The purpose of this study was to suggest feasible disposal methods for heavy-metal-contaminated soil or mine tailings through solidification/stabilization. To improve the compressive strength and enhance the heavy-metal stabilization after solidification/stabilization, we used the industrial wastes (oyster shell powder and waste gypsum) and indigenous bacteria as immobilization agents. Three indigenous bacteria were isolated from each heavy-metal-contaminated soil or mine tailing site, and the bacteria were identified by cellular fatty acid composition analysis. The results of cellular fatty acid composition analysis showed that the closest strains of these bacteria are Brevibacillus centrosporus, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, and Bacillus megaterium. To the best of our knowledge, this research was the first report of biomineralization by Brevibacillus centrosporus. As a result of mixing additives with the optimum mixing ratio suggested in this study, the compressive strengths of specimens were satisfied in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) waste treatment standard after 28 days of aging. Additionally, the results of the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) analysis showed the successful immobilization of heavy metals after 28 days of specimen formation for solidification/stabilization.

Background:The study was conducted to investigate the distributions of faecal bacteria in commercial oriental medicine herb products.Methods and Results:A survey was conducted on the microbial contamination levels and antimicrobial specificity of Bacillus cereus and other microbes using 106 oriental medicine herb products on sale in Seoul. Pouring and isolation methods such as standard plate counts were used to identify the bacteria. The isolated bacterias included coliforms, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp.were identified by using gram staining and an API (analytical profile index) kit. Antimicrobial drugs discs were determined by CLSI (clinical and laboratory standards institute).Conclusions:The bacterial isolates present in the herbal medicines included 98 coliforms, 45 Bacillus spp., 29 Enterococcus spp., and 2 Listeria spp. Among these, there were nine Bacillus cereus strains, one Enterococcus faecium strain, and one Enterococcus faecalis strain present. The 9 Bacillus cereus strains were tested for susceptibility to 36 types of antibiotics products by the disc diffusion method. The strains showed resistance to 13 of these antibiotic products and semi-resistance to 5 antibiotic products. On the basis of these results, any oriental medicine herb product can be assumed to be contain resistant or semi-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, we suggest prescribing guidelines and special management for the use of antibiotics in farms producing oriental medicine herb products.

본 연구는 면역저하 환자용 신선편의 채소류의 위생화를 위해 당근, 오이고추, 방울토마토, 파프리카를 모델식품으로 선정하여 다양한 흡수선량으로 엑스선 조사처리한 후 미생물학적, 이화학적, 관능적 품질 평가를 수행하였다. 당근과 오이고추의 경우 0.4 kGy, 방울토마토와 파프리카의 경우 0.2 kGy 이상의 흡수선량으로 엑스선 조사처리 시멸균이 확인되었으며, 총 호기성세균 및 대장균군을 제외한 병원균들은 1 log 수준의 검출한계 이하로 나타났다. 모델식품에 접종된 E. coli. L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimyrium에 대한 엑스선의 D10값은 0.11-0.32 kGy로 나타나, 0.4 kGy의 흡수선량을 신선편의 채소류의 멸균을 위한 잠정적인 최소 흡수선량으로 설정하였다. 최대 0.6 kGy의 흡수선량으로 엑스선 조사처리된 신선편의 채소류에 대한 전체 선호도의 경우 7점 척도에서 모두 5.0 점 이상으로 나타나 이들의 관능적 품질이 수용 가능한 수준인 것으로 판단하였다. 또한, 암환자를 대상으로 엑스선 멸균처리(0.4 kGy)된 신선편의 채소류에 대한 선호도 설문조사에서 오이고추와 방울토마토, 파프리카의 경우 모든 항목에 대한 평균 선호도 점수는 5점 척도에서 모두 4.0점 이상으로 나타났다. 따라서 엑스선으로 멸균처리된 오이고추, 방울토마토, 파프리카는 면역력이 저하된 환자들을 위한 위생학적으로 안전한 신선편의 채소로 제공이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

