Advances in information technology, communication and network technology are radically facilitating digital convergences as the integration of human, equipment, and space in the current industry 4.0 era. In industry 4.0 environment, the vast amount of information with networked computing technology can be simultaneously accessible even in limited physical space. Two main benefit points out of these information are the convenience and efficiency in their online transactions either buying things online or selling online. Even though there exist so many benefits that information technology can create for the people doing business over the internet there is a critical problem to be answered. In spite of many such advantages, however, online transactions have many dysfunctions such as personal information leakage, account hacking, and cybercrime. Without preparing the appropriate protection methods or schema people reluctantly use the transaction or would find some other partners with enhanced information security environment. In this paper we suggested a novel selection criteria that can be used to evaluate the reliable means of authentication against the expected risks under on-going IoT based environment. Our selection criteria consists of 4 steps. The first step is services and risk identification step. The second step is evaluation of risk occurrence step. The third step includes the evaluation of the extent of damage. And the final step is the assessment of the level of risk. With the help of the above 4 step-approach people can systematically identify potential risks hiding in the online transactions and effectively avoid by taking appropriate counter actions

본 연구는 길 찾는 능력과 거리를 인식하는 능력이 떨어지고 많은 주의력에 어려움을 느끼는 노인을 위해 간헐적인 주의 집중만으로 보행 안내를 받을 수 있는 손목에 착용하는 보행 보조 장치를 개발하기 위해 기존의 촉각 기술을 활용한 보행 보조 기술에서 시각 정보를 활용할 수 있도록 촉각 정보에 병행하는 시각 정보인 화면 UI에 초점을 맞추었다. 기술 수요자인 65세 이상 노인 30명에게 스마트워치를 착용시키고 Wizard of Oz로 네 가지 화면 UI로 길을 찾아가도록 지시한 후 각 화면 UI에 대한 평가 및 사후 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 선호도 순위, 경로를 이탈한 사람의 수, 경로 이탈 횟수에 대해 정량적 분석을 실시하고, 사후 인터뷰를 통해 수집된 사용 경험에 근거해 새로운 이해를 얻고자 질적 연구 방법론인 grounded theory로 정성적 분석을 진행하였으며, 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 모순적인 요구사 항을 가진 노인의 손목시계형 보행 보조 장치 개발 및 후속 연구를 위한 시사점을 도출하였다.

염미증진제(salt enhancer)는 짠맛이 없거나 혹은 약한 짠맛을 가지면서 소금의 짠맛을 끌어내어 상승시키는 식품 소재로 MSG, IMP, 효모추출물, 아미노산, 짠맛을 갖는 무기염류, 당류 등이 있다. 염미증강제는 직접적인 소금의 대체보다는 전반적인 풍미의 조화도 상승 및 향미 상승을 이끌어내 궁극적으로 나트륨 사용을 줄이는 효능을 가지고 있다. 염미증진제 소재 중 식물단백가수분해물(hydrolyzed vegetable protein)은 유리아미노산 함량이 많으며 만드는 과정 중 maillard reaction으로 인해 풍미가 향상되어 다양한 식품에 조미용 소재로서 널리 사용 중이다. 탈지대두단백산분해액의 경우 유리아미노산, 염 및 다양한 휘발성 화합물을 풍부하게 포함하고 있어 식품산업에서 식물단백가수분해물 중에서도 널리 사용되며 단백질 분해 중 생성되는 고유의 풍미는 치즈, 육가공품, 각종 발효식품에서 향미를 증진시키며, 특히 나트륨을 저감한 식품에 사용시 이취를 마스킹하는 효과가 있고, 통조림 및 냉동 식품에서도 향미의 변화 없이 사용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 식물성단백원료로부터 산분해 공정 및 특정아미노산 선별공정을 적용하여 분리한 탈지대두단백산가수분해액이 나트륨 저감 목적으로 사용되었을 때의 다양한 효과를 연구하였다. 연구결과로부터 지미 성분 아미노산인 Glutamic acid과 Aspartic acid가 45% 이상 함유되고, 기존의 일반 대두단백가수분해물보다 더 진한 농후미를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 감칠맛과 진한 맛을 상승시켜 맛을 부드럽게 만들고 짠맛을 증진시키기 때문에 식품의 나트륨 저감이 가능하다. 개발한 탈지대두단백산가수분해액을 천일염에 코팅하여 제조한 저염소금은 요리에 첨가했을 때 전체적인 풍미 상승으로 인해 기존 소금 첨가량보다 최대 30% 줄일 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 탈지대두단백 유래 염미증진용 소재는 맛풍미는 그대로 유지하면서도 소비자의 나트륨 섭취 양을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA) of carbon and nitrogen is useful tool for the understanding functional roles of target organisms in biological interactions in the food web. Recently, mixing model based on SIA is frequently used to determine which of the potential food sources predominantly assimilated by consumers, however, application of model is often limited and difficult for non-expert users of software. In the present study, we suggest easy manual of R software and package SIAR with example data regarding selective feeding of crustaceans dominated freshwater zooplankton community. We collected SIA data from the experimental mesocosms set up at the littoral area of eutrophic Chodae Reservoir, and analyzed the dominant crustacean species main food sources among small sized particulate organic matters (POM, <50 μm), large sized POM (>50 μm), and attached POM using mixing model. From the results obtained by SIAR model, Daphnia galeata and Ostracoda mainly consumed small sized POM while Simocephalus vetulus consumed both small and large sized POM simultaneously. Copepods collected from the reservoir showed no preferences on various food items, but in the mesocosm tanks, main food sources for the copepods was attached POM rather than planktonic preys including rotifers. The results have suggested that their roles as grazers in food web of eutrophicated reservoirs are different, and S. vetulus is more efficient grazer on wide range of food items such as large colony of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria during water bloom period.

