This study investegated the positive effect of the urban agriculture experience program on the mental health of the elderly by measuring the mental health indices of stress and depression. The research subjects included an experiment group of seniors over 65 years old who participated in the program for over six months and a control group of seniors, whom resided in the same city. Stress and depression were surveyed as mental health indices, and the physiological disparity was measured to clarify the disparity in the autonomic nervous system. The collected data were analyzed with t-test using the SPSS WIN 12.0. The results of the stress index analysis revealed that, in terms of communication, stress scores related to loneliness were statistically significantly lower for the experiment group than the control group. Also, in terms of health, the stress levels of the experiment group tended to be significantly lower than the control group. The depression index analysis showed the control group had a much higher level of depression than the experiment group with considerably significant disparity. The autonomic nervous system analysis revealed the stress index was significantly lower for the experiment group than the control group, and also, in terms of pulse diversity, the experiment group was within the range of normality, whereas the control group was exposed to the influence of chronic stress. The research results showed that urban agriculture activities applied to the elderly stabilizes the sympathetic nerve and activates the parasympathetic nerve to increase the resistance against stress.

This study examined how OECD countries treat municipal solid waste (MSW) and how their methods of recovering energy after waste incineration changed as leaders prepared to resource circulation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The results showed that Korea, with its per capita MSW of 350 kg and recycling rate of 59%, was the most efficient among the 14 countries studied in regards to waste management. In Korea, the rate of waste reclamation dropped from 71% in 1995 to 15.7% in 2014. However, the rate of waste incineration is expected to increase, allowing the rate of waste reclamation to decrease to less than 1%. In addition, the study showed that the average rate of waste incineration was 49.8% in the OECD-EU countries and Japan, where reclamation rates are relatively low, and this average rate was higher than Korea’s rate of 25.3%. Therefore, Korea needs to identify ways to increase the rate of waste incineration and recover more energy from existing and future incineration plants. Such measures, along with the 3Rs of municipal solid waste and energy recovery, would help Korea become a society of both low carbon and resource circulation.

On the purpose to analyze the survival rate of startup companies since their establishment, the companies’ survival rate was investigated by surviving period. The average and coefficient of variation(C.V.) of the startup companies’ survival rate were examined with the comparison of urban and rural areas, and primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. In this study, the variation of total numbers of new-established companies, from 1998 to 2012, were analyzed with micro-data of the Statistics Korea, ‘The Census on Establishments’. The results show that the survival rate of primary industry companies largely fluctuate and don’t be stabled during the whole surviving periods, whereas secondary and tertiary industry companies show stabilized survival rate after fifth year from their establishment. Especially, the startup companies of primary industry located at urban areas show the largest fluctuation and the most vulnerable stability of survival rate. It is concluded that the surviving period of primary industry companies don’t guarantee their survival, while survival rate of secondary and tertiary industry company became stable after five years from their establishment.

현대사회는 디자인(Design)이라는 단어가 탄생하고 인간에게 개념이 확립되는 동안 많은 의미를 내포한다. 계속해서 발전하고 있는 사회에 있어 디자인은 인간과 함께 등장해야 하는 중요한 요소 중 하나인 것이다. 변화에 앞서 디자인 교육은 적극적으로 새로움을 받아들이고 재생산하는 학문이라고 할 수 있는 것이다. 현대 디자인 교육에 바우하우스의 디자인 교육의 방법론을 모태로 디자인 각 분야에 적용되고 있다. 인간의 질 높은 삶을 변화하는 무한한 힘을 지닌 디자인은 새로운 문명과 기술에 힘입어 많은 분야에 세분화 되겠지만, 독창적이고 창조적 역할을 하는 디자인 교육은 바우하우스의 교육을 앞으로도 따를 것이다. 본 연구는 바우하우스의 색채가 이론을 통해 현재 도시가 가지는 문제점을 파악하고 전문적으로 브랜드화 하여 강력한 도시를 개발하는데 목적이 있으며, IRI 형용사스케일에 각 도시별 이미지를 대입하여 얻은 연구의 결과는 도시만의 고유 문화, 경제, 사회에 관한 전반적인 홍보와 도시의 현재 상황을 분석하기 위하여 전문가 프로젝트 팀을 구성하여 각 요소별로 확인해야하며, 상위의 도시가 보여주는 결과를 통해 국내 각 도시가 가지는 환경색채와 어떠한 차이점이 있는지를 비교분석하여 도시이미지를 계획하여야 한다. 이러한 대안을 통해 무분별한 경제와 건축분야의 비대칭 발전에만 높이는게 아니라 올바른 환경색채의 활용과 지속가능한 도시개발, 고유의 정체성 있는 미래지향적인 도시를 만들어 나가야 할 것이다. 도시민의 생활 속에서 행복과 자부심은 어떠한 요소를 필요하지 않는 가장 살기 좋은 도시입니다. 하지만 이러한 도시를 계획하기 위해서는 도시민이 거주하는 환경의 수준이 높아야하며 그 환경은 자연과 색채가 함께 어우러지는 것이다. 도시의 경제적 성장만이 상위에 있는 도시가 아니라 인간과 자연친화적인 도시로 성장하기를 기대한다.