우리나라는 대부분의 상수원을 하천, 호소 등의 지표수에 의존하고 있어 상수원으로 유입되는 각종 하폐수, 농축산 폐수, 광신 및 공장폐수 등의 오염물질의 유입으로 인해 상수원의 수질오염이 날로 심해지고 있는 실정이다. 이를 처리하기 위해 고도정수시설을 설치하여 운영하고 있으나 원수 수질의 악화로 고도정수시설의 수명을 단축시키고 있으며 처리효율을 저하시키는 단점이 있다. 이에 따라 최근에 생물막 여과법을 적용하는 사례가 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 생물막 여과법은 미생물을 부착 서식 시키는 입상의 충진재에 원수를 접촉시켜 수중의 유기물과 암모니아성 질소 등을 생물학적으로 제거하는 방법으로 매질의 표면에 호기성 미생물이 부착 성장함으로써 다량의 미생물을 유지할 수있어 오염 물질의 충격 부하에도 잘 견디는 장점이 있다. 생물막 여과법의 특성은 미생물의 다양성이 높고 먹이 연쇄가 길며 질산화 미생물이 잘 증식하는 것으로 알려지고 있으나 생물막이 폐색되거나 여재의 흡착능이 떨어졌을 경우 역세시스템을 이용하여 여재의 성능을 복원하거나 교체해야하는 단점이 이있다. 최근 생물막 여과법 여재인 바이오 세라믹의 수요가 증가하고 있다. 바이오세라믹은 높은 기공율에 의한 최적의 미생물 담체로써 통기성이 우수하고 난분해성 유기물의 흡착, 분해, 정화 능력이 우수하며 강도가 우수해 인공 토양 및 수처리용으로 사용되고 있다. 본 사업은 이러한 바이오세라믹을 제조함에 있어 산업단지에서 발생하는 부산물인 폐활성탄소 부산물을 활용하여 바이오세라믹 여재 제조 가능성 및 성능 등을 파악하고자 추진되었다. 활성탄소 부산물을 활성탄 필터 제조시 결합제인 바이더와 함께 혼합한 후 필터 모양의 성형기에 충진한 후 가열 및 성형을 하여 최종 활성탄 필터로 발생된다. 발생 형태는 스크랩 및 분진 형태로 그 동안에는 바인더 물질에 의해 재사용이 불가하여 폐기 처분 되었다. 그러나 본 사업에서는 원료, 혼합(활성탄 부산물+제올라이트), 결합, 성형, 건조, 소성, 냉각, 선별 시제품 테스트 공정을 통해 사업화 가능성을 판단한다. 제조 공정에서 제일 중요한 공정은 결합 공정으로써 제올라이트와 활성탄 부산물의 효율적인 결합을 촉진하기 위하여 무기계 HDPE을 사용하여 추진하게 된다. 그후 생산된 바이오세라믹을 여재비중, 비표면적, 암모니아성 질소 제거능, 탁조 제거 효율 등을 측정하며 실제적으로 수처리 공정인 생물막 여과법에 적용을 통해 실시하고자 한다. 이를 통해 최종적으로 산업단지 입주기업에서 발생하는 부산물을 활용하여 자원 순환 네트워크를 구축하고자 하는데 목표가 있다.

Anaerobic digestion is one of the most economical ways to treat organic wastes; the production of excessive sludge is limited; aeration is not required; operation cost is low; valuable energy resource (methane) is produced. However, propionate, an intermediate substance during the process, is known to inhibit biochemical process at high concentration; but it is difficult to be degraded biologically as its oxidation is thermodynamically unfavorable (△G>0). However, there are several microorganisms which could oxidize propionate fully by their syntrophic association. Therefore, in this research, the propionate enrichment culture was produced in large amount (~1L), and the main players which are responsible for utilizing propionate are identified. Furthermore, the kinetic parameter was obtained from this research. Seed came from two different full-scale anaerobic digesters which is located in Joongrang (JR) and Sincheon (SC). 16s rRNA gnee based metagenomics results indicated that Smithella propionica and Methanobacterium beijingense were the most dominant species in all seeds. The fact that bacterial family Syntrophomonadaceae and archaeal genus Methanosaeta were also found significantly in all seeds means that there might be symbiotic relationship among propionate oxidizing bacteria, butyrate oxidizing bacteria, hydrogenotrophic methanogens and acetotrophic methanogens in complete oxidation of propionate. Based on the first order kinetic which indicated propionate degrading rate, k (1/day) on JR and SC was represented 0.0243 and 0.0223, respectively. Also, based on Modified-Gompertz model, umax on JR and SC was represented as 0.024 and 0.016, respectively.

