목적 : 원거리에서 심한 복시 증상을 가지고 있는 눈벌림 부족형 내사시를 대상으로 성공적인 시기능훈련의 사 례를 보고하고자 하였다. 방법 : 연구대상자는 만19세 여성으로 복시 증상으로 인해 일상적인 불편함까지 동반된 상태였다.처음 방문시 양안시검사를 실시한 결과 원거리에서 복시를 동반한 눈벌림 부족형 간헐내사시였다. 시기능훈련은 음성융합버전스를 개선시키는 협응훈련과 초점조절훈련, 안구운동성훈련 등을 중심으로 시행하였다. 시기능 평가로는 굴절검사를 포함하여 프리즘 가림검사, 융합능력, 버전스용이성, 눈모음근점, Bagolini striated glasses test, W4D 그리 고 입체시 검사 등을 포함하였다. 결과 : 시기능훈련 전에 원거리 편위량은 내사시 16 △에서 9개월 후 내사위 3 △으로 향상되었다. 근거리 편위 량도 시기능훈련 후에 내사시 7 △에서 내사위 1 △으로 변화가 있었다. 융합능력은 원거리 BI X/4/1에서 훈련 후 에 BI X/4/3로, 근거리는 훈련 전 BI X/8/2에서 훈련 후 BI X/16/14로 모두 변화가 있었다. Bagolini test에서 시기능훈련 전에 나타났던 동측성 복시는 훈련 후 모든 거리에서 단일시로 개선되었다. 처음 방문 시 심하게 호소했 던 원거리에서의 복시 증상은 9개월간의 훈련과정에서 점차 개선되어 안정적인 양안 단일시 상태를 나타내었다. 결론 : 원거리에서 심한 복시 증상을 호소한 눈벌림 부족형 내사시에서 9개월간의 시기능훈련 후에 양안시기능 과 시각적 증상은 모두 효과적으로 개선되었다.

佛典을 연구하는 사람들은 흔히 不立文字라고 하지만, 어찌 글자의 쓰임을 구분하지 않고 문장을 올바르게 이해할 수 있겠는가? 마음이라고 다 같은 마음은 아니다. ‘心ㆍ意ㆍ識’이 서로 다른 마음이고, 마음을 닦는다고 할 때 그 마음은 오직 하나의 마음이 아니고, ‘닦아야 할 대상이 되는 마음’, ‘닦고자 하는 주관의 마음’, ‘닦고자 목 표로 설정한 마음’, ‘닦아 나갈 때 마주하는 단계 단계의 마음’, ‘닦아서 종국에 이른 마음’ 등으로 분류할 수 있어서, 불전에서 자주 사용되는 ‘心ㆍ意ㆍ識’이나 ‘不覺ㆍ本 覺ㆍ始覺ㆍ相似覺ㆍ隨分覺ㆍ究竟覺’ 등의 용어를 분명히 나누어 알면, 佛典뿐만 아니 라 한자로 쓰인 문장을 이해하는 데 크게 도움이 된다. 이에 佛典에서 자주 쓰이는 ‘보다’類의 動詞로 ‘見ㆍ看ㆍ觀’과 ‘示ㆍ視’ 등에 관해 본고에서는 ‘示ㆍ視’를 ‘見ㆍ看ㆍ觀’과 비교하는 방법으로 살펴보아 아래의 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, ‘示ㆍ視’는 色境을 앞에 내놓고 보여주거나, 色境이 앞에 놓여있어서 그냥 시각적으로 받아들이는 것이지만, ‘見ㆍ看ㆍ觀’은 시각 행위의 주체가 시신경에 들어온 사물을 과거의 경험이나 혹은 사회적 배경 등 의도를 가지고 바라보는 것이 라 할 수 있다. 둘째, ‘示’는 ‘대상을 드러내 보이다’라는 의미이다. ‘視’는 보이는 대상이 먼저 주어진 다음에 보는 것으로, ‘見’이 보려는 의도를 가지고 본 후 그 결과를 지식으로 삼는 것인 반면, ‘視’는 色境이 놓여있어서 본다는 의미가 강하다고 할 수 있다.

