대법원 2016. 10. 27. 선고 2014도16271 판결(대상판결)은 관세포탈죄를 처벌하기 위한 포탈세액을 산정하는 방법으로 관세법 제31조에서 제35조까지 보충적 과세가격 결정방법을 사용할 수 있다고 판시하였다. 반면 관세법에서는 관세법 제31조에 따른 ‘거래가격을 기초로 한 관세평가’가 과세가격 결정의 원칙임을 선언하고 있으며 이는 WTO 관세평가 협정을 따른 것이다. 대상판결의 위 판시는 실체적 진실의 발견을 목적으로 하고 죄형법정 주의의 원칙의 따라야 하는 형사소송에서 실제 거래가격에 따른 관세액 이 아닌 실제 거래가격에 가깝게 추정하는 것에 불과한 보충적 과세가격 결정방법으로 산정한 관세액으로 관세포탈죄의 구성요건인 포탈세액을 결정할 수 있는지 의문을 던진다. 본고는 먼저 조세포탈죄를 처벌하기 위해 포탈세액을 ‘추계(추정계산)’ 할 수 있다는 조세포탈죄에서의 논의를 대상판결에 적용하여, 예외적인 방법으로 포탈세액의 기준이 되는 과세가격을 추정할 수 있는지 검토하였다. 그리고 WTO 관세평가 협정의 원칙이 어떤 의미를 가지는지를 살펴보고, 이러한 원칙과 대상판결의 관계를 ‘실체적 진실 발견’의 관점에서 분석했다. 그리고 앞선 논의를 바탕으로 대상판결이 형법의 명확성의 원칙과 형사소송법의 증명책임의 원칙을 위반하지 않는지 검토하였다. 대상판결은 죄형법정주의 원칙과 WTO 관세평가 협정의 원칙에 부합하며, 관세포탈범에 대한 처벌의 필요성, 관세포탈범에 대한 형사소송에 서의 실체적 진실발견, 그리고 형사법의 원칙들이 적절히 균형을 이루어져 있다고 평가할 수 있다. 다만, 보충적 과세가격 결정방법을 적용함에 있어 명확성의 원칙이 한 걸음 양보해야 한다는 점은 아쉬움으로 남는다. 따라서 본고는 검사가 보충적 과세가격을 결정하는데 기초가 되는 사실이 정확하다는 점과 해당 방법이 실제 포탈세액을 최대한 근사하게 추정할 수 있는 객관적 방법이라는 점을 합리적으로 보여야 한다는 점을 제시하였다. 본고는 검사의 이러한 입증책임이 전제되어야 대상판결이 보충적 과세가격 결정방법을 통해 포탈세액을 특정할 수 있다고 판시한 것이 명확성의 원칙에 어긋나지 않음을 강조하였다.

PURPOSES : This study was performed to evaluate the short-term aging (SA) protocols of the normal hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture, to explore problems, and to suggest proper procedures based on fundamental principles of SA in terms of the SA temperature (T) and length of time (Lt) in existing specifications in several countries including Korea. METHODS : As the SA in our lab is a simulation of field SA, which is an inevitable procedure occurring naturally in the current field practice, major SA guidelines of foreign countries and Korea were reviewed to investigate problems that showed discrepancies with field practice. The aging quantity (Aq) model was introduced as a function of T and Lt, based on the correlation with absolute viscosity (AV) to estimate Aq by T and Lt. The normal SA (NSA) was suggested through an example procedure inducing binder aging level similar to the RTFOtreated binder AV or Aq. Based on the NSA Aq level, lower, proper, or higher SA conditions were discovered from the existing SA guidelines. RESULTS : As Aq has excellent correlation with AV, the proper T and Lt for NSA as an example was suggested based on the AV of RTFOtreated binder to induce an Aq range of 19,000-25,000 min.℃. It was found that there were several problems in the existing guidelines in USA and Korea. These included lower T, shorter or longer Lt, and air blowing or stirring the mix during SA, which were not matched with the practical condition of loaded HMA mixtures that were short-term aged under hot temperatures in trucks. CONCLUSIONS : It was concluded that there are several problems in the current SA guidelines, which do not provide proper HMA temperature to mixtures for proper (modal) length of time. Therefore, these guidelines should be reevaluated carefully and revised based on the fundamental field SA principle. The NSA condition should be suggested using proper HMA T and modal Lt for better simulation of field SA practice.