This study was performed to analyze the effects of a water circulation green area plan on non-point source pollution in Gimhae South Korea. A quantitative analysis of Arc-GIS data was conducted by applying a watershed model based on Fortran to investigate the changes to direct runoff and pollution load. Results showed that prior to the implementation of the water circulation green area plan in Gimhae, direct runoff was 444.05 m3/year, total biological oxygen demand (BOD) pollution load was 21,696 kg/year, and total phosphorus (TP) pollution load was 1,743 kg/year. Implementation of the development plan was found to reduce direct runoff by 2.27%, BOD pollution load by 1.16% and TP pollution load by 0.19% annually. The reduction in direct runoff and non-point source pollution were attributed to improvements in the design of impermeable layers within the city.

지금껏 안정적으로 폐기물을 처분해왔던 방법에 변화를 가져올 정책과 국제협정이 최근 제정 및 체결되었다. 첫 번째는 2016년 5월 29일 자원순환기본법이 제정･공포되어 2018년 1월 1일부터 시행될 예정으로 자원순환사회 기반을 구축하기 위한 제도적 기틀을 마련한 것이다. 지금까지 자원의 절약과 재활용촉진에 관한 법률에 의해 추진해오던 것에 비하면 자원순환에 관해서는 다른 법률에 우선하기에 폐기물 처분방법에 있어 변화가 있을 것으로 본다. 두 번째는 2015년 12월 프랑스 파리에서 열린 2020년 이후의 신기후체제가 논의되어 모든 국가가 온실가스 감축에 참여하는 파리협정을 체결하였다. 이로 인해 폐기물부문도 온실가스 감축을 위한 방안과 실행계획 마련이 있을 것으로 본다. 이 같은 정책과 국제협정이 지금껏 안정적으로 처분해왔던 폐기물관리에 일정부분 변화를 가져올 수밖에 없는 상황이다. 감량 목적의 단순 소각처분이 아닌 자원이 순환하고 온실가스 감축을 위해 에너지를 최대한 회수하기 위한 방안 마련이 필요한 것이다. 우리나라는 선진화된 폐기물정책 시행으로 인해 폐기물 감량이나 재활용에 있어서는 선도적 역할을 담당해오고 있으나 소각에너지 회수에 있어서는 미흡한 면이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 우리나라의 시도별 도시폐기물의 발생 및 처분 그리고 소각시설에 대한 현황을 2000년 이후 2014년까지 5년 주기의 변화 추이를 살펴봄으로써 앞으로 자원순환 정책과 기후변화 협약에 대응할 수 있는 방향성을 제언하고자 한다.