Ni(OH)2 hollow spheres have been prepared by solvent displacement crystallization using a micro-injection device, and the effect of process parameters such as concentration and the relative ratio of the injection speed of the precursor solution, which is an aqueous solution of NiSO4·6H2O, to isopropyl alcohol of displacement solvent have been investigated. The crystal phases after NaOH treatment are in the β-phase for all process parameters. A higher concentration of NiSO4·6H2O aqueous solution is injected by a micro-injection device and bigger Ni(OH)2 hollow spheres with a narrower particle size distribution are formed. The crystallinity and hardness of the as-obtained powder are so poor that hydrothermal treatment of the as-obtained Ni(OH)2 at 120oC for 24 h in distilled water is performed in order to greatly improve the crystallinity. It is thought that a relative ratio of the injection speed of NiSO4·6H2O to that of isopropyl alcohol of at least more than 1 is preferable to synthesize Ni(OH)2 hollow spheres. It is confirmed that this solution- based process is very effective in synthesizing ceramic hollow spheres by simple adjustment of the process parameters such as the concentration and the injection speed.

Modular buildings are constructed by assembling modular units which are prefabricated in a factory and delivered to the site. However, due to a problem of noise between floors, concrete slab is usually poured at the top or bottom level of a modular unit in Korea. This greatly increases the weight of buildings, but designing vertical members of modular units to resist overall gravity loads is very inefficient. In this study, considering domestic building construction practices, feasible structural systems for tall modular buildings are proposed in which separate steel frames and reinforced concrete core walls are designed to resist gravity and lateral loads. To verify performance, a three-dimensional structural analysis has been performed with two types of prototype buildings, i.e., a residential building and a hotel. From the results, wind-induced lateral displacements and seismic story drifts are examined and compared with their limit values. Between the two kinds of buildings, the efficiency of the proposed system is also evaluated through a comparison of the weight of structural components. Finally, the effect of a floor diaphragm on the overall behavior is analyzed and discussed.

This study was to investigate the firing method of limestone in Joseon Dynasty, and analyze the physical·chemical properties of lime mortars in Joseon Dynasty. This study was to manufacture and evaluate the firing experiment and mortar of Limestone by each sort in order to reproduce the traditional lime mortars in Joseon Dynasty, and investigate the behavior to improve physical properties according to the firing method of Limestone. This study has found out that there were screening criteria and standard of appropriate firing temperature about the Limestone in Joseon Dynasty. Accordingly, this study was to improve its strength through various additives and mixture. In particular, in case of Limestone, the black and blue Limestone were preferred, and most of domestic Limestones were low grade Limestone including the clay and took ivory white or blue with low whiteness. This study has shown that the low grade Limestone was mined by the surface mining compared with the high grade Limestone as underground mining method, and could be used because it was easy to mine relatively and there was possibility that Natural Hydraulic Lime(NHL) was used with the traditional lime mortars in Joseon Dynasty.

There are many reasons of damage in Namhansanseong Yeojang. Lots of damage types are observed in each Yeojang. There are many types of damage factors but major damage factor is breakage by freezing and thawing. So Conduct non-destructive evaluation about damage factors in Namhansanseong Yeojang to analysis weathering factors in Yeojang by measuring directional microclimate. The study will pave the way for conservation management in Namhansanseong by suggesting the conservation calendar about weather condition and damage factors.

Depending on the growth of the construction industry, size of construction sites are becoming enlarged, and construction work is becoming diversified as well. However, this increases risks of safety accidents. In order to alleviate this problem, some large construction companies have implemented a Safety Patrol Management System (SPMS) in order to reduce accidents on construction sites. Aimed at the construction sites where SPMS has been applied, the purpose of this research is to calculate the proper number of SPMS safety mangers by comparing and contrasting the number of safety managers per person for each site with different sizes and the converted accident ratio. In addition, we also aim to calculate the adequate amount of SPMS safety management costs compared to the total amount of construction expenses required once SPMS is introduced.