해체 원전에서 총 폐기물의 약 70~80%에 해당하는 많은 양의 콘크리트 폐기물은 해체 폐기물의 대부분을 차지한다. 해체 시 발생된 콘크리트 폐기물은 핵종별 농도에 따라 규제해제 폐기물과 방사성폐기물로 정의할 수 있다. 따라서, 방사성 콘크리 트 폐기물의 처분 비용을 저감하기 위하여 자체 처분 및 제한적 재활용을 위한 제염 작업의 수행이 중요하다. 그러므로 콘크리트 폐기물의 효율적인 제염 작업을 위해 내부 방사능 분포를 예측하는 것이 필수적이다. 본 연구는 원전 해체 시, 발생되는 콘크리트 폐기물의 내부 방사능 분포를 예측하기 위하여 다양한 컴프턴 영상 재구성 방법의 성능을 비교하였다. 다양한 컴프턴 영상 재구성 방법으로 단순 역투사(SBP), 필터 후 역투사(FBP), 최대우도 기댓값 최대화 방법(MLEM), 그리고 기존 의 MLEM의 시스템 반응 함수에 에너지 정보가 결합되어 확률적으로 계산하는 최대우도 기댓값 최대화 방법(E-MLEM)이 사용되었다. 재구성된 영상을 획득한 후, 정량적인 분석 방법을 이용하여 재구성된 영상의 성능을 정량적으로 비교 및 평가하였다. MLEM 및 E-MLEM 영상 재구성 방법은 각각 재구성된 영상에서 높은 이미지 분해능과 신호 대 잡음비를 유지하는데 있어 가장 좋은 성능을 보여주었다. 본 연구에서 도출된 결과들은 원자력 시설 해체 시 방사성 콘크리트 폐기물의 내부 방사능 분포를 예측하기 위한 수단으로 컴프턴 영상을 사용할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다.

IEC 60079-10-1 edition 2.0, the global standard for hazardous area classification, was newly revised in 2015. There are many differences compared to the previous edition 1.0 version, first released in 2008, so it has caused confusion in the industry. In case of edition 1.0, the hazardous area extent can be derived through the mathematical formula, but in case of edition 2.0, there was the problem that the exact hazardous area extent was not known because of the mathematical formula of the plot for applying the hazardous area extent was not presented. In this study, we converted the plot introduced in edition 2.0 to CAD format and derived the plot as the mathematical equations. Through this, we suggest the hazardous area extent formula of three states (heavy gas, diffusive, jet). As the IEC committee did not provide the mathematical formula of the hazardous area extent according to the release characteristic, it is impossible to apply the exact hazardous area extent. In this study, a mathematical approach was derived for the plot introduced in edition 2.0, which can reduce the confusion of the applying hazardous area extent.

Recently, a study of prognosis and health management (PHM) was conducted to diagnose failure and predict the life of air craft engine parts using sensor data. PHM is a framework that provides individualized solutions for managing system health. This study predicted the remaining useful life (RUL) of aeroengine using degradation data collected by sensors provided by the IEEE 2008 PHM Conference Challenge. There are 218 engine sensor data that has initial wear and production deviations. It was difficult to determine the characteristics of the engine parts since the system and domain-specific information was not provided. Each engine has a different cycle, making it difficult to use time series models. Therefore, this analysis was performed using machine learning algorithms rather than statistical time series models. The machine learning algorithms used were a random forest, gradient boost tree analysis and XG boost. A sliding window was applied to develop RUL predictions. We compared model performance before and after applying the sliding window, and proposed a data preprocessing method to develop RUL predictions. The model was evaluated by R-square scores and root mean squares error (RMSE). It was shown that the XG boost model of the random split method using the sliding window preprocessing approach has the best predictive performance.