산업혁명 이후 산업발달과 더불어 폐기물 발생량 또한 크게 증가하였다. 이에 따라 정부에서는 폐기물 발생량을 감소시키는 것과 동시에 폐기물을 효율적으로 처리하고 이용하는 자원순환형 폐기물 관리체계로 전환하기 위해 법적, 제도적 체계를 구축하고 있다. 이러한 체계에 따라 생활폐기물, 건설폐기물, 사업장폐기물이 재활용 되고 있다. 사업장 폐기물 중 폐석고는 건축 공업용 페인트, 인쇄 잉크, 도자기 등을 생산하는 과정에서 발생되는 사업장 폐기물로서 연간 약 400 만톤이 발생되고 있다. 발생된 폐석고는 석고보드 및 농업용으로 재활용 되고 있다. 하지만 재활용되지 못한 잉여분은 매립시설에 매립되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 다른 추가적인 재활용 방안이 필요하다. 일반적으로 MICP(microbially induced calcite precipitation)는 urea 가수분해 효소를 생성하는 미생물의 urea 분해 메커니즘을 통해 탄산칼슘과 같은 탄산염을 석출시키는 기작을 말한다. 최근 국내･외로 MICP 기작에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있으나 폐석고를 재활용함에 있어 MICP 기작을 이용한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 매립시설에 매립되는 폐석고의 물리･화학적 전처리를 통해 최적의 칼슘이온 용출 조건을 도출하고, MICP 기작을 통한 탄산칼슘 형성을 확인하여 폐석고를 재활용함에 있어서 MICP 기작을 활용하는 기초자료를 제시하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 폐석고의 특성을 파악하고자 XRD, XRF, 입도분석을 실시하였으며, 물리･화학적 전처리에 따른 칼슘이온 농도를 ICP-AES로 분석하였다. 특히, 미생물 투입 후 형성된 침전물에 대하여 XRD 및 FE-SEM 이용하여 시료를 분석하였다.

Inappropriate storage of fresh-cut onions may result in losses of good quality. To understand storage conditions for shelf-life and quality of fresh-cut onions, The effect of packing type and storage temperature on the quality of fresh-cut onions was evaluated. Onions stored at 0℃ for 2 months were peeled off after removing root and shoot parts. Each three peeled onions were packed in a polyethylene film (PE, 50 μm) or in a polyethylene/polypropylene film (PE/PP, 100 μm) with vacuum treatment (70 cmHg) and stored at different temperatures (4, and 10℃) for 21 days. The following analyses were examined to evaluate the quality of fresh-cut onions: microbial population, surface color, titratable acidity and pH, respiration rate, and sensory quality. Fresh-cut onions stored at 4℃ showed less aerobic and coliform bacterial population than those stored at 10℃ during observation periods. Fungal populations of fresh-cut onions packed in PE film stored at 10℃ increased significantly after 13 days. E. coli was not detected in all treatments during whole storage periods. Surface colors of fresh-cut onions were not affected by packing type and storage temperature, however, color difference (ΔE) of fresh-cut onions in PE/PP film stored at 10℃ was significantly higher than those of other treatments. Titratable acidity of fresh-cut onions was not affected by packing type and storage temperature. However, pH of fresh-cut onions packed in PE film stored at 10℃ increased gradually over the whole storage period. Fresh-cut onions packed in PE film showed higher CO2 and less O2 concentrations at 10℃ than those at 4℃. The sensory quality of fresh-cut onions was significantly affected by packing type and storage temperature after 13 days. Particularly, vacuum treatment in PE/PP film showed better sensory quality than that of PE film package at the same storage temperature. It was concluded that vacuum treatment and storage at 4℃ could be effective to prolong the quality of fresh-cut onions up to 21 days.