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to optimize the thermal-alkaline pre-treatment operating conditions for anaerobic digestion of flotation scum in food waste leachate. Three independent variables such as thermal temperature, NaOH concentration and reaction time were evaluated. The maximum methane production of 369.2 mL CH4/g VS was estimated under the optimum conditions at 62.0°C, 10.1% NaOH and 35.4 min reaction time. A confirmation test of the predicted optimum conditions verified the validity of the BBD with RSM. The analysis of variance indicated that methane production was more sensitive to both NaOH concentration and thermal temperature than reaction time. Thermal-alkaline pretreatment enhanced the improvement of 40% in methane production compared to the control experiment due to the effective hydrolysis and/or solubilization of organic matters. The fractions with molecular weight cut-off of scum in food waste leachate were conducted before and after pre-treatment to estimate the behaviors of organic matters. The experiment results found that thermal-alkaline pre-treatment could reduce the organic matters more than 10kD with increase the organic matters less than 1kD.

In ground-based astronomical spectroscopic observations, there are many telluric absorption lines that are laid on the spectra of celestial objects. To study the physical properties of the celestial objects with these contaminated spectra, the telluric lines should be removed. A conventional method for removing the telluric lines is using the standard stellar spectrum as telluric line. In this paper, we introduce a technique to calculate synthetic telluric spectra and use them to remove telluric lines from a spectrum of a celestial object. We used Line-by-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) for calculating a synthetic spectrum and selected Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) model as atmospheric model. We apply our method to some spectra obtained by Bohyunsan Observatory Echelle Spectrograph (BOES) to show that the telluric lines are well removed from the observed spectra by our model within an accuracy of 2% which is close to the 1-sigma rms of the original spectra.

The amount of waste water generated from the domestic sources is consistently increasing in proportion to economic growth, and the conventional activated sludge process is widely being used for general waste water treatment. But the ministry of environment becomes stringthent treatment standards of N and P (less than 20mg/L of N, 2mg/L of P) to prevent the eutrophication of lake water, and therefore highly advanced treatment technology is required not only in the existing treatment plants where the activated sludge process is being used, but also in newly constructed treatment plants for the treatment of N and P. This study is aimed at highly operating the engineering technology method was developed by domestic to eliminate N and P at the same time. Experiments were conducted in the treatment plant located in Yong In city. The bioreactor was started from the principal equipment for the elimination of N and P and the elimination of organic compounds. It consists of an internal recycle piping from the end of the aerobic tank to the anoxic tank and external recycle piping from the final settling basin to the denitrification tank. By experiment of 4 types separate inflow of waste water to the denitrification tank and the anaerobic tank, and changes in staying time at the anoxic tank and the aerobic tank, the elimination of organic compounds in each type and the relationship in the efficiency between the elimination of N and P were researched.

While Korea had achieved radical growth of construction industry, it also had accumulated problems in material, human and economical loss due to its low quality of safety level. Therefore, not only enterprises but also the nation is putting in a great deal of efforts for construction safety. However, its effect is not satisfiable. This research aims for change of construction cite by introduction of professional Safety Patrol Management System(SPMS) and consideration of its necessity. To consideration of its necessity, we compared and anaylzed average numbers of indicated dangers and safety accident incidences in each construction cites and we researched changes in worker's safety sense. It will establish the suitable design standards and suggest the basic database for estimating disaster and accident ratio.

The disaster and safety accidents in any construction site occur inevitably. Since the on-site disaster and accident occurrence became one of major concerning factors in construction site, architects & building executers have been flooded with safety management advices. The purpose of this paper is to survey and analyze the effect of the application of Safety Patrol Management System(SPMS) upon the reduction of disaster & accident occurrences in construction site. In order to estimate and reduce the disaster and accident ratio in construction site, various surveyed data has been analysed. It will establish the suitable design standards and suggest the basic database for estimating disaster and accident ratio.

부비장은 정상인의 약 10%에서 발견되고 약 16%에서 췌장에서 발견되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 췌장 내의 부비장에서 발생한 유표피 낭종은 극히 드물고 특이적 방사선 소견이 없어 진단하기 매우 어려워 췌장의 낭성 종양으로 오진하기 쉽다. 저자들은 우연히 발견된 췌장 미부의 낭성 종괴에 췌장 낭성 종양 의심하에 원위부 췌장절제술을 시행하였으나 수술 후 병리학적인 검사상 췌장 내 부비장에서 발생한 유표 피 낭종으로 진단된 증례를 2예를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰 과 함께 보고하는 바이다. 췌장 내 부비장의 유표피 낭종은 영상학적인 검사나 임상양상을 통해서는 다른 췌장의 낭성 종양과 쉽게 구분할 수가 없으며 따라서 췌장 낭성 종양에 대한 감별진단으로 췌장 내 부비장의 유표피 낭종의 가능성도 고려가 필요하겠다.