Anomaly detection of Machine Learning such as PCA anomaly detection and CNN image classification has been focused on cross-sectional data. In this paper, two approaches has been suggested to apply ML techniques for identifying the failure time of big time series data. PCA anomaly detection to identify time rows as normal or abnormal was suggested by converting subjects identification problem to time domain. CNN image classification was suggested to identify the failure time by re-structuring of time series data, which computed the correlation matrix of one minute data and converted to tiff image format. Also, LASSO, one of feature selection methods, was applied to select the most affecting variables which could identify the failure status. For the empirical study, time series data was collected in seconds from a power generator of 214 components for 25 minutes including 20 minutes before the failure time. The failure time was predicted and detected 9 minutes 17 seconds before the failure time by PCA anomaly detection, but was not detected by the combination of LASSO and PCA because the target variable was binary variable which was assigned on the base of the failure time. CNN image classification with the train data of 10 normal status image and 5 failure status images detected just one minute before.

There are several methods of peak-shaving, which reduces grid power demand, electricity bought from electricity utility, through lowering “demand spike” during On-Peak period. An optimization method using linear programming is proposed, which can be used to perform peak-shaving of grid power demand for grid-connected PV+ system. Proposed peak shaving method is based on the forecast data for electricity load and photovoltaic power generation. Results from proposed method are compared with those from On-Off and Real Time methods which do not need forecast data. The results also compared to those from ideal case, an optimization method which use measured data for forecast data, that is, error-free forecast data. To see the effects of forecast error 36 error scenarios are developed, which consider error types of forecast, nMAE (normalizes Mean Absolute Error) for photovoltaic power forecast and MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) for load demand forecast. And the effects of forecast error are investigated including critical error scenarios which provide worse results compared to those of other scenarios. It is shown that proposed peak shaving method are much better than On-Off and Real Time methods under almost all the scenario of forecast error. And it is also shown that the results from our method are not so bad compared to the ideal case using error-free forecast.

In this study, we investigated culturable bacterial abundance in various crops. Total culturable aerobic bacteria in tomato plants were enumerated on NA and it showed that the amounts of viable bacterial cells were changed among the different parts of the plants (roots, stems, and fruits), ranging between log 1 and 4 per g sample. To investigate the bacterial abundance dynamics in different crops, culturable aerobic bacterial cell numbers were enumerated on NA and compared between the samples (tomato fruit, sesame leaf, and green onion) harvested freshly from one field trial (Yangsan, Korea). In this trial, the number of total culturable aerobic bacteria of the samples were 8 times higher in sesame leaves and green onions compared to the tomato fruits in the field. Interestingly, culturable aerobic bacteria on MRS were only found in sesame leaves, whereas lactic acid bacteria were not detected in tomato fruit and green onion samples in this field. We also found that the field location (Yangsan, Gangneung, or Busan) influenced the number of culturable aerobic bacteria on the surface of the crops. Tomato samples freshly harvested from the different field locations were tested and showed that the amounts of culturable aerobic bacteria on NA and MRS agar were significantly different based on the field locations of the samples. Finally, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from all the tomato and sesame leaf samples used in this study, showing 20 and 28 morphological diversity. With these isolates, we will be able to conduct further biological and functional investigation to develop a new probiotic strain originated from the crops in Korea.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of hand drip, Aeropress, espresso, Moka, Mukka, and Brikka coffee brews. Espresso showed higher antioxidant activity, total solids, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, total phenolic compounds, and trigonelline concentrations compared to the other coffee brews studied. In terms of extraction efficiency, Brikka and Mukka showed higher total solids, as well as caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents, whereas drip coffee brew showed higher trigonelline content than other coffee brews. Meanwhile, principle component analysis (PCA) was conducted based on the aroma profile by e-nose. Samples were gathered into distinct groups that represented their brewing methods. Despite the similarity in brewing principle between Moka and other high-temperature brewing methods (i.e., Mukka and Brikka), the location of Moka coffee brew was closer to that of espresso in PCA, which was consistent with the PCA result conducted by e-tongue.