Background : Ginseng widely cultivated as a major medicinal herb in Korea, is economically important crop for farmer. Ginseng root disease caused by soil borne pathogens is main factors restricting the quantity and quality of ginseng. The disease can result in harvest loss of up to 20~70% and limits the replanting of ginseng under same field for long time. The traditional control method of agrochemical use is not recommend to control soil borne disease because of difficulty in use and unstable effect. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of several antagonistic microbes for developing biological control method of ginseng root rot. Methods and Results : To select biocontrol agents against ginseng soil borne disease, several bacteria were isolated from ginseng root and rhizosphere soil evaluated in vitro screening of antifungal bacterial against ginseng root pathogens. Two antagonistic bacteria, ES17 and CJ4, showed the strongest inhibition effect against ginseng root pathogen. In the pot experiment under greenhouse conditions, ginseng seedling dipped in bacterial suspension at inoculum density of 106 cfu/ml for 1 hour were planted in pot containing inoculum. Control effect was examined depend on disease severity index at 30 days after inoculation. Ginseng root treated with CJ4 and ES17 isolate reduced root rot disease development on the ginseng root with degrees of control efficacy of 85% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion : Two biocontrol agent, Burkholderia ambifaria CJ4 and Paenibacillus strain ES17, had strong antifungal efficacy against ginseng soil borne pathogens. These results obtained from in vitro test and pot experiment suggest the potential applicability of the biocontrol agent to control ginseng root rot caused by various soil borne pathogens.

Background : This study was carried out to select the medicinal crop having the superior antimicrobial activity against 5 microorganisms among 20 medicinal crops. Methods and Results : Dried plants were extracted by methanol. The extracts of each plant were evaporated under vacuum. The extracts were absorbed into 50㎕ of each extracts on paper disk and diameter of clear zone was confirmed around the colony. The results showed that diameter of the clear zone against Escherichia coli was the widest in Rhus javanica(R. javanica, 16mm), followed by Evening primrose(14.5mm), Chinaberry(13mm) and Giant knotweed(11mm). Also, diameter of the clear zone against Vibrio parahaemolyticu was the widest in R. javanica(26mm), followed by Evening primrose(21mm), chrysanthemum flower(19mm), Chinese pepper(16.5mm), Chidii rhizoma(11.5mm), Curly dock(11.5mm), Comfrey(11mm), Black nightshade(11mm) and Mustard(10mm). Likewise, diameter of the clear zone aginast Proteus mirabilis was the widest in R. javanica(11.5mm), followed by Chinaberry(11mm). Specially, diameter of the clear zone against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was identified only in R. javanica(12mm and 11mm, respectively). Therefore, R. javanica showed the best excellent antimicrobial activity among 20 medicinal crops. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of R. javanica were 2,725mg/100g and 30.2mg/100g respectively. DPPH and ABTS activity of R. javanica were 92.6% and 98.4%, respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that R. javanica can be utilized as natural food additives and antioxidant materials because of its powerful antimicrobial action and the high antioxidant activity.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of replacing 40% corn meal with three different types of barley (Youngyang, Wooho, and Yuyeon) on the chemical compositions, microbial indices, gas emission, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content in feces of growing pigs. Sixteen pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) with an initial average body weight of 71 ± 2 kg were maintained in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to four treatments containing different sources of barley, for 23 days. The treatment with three different barley types replacing 40% ground corn showed no effect (P>0.05) on fecal chemical compositions, microbial indices, gas emission, and VFA. However, some differences (P<0.05) were noted in the chemical compositions of crude fiber and ash, and in the levels of Lactobacillus and Salmonella in the feces of the growing pigs. In conclusion, methane and hydrogen sulfide decreased by replacing 40% corn meal with Youngyang and Wooho barley, respectively.

This study was carried out to get basic resources for the industrial use of Lactobacillus bulgaricus SP5. The antibacterial activity of the supernatant obtained from Lactobacillus bulgaricus SP5 was tested against the pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli KCCM 11234, Salmonella enteritidis KCCM 3313, Salmonella enteritidis KCCM 12021, and Salmonella typhimurium KCCM 40253. The supernatant of L. bulgaricus SP5 showed antibacterial activity against tested pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity was examined after adjusting pH and heat treatment of supernatant. Heat treatment of supernatant had antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria at all temperature. However, pH changes showed no antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of the supernatant was confirmed to be due to organic acids (lactic, acetic, phosphoric, succinic, pyroglutamic, citric, malic, and formic acid).

