His metrical weight consistency is inapplicable to data with the final open syllables. Davis & Lee argue that Korean partial redulplcation entails the suffixing of a syllable template to the initial bisyllabic foot, with a foot-final consonant being extraprosodic. Their analysis, however, can not account for patterns of mora reduplications, closed syllable reduplications, and /wakili/-type. In this paper, I argue that a reduplicated syllable template to suffix must be specified as RS (σ), RI(σ_h), RI(σμ) according to various patterns of partial reduplication material and that extraprosodicity can be excluded in the Korean partial reduplication analysis. This approach is superior to the two previous analyses in that it covers more various types of Korean partial reduplication data.

The purpose of this study is to discuss and compare two approaches to using linguistic universals in the explanation of second language acquisition. The first approach is "Universal Grammar approach" within which the notions of parametric variation and markedness have been applied to second language acquisition. The second approach is "typological approach" which used the notion of implication to explain universals in second language acquisition. It is suggested that both the UG and the typological approach make many of the same fundamental assumptions about the nature of interlanguage and how such data are to be explained and that two approaches make different claims as to whether the grammars of primary languages and interlanguages are identical with respect to universals. More evidences are needed to decide which approach is better in explaining universals in second language acquisition.

This study was carried out to identify the problems and policy alternatives for the improvement of living conditions and environmentally friendly agriculture. The results of surveys on the current situations of living conditions in the rural areas revealed that the main cause of depopulation in Korean rural villages was the lack of social infrastructure and income sources. The current government policies for agriculture geared mainly for improvement of international comparative competitiveness will result in the further disadvantage against the mountainous regions with marginal agricultural lands. Therefore, it is recommended that the agricultural policy should be complemented by the environmental and social policies in the less favoured areas. This can be justified by the fact that the demand for environmental public goods such as recreational opportunities in rural settings uncontaminated by the industrial wastes is growing.

물쑥을 유용화하기위해 물쑥의 화학성분을 수집 종쑥과 분석비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 일반성분중 수분, 조회분 및 조섬유의 함량은 물쑥이 수집종쑥보다 높았다. 2. 비타민함량에 있어서는 thimain, riboflavin 및 ascorbic acid의 함량은 물쑥이 수집종쑥보다 약간 낮았고 niacin함량은 약간 높았다. 3. 식이섬유소함량은 물쑥이 40.91%, 수집종쑥이 38.42%이었으며 물쑥이 수집종쑥보다 hemicellusose, cellulose의 함량이 높았고 lignin함량은 낮았다. 4. 무기질함량중 K함량이 물쑥 5206.7mg%, 일반 쑥 4166.7mg%로 가장 높았고 Na, Fe 및 Mn의 함량은 물쑥이 수집종쑥보다 2배이상 높았으며 Cu함량만 물쑥이 수집종쑥보다 낮았다. 5. Phenolic compound 의 함량은 수집종쑥보다 물쑥이 약간 높았다.