이 논문은 “존재의 합일”에 이르는 과정과 상징으로서의 나선계단의 의미를 살펴보기 위하여, 1933년에 발간한 시집 『나선계단과 기타 시편들』에 실린 시 「자아와 영혼의 대화」를 중점적으로 분석한다. 자아로 대변되는 육체와, 영혼을 의인화하지 않고 자신의 주장을 펴는 경쟁의 구도로 그리다가 결국은 나선계단을 통하여, 자신의 가이어 이론을 충실하게 재현시키고 끝내 “존재의 합일”에 이르도록 하는 시인 예이츠의 모습을 볼 수 있다.

오장환 시인의 삶과 문학에서 소외와 고통은 매우 중요한 문제이다. 오장환의 삶과 문학 속에 담긴 소외와 고통은 한국현대문학사의 주요한 이정표를 만드는 데에 기여하였다. ‘Ⅱ. 붕괴된 질서와 소외의식’에서는 봉건 적 질서의 붕괴와 관련된 작품을 중심으로 소외의식의 형상화에 관하여 논의하였다. ‘Ⅲ. 타락한 근대와 절망 의 심화’에서는 근대 도시 공간과 관련된 작품을 중심으로 고통과 절망의 형상화에 관하여 논의하였다. ‘Ⅳ. 육체적 고통과 이념의 경도’에서는 육체적 고통과 관련된 작품을 중심으로 사회주의 사상으로의 경도에 관하여 논의하였다. 오장환 문학은 소외와 고통의 결정체이자 상징체이다. 소외와 고통은 오장환의 삶과 문학을 지배하였으며 이러한 부정적 정서는 그의 문학에 역동성을 불어넣은 가장 중요한 요인으로 작용하였다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the level of the light-environment and the driver's visual ability on the change in the driver's perception of a forward curved section at night. The study also aims to identify factors that should be considered to ensure safety while entering curved sections of a road at night. METHODS : Data collected from a virtual driving experiment, conducted by the Korean Institute of Construction Technology (2017), were used. Logistic regression was applied to analyze the effects of changes in the light-environment factors (road surface luminance and glare) and the driver’s visual ability on a driver's perception of the road. Additionally, analysis of the moderated effect of visual ability on light-environment factors indicated that the difference in drivers’ visual abilities impact the influence of light-environment factors on their perception. A driver's ability to perceive, as a response variable, was categorized into 'failure' and 'success' by comparing the perceived distance and minimum reaction sight distance. Covariates were also defined. Road surface luminance levels were categorized into 'unlit road surface luminance' (luminance ≤ 0.1 nt) and 'lit road surface luminance' (luminance > 0.1 nt), based on 0.1 nt, which is the typical level observed on unlit roads. The glare level was categorized as 'with glare' and 'without glare' based on whether the glare was from a high-beam caused by an oncoming vehicle or not. The driver's visual ability level was categorized into 'low visual ability' (age ≥ 50) and 'high visual ability' (age ≤ 49), considering that after the age of 50, the drive’s visual ability sharply declines. RESULTS : The level of road surface luminance, glare, and driver's visual ability were analyzed to be significant factors that impact the driver's ability to perceive curved road sections at night. A driver's perception was found to reduce when the road surface luminance is very low, owing to the lack of road lighting ('unlit road luminance'), when glare is caused by oncoming vehicles ('with glare'), and if the driver's visual ability level is low owing to an older age ('low visual ability'). The driver's ability to perceive a curved section is most affected by the road surface luminance level. The effect is reduced in the order of glare occurrence and the driver's visual ability level. The visual ability was analyzed as a factor that impacts the intensity of the effect of change of the light-environment on the change of the driver's ability to perceive the road. The ability to perceive a curved section deteriorates significantly in 'low visual ability' drivers, aged 50 and above, compared to drivers with 'high visual ability,' under the age of 49, when the light-environment conditions are adverse with regard to the driver’s perception (road surface luminance: 'lit road surface luminance'→'unlit road surface luminance,' glare: 'without glare'→'with glare'). CONCLUSIONS : Supplementation, in terms of road lighting standards that can lead to improvements in the level of light-environment, should be considered first, rather than the implementation of restrictions on the right of movement, such as restricting the passage of low visual ability or aging drivers who are disadvantageous in terms of gaining good perception of the road at night. When establishing alternatives so that safety on roads at night is improved, it is necessary to consider improving drivers' perception by expanding road lighting installation. The road lighting criteria should be modified such that the glare caused by oncoming traffic, which is an influential factor in the linear change in perception, and the level of light-environment thereof are improved.