Background: Crop rotation plays an important role in improving soil chemical properties, minimizing the presence of disease pathogens, and assists in neutralizing autotoxic effects associated with allelochemicals. Methods and Results: Five rotation crops of sudan grass, soybean, peanut, sweet potato, and perilla were cultivated for one year with an aim to reduce yield losses caused by repeated cropping of ginseng. In 2-year-old ginseng grown in the same soil as a previous ginseng crop, stem length and leaf area were reduced by 30%, and root weight per plant was reduced by 56%. Crop rotation resulted in a significant decrease in electrical conductivity, NO3, and P2O5 content of the soil, whereas organic matter, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn content remained-unchanged. Soil K content was increased following crop rotation with sudan grass and peanut only. Rotation with all alternate crops increased subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, whereas root weight per plant significantly increased following crop rotation with perilla only. A significant positive correlation was observed between root rot ration and soil K content, and a significant negative correlation was observed between ginseng root yield and the abundance of actinomycetes. Crop rotation affected the soil microbial community by increasing gram negative microbes, the ratio of aerobic microbes, and total microbial biomass whereas decreases were observed in actinomycetes and the ration of saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: In soil exhibiting crop failure following replanting, crop rotation for one year promoted both soil microbial activity and subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, but did not ameliorate the occurrence of root rot disease.

Background: This study examined the use of new bio-materials with enhanced value and functionality, which were derived from fermented wild ginseng cultures. Methods and Results: To examine the antioxidant activity associated with biological functions, radical scavenging analyses (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ABTS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity analyses were conducted. Furthermore, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of wild ginseng fermented with microorganisms (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis subsp. inaquosorum) were evaluated to determine the antioxidant activity increment. Regarding ginseng fermented with B. licheniformis, values of 70.6 ± 1.4%, 44.3 ± 1.7%, and 88.4 ± 1.3% were measured using DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like antioxdiant activity analyses, respectively. The total phenolic content in ginseng fermented with B. licheniformis was 184.5 ± 0.9 ㎍• GAE/㎖, and the total flavonoid contents was 108.5 ± 1.8 ㎍• QE/㎖ in ginseng fermented with L. mesenteroides. Conclusions: Of the four types of lactic acid bacteria examined, the use of B. licheniformis to ferment ginseng resulted in greatest increase in antioxidant activity. Therefore, ginseng fermented by microorganisms might be used to produce functional bio-materials.

In this study, we compared disease incidence rate and phyllosphere microbial community between drought resistance transgenic rice (Agb0103) and non-transgenic Ilmi (NGM) during 2011-2014 to examine an environmental risk assessment of drought resistance transgenic rice (Agb0103). As the results, major diseases such as sheath blight, brown spot, leaf blast and false smut were occurred, however, there were no significant disease incidence rate between Agb0103 and NGM. As the results of counting bacterial and fungal viable cell, the colonies were increased or decreased which affected by environmental conditions, however there were no differences between Agb0103 and NGM. Also unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) analysis based on polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) revealed that DGGE band pattern of bacterial and fungal communities were clustered by each month and there were no differences between Agb0103 and NGM. Furthermore, isolated casual agents causing sheath blight and brown spot were collected from Agb0103 and NGM, and they revealed that each of pathogens were no differences in morphology and pathogenicity. Therefore, our results suggested that Agb0103 showed no differences in disease incidence rate, characteristic of pathogens and phyllosphere community with NGM. In this way, it can be assumed that transgenic rice Agb0103 could not influence phyllosphere microorganism community and environmental conditions.