2005년도부터 전국적으로 음식물류폐기물이 분리･배출됨에 따라 음식물류폐기물의 발생억제 및 감량, 분리 배출 및 수거, 자원화를 위한 다양한 제도 및 정책이 시행되었고, 대부분의 국내 음식물류폐기물은 퇴비화, 사료화, 바이오가스화 등의 방법으로 자원화되고 있다. 그러나 배출에서 자원화까지 소요되는 높은 비용 부담률은 음식물류 폐기물 배출자 및 재활용 종사자들의 편익 저해 요인으로 꼽히고 있는 상황이며 도시 외지, 도서 및 산간 지역에 위치한 가정 및 상업시설 (펜션, 요식업소 등) 의 경우 지정학적 위치로 인한 수집운반 비용이 높게 형성되어 있어 음식물류 분리수거 환경 조성을 어렵게 하고 있다. 이러한 문제점들을 해결하고자, 본 연구에서는 도시 외곽 및 산간지역에 위치한 가정 및 상업시설의 음식물류폐기물을 ‘자가 재활용형 도시 음식물 류폐기물 발효소멸 퇴비화장치’ (이하 소형퇴비화장치)를 개발하여 해결하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 5kg 내외의 음식물류폐기물을 발효･소멸화시켜 퇴비를 생산하는 장치를 제작하고, 이에 대한 최적 운영조건 도출과, 사용자의 편의를 위한 무인자동화운전 시스템의 운영 가능성을 살펴보았다. 소형 퇴비화 장치는 약 180L의 용적을 가진 밀폐형 육각원통으로 제작하였으며, 구동모터를 설치하여 육각원통을 360°회전시켜 교반작업을 수행할 수 있도록 제작하였고, 내부에 블로워 설치를 통해 1.3L/min의 공기를 주입･배출하는 공기주입구를 제작하여 호기성 반응에 필요한 공기량을 조절 할 수 있도록 제작하였다. 장치운영에 필요한 전력은 단결정 태양광 패널로써 충당하였다. 실험 방법은 퇴비화 장치 내 호기성 소화를 돕는 호기성매질(톱밥+호기성퇴비)을 최초 1회 생성 후 음식물류 폐기물을 5kg/day 투입하였으며, 장치운영 조건은 음식물류폐기물 1회 5kg/day 투입, 교반 작업 6h/1회, 블로워 작동주기 10~15min/h로 하여 소화조 내 호기성 산화 반응에 따른 온도 변화량 및 내부물질의 성분, pH, 염도 변화를 살펴보았다. 또한 장치 운행 중 사용자의 편의를 위한 음식물류폐기물 투입과정 이외의 교반작업, 공기주입 작업은 타이머를 설치하여 자동화 운영 가능성을 살펴보았다. 실험결과 생산된 퇴비의 VS와 FS의 평균 측정값은 각각 82.82%, 17.17%를 나타내었고, 함수율은 평균 56.87% 를 나타내었다. 염도의 평균값은 0.49%로 측정되었으며, pH 값은 7.23으로 확인되었다. 이 같은 결과는 비료 공정 규격에 명시되어있는 기준 항목인 함수율, 염도, pH 중 함수율을 제외한 모든 항목에서 적정수치를 나타냈으며, 함수율은 추후 공기투입량 조정을 통해 일부 개선할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 블로워 작동주기를 12h/day 미만으로 하였을 시 장치의 전력부족 현상이 발생하지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 소형퇴비화장치의 발생 재활용물의 퇴비화과정의 적정성을 확인하였으며, 추후 생산된 퇴비에 관한 중금속함량 검사를 통해 음식물퇴비로써의 사용가능성을 검토할 것이다. 또한 장치의 무인 자동화 운영 가능성을 확인 하였고 이를 통한 도시 외지, 도서 및 산간지역에 위치한 가정 및 상업시설에서 소형퇴비화 장치 운영이 가능할 것으로 보인다. 이에 따라 도시 외지에서 발생하는 음식물류폐기물의 효율적인 처리가 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was conducted to examine effects of media kinds and container forms for urban agriculture on the growth of herbaceous and woody plants that could be used in construction of urban greenery and landscape gardens. The main objective of the study was to investigate the most efficient culture soil and container form for four herbaceous and one woody plant species. In this study, five different species were examined on three different media kinds [horticultural substrate (HS), decomposed granite (DG), and horticultural substrate + decomposed granite (HS + DG)] with two different container forms [vinyl pot (Ø7.5 cm) and plug tray (20 cells)]. The results indicated that pH values of media of HS and HS + DG were 5.8 and 5.9, respectively while DG was 6.5. HS had the highest electrical conductivity with 0.90 dS･m -1 while HS + DG and DG had 0.39 and 0.08 dS･m -1 , respectively. Especially, most of the species experimented on HS tended to have the highest growth rate in the plant height, the root length, the number of leaves and fresh biomass weight compared to other soil kinds (P<0.05). The growth rate on HS + DG was much higher than DG. Therefore, our results support that HS + DG could be possible to replace with HS. In addition, there had no differences on growth rates between container forms (P>0.05). The use of plug tray could be more applicable than the use of vinyl pot containers, considering growth rates of plants and convenient of shipment on plant production.