The purpose of this study was to compare differences in the main food components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivated in Hongcheon after steaming, boiling, and roasting. Among the general components, crude protein, fat, and ash content were the highest in raw quinoa. Dry matter and carbohydrate content was the highest in steamed quinoa, while total dietary fiber content was highest in roasted quinoa. Total amino acid contents were the highest in boiled quinoa and lowest in steamed quinoa. Fatty acid content was highest in raw quinoa and lowest in boiled quinoa. The mineral (calcium, potassium, and phosphorus) and vitamin content was most enriched in raw quinoa, while iron, magnesium, zinc, and manganese were highest in boiled quinoa. For free sugars, the fructose and sucrose levels were highest in raw quinoa, while glucose level was highest in roasted quinoa. The water-soluble vitamin and free sugar contents were lowest in boiled quinoa. In summary, nutritional levels of vitamins vulnerable to heat and unsaturated fatty acids decreased after cooking with heat, while those of amino acids and saturated fatty acids increased after cooking with heat, although there were variables based on different cooking methods.

This study was aimed to examine inorganic fouling and fouling reduction method in direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD) process. Synthetic seawater of NaCl solution with CaCO3 and CaSO4 was used for this purpose. It was found in this study that both CaCO3 and CaSO4 precipitates formed at the membrane surface. More fouling was observed with CaSO4(anhydrite) and CaSO4･0.5H2O(bassanite) than CaSO4･2H2O(gypsum). CaCO3 and gypsum were detected at the membrane surface when concentrates of SWRO(seawater reverse osmosis) were treated by the DCMD process, while gypsum was found with MED(multi effect distillation) concentrates. Air backwash(inside to out) was found more effective in fouling reduction than air scouring.

Seismic responses due to the dynamic coupling between a primary structure and secondary system connected to a structure are analyzed in this study. The seismic responses are compared based on dynamic coupling criteria and according to the error level in the natural frequency, with the recent criteria being reliant on the error level in the spectral displacement response. The acceleration responses and relative displacement responses of a primary structure and a secondary system for a coupled model and two different decoupled models of two degrees-of-freedom system are calculated by means of the time integration method. Errors in seismic responses of the uncoupled models are reduced with the recent criteria. As the natural frequency of the secondary system increases, error in the natural frequency decreases, but seismic responses of uncoupled models can be underestimated compared to that of coupled model. Results in this paper can help determine dynamic coupling and predict uncoupled models’ response conservatism.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 체계적 고찰을 통해 조현병 환자의 실행기능 향상을 위한 작업치료 중재 방법 및 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2007년 1월부터 2018년 12월까지 ScienceDirect, Pubmed와 CINAHL에 등재된 논문 중 ‘schizophrenia’, ‘occupational therapy’, ‘executive function’으로 자료를 검색하였다. 그 중 조현병 환자를 대상으로 작업치료 중재를 적용한 10편의 연구를 선정하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 선정된 10편의 연구에서 작업치료 중재 종류는 작업치료 훈련중재, 물건 구매하기 훈련중재, 인지 훈련중재, 직업훈련 프로그램 중재의 네 가지로 분류하였다. 이러한 중재들은 방법과 목적에 따라 실제 일상생활의 수행도, 실행기능, 전반적인 인지 그리고 심리사회적 기능에 대한 향상에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 종속변인은 인지기능, 실행기능, 수단적 일상생활활동, 쇼핑 등의 순서로 높은 빈도를 나타내었고, 10편의 연구에서 총 38개의 평가도구가 사용되었으며, 대부분 인지기능을 확인하기 위한 도구들이었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통하여 지역사회 내 조현병 환자의 실행기능 향상을 위한 작업치료 중재의 종류와 효과, 종속변인 및 평가 도구에 대해 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 작업치료사가 조현병 환자에게 작업치료 중재를 제공할 때 목적에 따라 중재 방법을 선택하는 근거로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