Social needs are increasing due to the increase of degenerative brain diseases because of the aging society. The most common type of degenerative brain diseases is Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which makes most of cases. New scientific challenges indicate that gut microbiota are directly associated with the progress of degenerative brain diseases through triggering metabolic diseases, modulating immune response, and changing diversity of microbial community. A high-valuable strategy is proposed for the management of these disorders and as an adjuvant for psychiatric treatment of degenerative brain diseases and other related metabolic diseases through modulation of the gut microbiota including probiotics.

Background : barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), is a member of the grass family Poaceae (Gramineae) consider the fourth most important cereal crop and primarily used to feed the animals. The second most common use of barely is for malt, which is used mostly in beer, but also in hard liquor, malted milk and flavoring in a variety of foods. As immense economic importance a fast and high germination is required in order to achieve its desired production. In regard to this the present study was performed to evaluate the effect of beneficial microbes (BM), on barely seed germination when mixed with in the synthetic germination medium. Methods and Results : Barely seeds were surface sterilized using 0.01% HgCl2 solution and transfer for germination in the medium supplemented with 200 and 500 X diluted BM separately. Effectiveness of the BM were determined by calculating the germination percentage (GP), germination index (GI), mean germination time (MGT), germination time 50% (T50) and compared with control seeds germinating in absence of BM. Results obtained from the study suggest that BM at 200 X dilution is much efficient to speed up the germination process (66.7 ± 2.3 %) in contrast to 500X diluted BM (61.4 ± 3.6 %). Results of the other germination parameters (GI, MGT and T50) supported the 200X BM effective for seed germination as compare to 500X and control. Conclusion : Our results signify that BM has potential to enhance the germination efficacy of barley seeds and thus could be used to improve the germination.

Background : Ginsenosides, the main ingredient of ginseng roots can be confirmed various physiological activity such as anticancer, antioxidant, a natural ginsenosides is there a structure to be absorbed into the body does not work well absorbed through this process biologically active thus a high conversion ginsenosides. β-glucosidase enzyme is observed in several of the microorganism with an enzyme that serves to convert a ginsenoside prosper that is absorbed into the body. Methods and Results : To view a primary β-glucosidase activity, the bacteria were innoculated in esculin agar medium and the color change of the media were measured by the time and degree of changing color. In the other method, 5 mM of p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) containing 25 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) was added to 50 ul enzyme solution. Then the solution was added to 50 ul reaction for 5 min at 30°C. The amount of p-nitrophenol liberated measured at 405 nm absorbance. The experimental results showed higher β-glucosidase activity in Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroide, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris, and Paenibacillus polymyxa by using esculin agar medium method. Similarly in second method, β-glucosidase activity was higher in P. pentosaceus 402.32±11.43 unit/l, L. mesenteroide 353.73±14.64 unit/l, Lactobacillus sakei 198.4±15.47 unit/l Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum 164.1±8.12 unit/l. Conclusion : The result that the β-glucosidase activity was higher in P. pentosaceus, L. mesenteroide, and L. plantarum subsp. plantarum as compared to tested microbes. Therefore selected bacteria can be used in the industry of functioned foods and beverage to improve human healths.

This study investigated the effect of electron beam (EB) treatment on the microbial reduction of dried laver (Porphyra tenera) and identified EB-resistant bacteria from the treated dried laver. After EB treatments of 4 kGy and 7 kGy, the numbers of total bacteria and EB-resistant bacteria were measured using tryptic soy agar and mannitol salt agar, respectively. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of each isolated EB-resistant bacteria were investigated and these bacteria were identified. Compared to the control (1.5±0.2)×106 CFU/g, the total bacterial number was significantly decreased to (5.4±0.5)×104 CFU/g and (1.1±0.6)×104 CFU/g after EB treatments of 4 kGy and 7 kGy, respectively. With a higher EB dosage, the number of red colonies was almost same, whereas the number of yellow colonies was significantly decreased to (3.3±1.2)×103 CFU/g and 0 CFU/g for 4 kGy and 7 kGy, respectively. All red and yellow colonies were gram-positive cocci, catalase-positive, and resistant to 3% and 5% NaCl media. From the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, yellow and red colonies were identified as either Micrococcus flavus or M. luteus, with 99% similarity for the yellow colonies, and Deinococcus proteolyticus and D. piscis, with 99% and 97% similarity for the red colonies, respectively.