The objective of this study is to find a useful method of utilizing effluent water from the BFT inland water culture. Recently Sludge and effluent water have been noted to cause water pollution. Therefore, this progressive study of recycling method will replace the use of chemical fertilization. Effluent water from inland water culture contains many fertilization ingredients. This study used different using methods of fertilization. As a result, effluent water that isn't matured and diluted had positive effects on the growth of lettuce. Effluent water of undiluted involved many mineral elements and proper pH concentration for plants growth but which are involved many concentrations of Na + ion. High concentrations of Na + ions are harmful for the growth of plants. This experiment did not show plants adversely affected by Na + ions. Potentially Na + ions can cause physiological disturbances of the plant. Effluent water smells because effluent waters using is need to additional pre-treatment for removal its high concentration Na + ions and bad smell.

This study was in line with consecutive growth of urban agriculture implemented to provide a functional vegetable garden model for urban vegetable gardeners. It targeted the users who actually raise functional vegetable gardens, analyzed the flaws for correction in many ways including a type of products, quantity, ratio, and the like and existing problems. It is found out from Utilization that first is the highest ranking with no experience of growing vegetable garden education while growth education helping vegetable garden activity takes the half. Saying yes to the participation in the growth education following the process ranked the highest. In addition when planting, in regards to earning information about plantation timing and measure, they responded that they directly determine those by themselves. Second, the type of plant that they are mainly supposed to produce in family gardening was vegetables. Many say that it is easy to produce, easy to get information. In the fall, Kimchi and vegetables ranked the highest, the reason for functional vegetable gardeners to participate in planting family garden is an interest in a variety of producing crops. Third, the current amount included is proper for flower･herb plants in functional vegetable garden model while the ratio of crops vegetables60.5 : medical21.2 : flower･herbs18.3 in vegetable garden model is responded moderate.

The light rail transits, in theses days, are planed to be introduced in Korea. However, there are more and more problems regarding the noise and vibration from the trackway. In order to reduced the vibration and noise, various method have been applied. Among those methods, it is that one of the most effective ways is to apply the floating mat underneath the slab track. In this stud, a numerical modeling to calculate the effect of the floating mat is to be used as well as the performance of the floating track.

This study analyzes the PM10 characteristics (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 ㎛), concentration, and emissions in eight large South Korean cities (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju, Ulsan, Busan, Jeju). The annual median of PM10 concentration showed a decline of 0.02~1.97 ㎍/㎥ in the regions, except for Incheon, which recorded an annual 0.02 ㎍/㎥ increase. The monthly distribution levels were high in spring, winter, fall, and the summer, but were lower in summer for all regions except for Ulsan. These differences are thought to be due to the dust in spring and the cleaning effect of precipitation in summer. The variation in concentrations during the day (diurnal variation) showed that PM10 levels were very high during the rush hour and that this was most extreme in the cities (10.00 and 18.00-21.00). The total annual PM10 emissions analysis suggested that there had been a general decrease, except for Jeju. On-road mobile (OM) sources, which contributed a large proportion of the particulates in most regions, decreased, but fugitive dust (FD) sources increased in the remaining regions, except for Daegu. The correlation analysis between PM10 concentrations and emissions showed that FD could be used as a valid, positive predictor of PM10 emissions in Seoul (74.5% (p<0.05)), Dajeon (47.2% (p<0.05)), and Busan (59.1% (p<0.01)). Furthermore, industrial combustion (IC) was also a significant predictor in Incheon (61.7% (p<0.01)), and on-road mobile (OC) sources were a valid predictor in Daegu (24.8% (p<0.05)).