Recently, the importance of air filters used in air purifiers and ventilation systems is emphasized in Korea. As a result, air filter test reports are required by users to ensure the removal efficiency of particulate matter. However, the tests are conducted for the filter material alone, which lead to a possible discrepancy between the test report and actual efficiency when applied to actual devices. Therefore, in this study, the removal efficiency data of the filter test reports were compared with actual filter efficiency data after application to the ventilation systems for some ventilation systems in the market. For ventilation system A, the field test results using filter leakage test method were slightly lower than those in the test report but nearly the same. For ventilation system B, the field test result was much higher than reported in the test report. This was due to the broad range of particle sizes measured using the filter leakage test method. The field tests using the particle counter method showed that the removal efficiency of ventilation system A for 0.3 μm was under 50% which translates to less than half of those of the filter test reports. For ventilation system B, the removal efficiency was 15%~21%. much lower than reported in the filter test reports. The lower removal efficiencys are mainly assumed to be caused by leakage of the filter installation among other factors. Therefore, the field test methods for the particulate matter removal efficiency of ventilation systems should be established to verify actual efficiency and improve the efficiency in the future.

The purpose of this study is to provision the standard method for ensuring the reliability of measuring indoor air quality in public transportation. The objective is to determine the difference in the measured concentration values according to various conditions. These variables include measurement conditions, measurement equipment, measurement points, and measurement time. The value differences are determined by measuring the PM10 and CO2 concentration of subways, and express buses and trains, which are targets of indoor air quality management. The concentration of CO2 was measured by the NDIR method and that of PM10 was measured by the gravimetric method and light-scattering method. Statistically, the results of the concentration comparison according to the measurement points of the public transportation modes were not significantly different (p > 0.05), and it is deemed that the concentration is not affected by the measurement points. In terms of the concentration analysis results according to the measurement method, there was a difference of the concentration between the gravimetric and light scattering method. In the case of the light scattering method, the concentration differed depending on whether it was corrected with standard particles in the laboratory environment.

한국의 탐사보도 수용자를 설문조사해서 탐사보도 역할 인식, 이용량, 인구사회학적 요인이 비윤리적, 위법적인 탐사보도 취재방법 허용정도에 미치는 영향과 취재의 자유에 대한 인식을 분석하였다. 수용자들은 탐사보도가 사회감시와 정보제공 역할을 한다고 생각하면서도 비윤리적이고 위법적인 취재방법에 대해서는 부정적이어서 언론의 자유는 절대적 자유가 아니라고 인식하였다. 수용자들은 취재방법과 취재목적에 따라 취재의 자유에 차이가 있다고 생각하는 것으로 분석되었다. 취재방법이 개인 프라이버시를 침해할수록 제한적으로 생각하고, 취재목적의 공익성이 높으면 넓게 생각하였다. 수용자들이 사회감시역할을 중시하면 비윤리적이고 위법적 취재방법이라도 수용하였고, 정보제공역할을 중시하면 부정적으로 생각하였다. 탐사보도 이용량은 많은 취재방법에 정적인 영향을 주어서 탐사보도 이용만족도가 높았다. 남성보다는 여성이, 연령과 학력은 낮을수록, 수입은 많을수록 취재방법을 더 허용하였다. 환경과 건강 분야 보도 이용량이 많을수록 취재방법을 더 허용하고, 교육, 정부, 범죄 분야 보도를 많이 이용할수록 부정적이었다. 한국 수용자들은 언론의 환경과 건강 분야 감시를 중시하였다.