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the level of the light-environment and the driver's visual ability on the change in the driver's perception of a forward curved section at night. The study also aims to identify factors that should be considered to ensure safety while entering curved sections of a road at night. METHODS : Data collected from a virtual driving experiment, conducted by the Korean Institute of Construction Technology (2017), were used. Logistic regression was applied to analyze the effects of changes in the light-environment factors (road surface luminance and glare) and the driver’s visual ability on a driver's perception of the road. Additionally, analysis of the moderated effect of visual ability on light-environment factors indicated that the difference in drivers’ visual abilities impact the influence of light-environment factors on their perception. A driver's ability to perceive, as a response variable, was categorized into 'failure' and 'success' by comparing the perceived distance and minimum reaction sight distance. Covariates were also defined. Road surface luminance levels were categorized into 'unlit road surface luminance' (luminance ≤ 0.1 nt) and 'lit road surface luminance' (luminance > 0.1 nt), based on 0.1 nt, which is the typical level observed on unlit roads. The glare level was categorized as 'with glare' and 'without glare' based on whether the glare was from a high-beam caused by an oncoming vehicle or not. The driver's visual ability level was categorized into 'low visual ability' (age ≥ 50) and 'high visual ability' (age ≤ 49), considering that after the age of 50, the drive’s visual ability sharply declines. RESULTS : The level of road surface luminance, glare, and driver's visual ability were analyzed to be significant factors that impact the driver's ability to perceive curved road sections at night. A driver's perception was found to reduce when the road surface luminance is very low, owing to the lack of road lighting ('unlit road luminance'), when glare is caused by oncoming vehicles ('with glare'), and if the driver's visual ability level is low owing to an older age ('low visual ability'). The driver's ability to perceive a curved section is most affected by the road surface luminance level. The effect is reduced in the order of glare occurrence and the driver's visual ability level. The visual ability was analyzed as a factor that impacts the intensity of the effect of change of the light-environment on the change of the driver's ability to perceive the road. The ability to perceive a curved section deteriorates significantly in 'low visual ability' drivers, aged 50 and above, compared to drivers with 'high visual ability,' under the age of 49, when the light-environment conditions are adverse with regard to the driver’s perception (road surface luminance: 'lit road surface luminance'→'unlit road surface luminance,' glare: 'without glare'→'with glare'). CONCLUSIONS : Supplementation, in terms of road lighting standards that can lead to improvements in the level of light-environment, should be considered first, rather than the implementation of restrictions on the right of movement, such as restricting the passage of low visual ability or aging drivers who are disadvantageous in terms of gaining good perception of the road at night. When establishing alternatives so that safety on roads at night is improved, it is necessary to consider improving drivers' perception by expanding road lighting installation. The road lighting criteria should be modified such that the glare caused by oncoming traffic, which is an influential factor in the linear change in perception, and the level of light-environment thereof are improved.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the development process of modern repair systems in the Korean peninsula. Sasungjeon, one of the main buildings of Jangansa temple located in Geumgangsan, was repaired from 1941 to 1944. It was the very last restoration work of historic wooden architecture performed during the Japanese colonial era. This work was delayed multiple times because of insufficient materials and human resources. The Bureau of Education(學務局), which was in charge of repair work, understood that the problems of the repair system and suggested reorganizing the system as a solution. This study examined the repair work of Sasungjeon as a background of the bureau’s suggestion and considered this suggestion as an attempt to transform the repair system.