This study surveyed the human thermal responses according to the green space types. Three green space type (forest trail, residential area and central building district) were set the research sites in Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul. The physical thermal environment factors were measured while the human thermal responses were investigated. The air temperature and radiant temperature showed higher in central building area where sky view factor was 0.799 than in forest trail where sky view factor was 0.651. The skin temperatures increased according to green space type and rectal temperatures showed the highest value in central building area. The thermal sensation vote and thermal comfort showed the differences only between forest trail and central building area. These results will use as base line data on the green space type management plan for thermal environment amenity.

This paper suggests the method of the spherical signature description of 3D point clouds taken from the laser range scanner on the ground vehicle. Based on the spherical signature description of each point, the extractor of significant environmental features is learned by the Deep Belief Nets for the urban structure classification. Arbitrary point among the 3D point cloud can represents its signature in its sky surface by using several neighborhood points. The unit spherical surface centered on that point can be considered to accumulate the evidence of each angular tessellation. According to a kind of point area such as wall, ground, tree, car, and so on, the results of spherical signature description look so different each other. These data can be applied into the Deep Belief Nets, which is one of the Deep Neural Networks, for learning the environmental feature extractor. With this learned feature extractor, 3D points can be classified due to its urban structures well. Experimental results prove that the proposed method based on the spherical signature description and the Deep Belief Nets is suitable for the mobile robots in terms of the classification accuracy.

Wind information is one of the major inputs for the prediction of urban air flow using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models. Therefore, the numerical characteristics of the wind data formed at their mother domains should be clarified to predict the urban air flow more precisely. In this study, the formation characteristics of the wind data in the Seoul region were used as the inlet wind information for a CFD based simulation and were analyzed using numerical weather prediction models for weather research and forecasting (WRF). Because air flow over the central part of the Korean peninsula is often controlled not only by synoptic scale westerly winds but also by the westerly sea breeze induced from the Yellow Sea, the westerly wind often dominates the entire Seoul region. Although simulations of wind speed and air temperature gave results that were slightly high and low, respectively, their temporal variation patterns agreed well with the observations. In the analysis of the vertical cross section, the variation of wind speed along the western boundary of Seoul is simpler in a large domain with the highest horizontal resolution as compared to a small domain with the same resolution. A strong convergence of the sea breeze due to precise topography leads to the simplification of the wind pattern. The same tendency was shown in the average vertical profiles of the wind speed. The difference in the simulated wind pattern of two different domains is greater during the night than in the daytime because of atmospheric stability and topographically induced mesoscale forcing.

A survey was performed to present a scheme for building a healing forest park inside a city in consideration of the fact that healing forests are located in non-urban areas because of their nature, and are therefore not conveniently accessible to urban population (n=196). As a result, among 196 respondents to the survey, 74.5% indicated that it was necessary to build an urban healing forest park. In the case of the expected usage pattern, were an urban forest park to be built, the largest proportion responded that it would be used to “walk”, followed by “rest and meditation” and then “meeting/talk/date”. An analysis showed that the largest proportion responded that they factor in “Accessibility” (48%), followed by “Park condition” (16.8%), and “Vegetation type” (12.2%). According to the analysis of usage preference for healing therapy, it was shown that the largest proportion preferred “Terrain therapy” (37.8%), followed by “Exercise therapy” (19.9%), and “Naturopathy” (18.9%). The factor anlaysis of usage preference regarding urban healing forest park facilities showed that the components were divided into “Operation facilities” and “Natural healing space”, and the largest proportion preferred “Trails for healing”, followed by “Space or forest for meditation” and “Health promotion center”, and then “Facilities for a exercise therapy”. In building an urban healing forest park, we think that it is effective to introduce zones and facilities in consideration of park characteristics that are centered on everyday behaviors, such as taking a walk, which differ from those of healing forests located in non-urban areas.