좋은 문학작품 한편은 시간을 극복하지만 현명한 작품은 시간이 지나면서 더 좋아진다. 예이치의 시 “재림”은 두 번째 종류이다. 수많은 수식어가 시에 쏟아 지는데, 몇 개를 보면, 계시적이다, 혹은 종교적, 반유토피아적, 예언적이다, 등이다. 그리고 실제적으로 이 시에는 이 모든 개념적 요소들이 보인다. 그러나, 무엇보다도, “재림”은 인간에 대한 경종으로 생존, 권력, 주권이라는 이름으로 행하는 난폭하고 불 필요한 행위들을 되새기게 한다. 운명적으로, 지금 무서운 전염병이며, 끊임없는 정치적 전쟁이며, 인간의 무차별적 개발로 인한 지속적인 자연의 황폐화의 그림자 아래서 세계는 고통 받고 있고 실제적 은유적 치유가 필요한 때이다. 이때에 예이츠의 시 “재김”이 만병통치의 묘약으로 나서는데, 잘 쓰여진 문학작품 1편이 우리로 하여금 상황의 심각함을 일깨워주는 역할을 하며, 이 고통 역시 느리지만 결국에는 지나리라는 인식을 심어준다.

The modern Chinese copula, 是 shì, had not yet appeared in the oracle bone period. It began to emerge in Zuozhuan (左傳 ), and appeared only when expressing the judgment of complex topics. Based on the observation as such, this paper looks into the demonstrative of 是 shì, and examines its evolution before it becomes a copula. The task takes three steps: first, usages of 是 shì are investigated throughout various time periods; second, characteristics of sentences containing 是 shì are explained according to how it is used; and last, a comparison is made of sentences containing 是 shì in excavated Chu manuscripts in order to determine their properties. What can be, in fact, explained through the analysis of Chu bamboo literature in the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) are the characteristics of the transitional sentence before the development of 是 shì into the copula. First, in the bamboo slips “Sande” from the fifth volumes of “Chu bamboo slips collected in Shanghai Museum”, the object prepositional phrase appears, indicating the transitional phase in which the 是 shì phrase in the first stage advances toward the second one. “Sande” is the literature of the late Warring States Period, and has a V writing section in which the object has been transposed and no '也' has appeared at the same time. Second, apart from the situation in which the first stage is used as a subject, the situation in which the explanation part leads to NP/N fixation can be considered through the object transposition leading to the NP/N fixation of the topic part. Last, given that “邾公華鍾 (哉(載)公眉壽 ，邾邦是保 : Tsp, NP是 V)” is an article of the Spring and Autumn Period, it is estimated that 是 shì had been initially regarded as the object, and the phrase “TNP, NP＋是＋VP/V” was gradually used as a fixture through the process of the analogy and re-analysis. However, it is critical that this view be examined more closely, and therefore, further research is also needed.

This study was conducted to determine the optimum medium and humidification period for the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Maehyang) cutting seedling production. The cuttings were planted in coir (CO), rockwool (RW), phenolic foam (PF), and organic foam medium (OFM) with fogging treatment in 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days on February, 2019. And, as the field verification examination research, cuttings were planted in CO, RW, PF, and OFM, with misting treatment in 0, 6, 9, 12, or 15 days on June, 2019. In fogging treatments, rooting and survival rates of seedlings tended to increase with longer fogging periods, and rooting and survival rates were showed significantly higher in CO medium with more than 9 days of fogging periods. In misting treatments, rooting rate was significantly higher in CO and RW medium with more than 9 days of misting periods, and survival rate was significantly higher with more than 12 days of misting periods. There was no significantly difference by growth medium and humidification period in shoot and root growth. Therefore, when considering the rooting and survival rate the CO medium with 9 days of humidification period could be beneficial for the production of the ‘Maehyang’ strawberry cutting seedlings.