The analysis of an art trend in the principle dimension starts by observing the object of work in the perspective of formative composition and recognizing it as a universal system. It can be said that it is consistent with an interpretation method for a form theory of formal history by Heinrich Wölfflin, a leading form critic in art criticism. Hence, the purpose of this study was to find out what are the formative principles in Renaissance Classicism as a design principle to be applicable to modern fashion by reviewing the formative characteristics of Renaissance Classicism Architecture with which Wölfflin directly dealt. As for the theoretical literature review, I used Wölfflin's theoretical framework and looked at the Renaissance Classicism Architecture that he studied and examined the possibility of utilizing his theory as a layout principle and the characteristics. As for analysis of design cases, I applied the aforementioned architecture layout principle to modern fashion and conducted case study analysis to delve into distinctive layout principles found in fashion. The study showed that the Renaissance Classicism Architectural Style is marked by linearity, planarity, closing and multiple unity: linearity was expressed in the observation form in fixed frontal view and an emphasis on a tangible silhouette homeogenous and definite line structures; planarity was achieved in the form of paralleled layers of frontal view element, planarity style, and identical and proportional repetition of various sizes.; closing signified the pursuit of complete and clear regularity, and architecture developed in a constructive phase through organizational inevitability and absolute invariability.; multiple unity was expressed in self-completedness and independent parallel of discrete forms and harmony of emphasized individual elements in a totality. Applying these layout characteristics of the Renaissance Classicism Architectural style and to see their individual expressive features, I found out that in adopting layout principles of the Renaissance Classicism Architecture to modern fashion, it turned out to be an emphasis of individual silhouettes, a flattened space, completed objects, organic harmony among independent parts: the emphasis of individual silhouettes was expressed in individual definitiveness of formative lines of clothes in accordance with body joints and an emphasis on formative lines of clothes; the flattened space was marked by single layer structure, planarity of elements of clothes, and listing arrangement by appropriate proportion.; the completedness of the objects was expressed by the stationary state where overall image is fixed, the construction of homogeneous and complete space, and absolute inevitability of internal layout in proportion; lastly, organic harmony of independent parts was stressed in independent completedness of each detail, and organic harmony of the whole. The expressive features would lead to a unique expression style of linear emphasis, proportion, constructive forms, and two-dimensional arrangement. The meaning of this study is follows: The characteristics of art school of thought are given shape by appling & analysing the architectural layout principles of historical art school of thought to modern fashion in the view point of formal construction dimension. The applied possibility of historical art school of thought as the source of inspiration about the fashion design is extended.

공간구조의 지붕을 지지하는 기둥상단부에 탄소성기구를 설치하여 설계 하중을 초과하는 지진동이 가해졌을 때 이 기구의 탄소성 이력거동을 통하여 지진에너지가 흡수되는 효과를 검토한다. 이 효과로 지붕트러스로 전달되는 지진에너지가 저감되는 것을 입증하고 이러한 원리를 공간구조물의 제진설계에 활용할 수 있음을 입증한다. 트러스 형식의 지붕구조에 설계하중 이상의 외력이 가해지는 경우에는 구성부재의 좌굴파괴로 인한 건물전체의 취성붕괴가 예상되기 때문에 이러한 상황에서 구조안전성을 확보하는 설계법이 요망되며, 이 논문은 트러스 지붕에 전달되는 지진에너지를 감소시키는 설계방법을 제안하고 있다.

Na+ ion conductivity can be improved by the substitution of an Mg atom for an Al atom to form a nonstoichiometric Na+ β-alumina. We performed a first principles study to investigate the most stable substitution site of an Mg atom and the resulting structural change of the nonstoichiometric Na+ β-alumina. Al atoms were classified as four different layers in the spinel block that are separated by conduction planes in the nonstoichiometric Na+ β-alumina. The substitution of an Mg atom for an Al atom at a tetragonal site was more favorable than that at an octahedral site. The substitution in the spinel block was more favorable than that close to the conduction plane. This result was well explained by the volume changes of the polyhedrons, by the standard deviation of the Mg-O distance, and by the comparison with bulk MgO structure. Our result indicates that the most preferable site for the Mg atom was the tetrahedral site at the spinel block in the nonstoichiometric Na+ β-alumina.

본 연구에서는 기존의 중량법과 광산란법과는 원리와 기술이 다른 입도별 부유물질 측정용 분리막 모듈 및 장치를 개발하기 위한 원리를 수립하기 위한 기초 자료를 확립하고자 하였다. 이러한 목적을 위하여, 이산화규소 및 덱스트란(dextran), 카올린(kaolin), PEG (polyethylene glycol) 부유용액을 대상으로 유리섬유 여과지 GF/C와 GF/A를 분리막 모듈에 장착하여 여과시키면서, 디지털 압력계를 사용하여 막간압력차(TMP, Trans-membrane pressure) 변화를 측정하였다. 모사용액의 농도와 TMP 변화율 기울기의 상관관계식을 TMP 변화 실험 결과로부터 구하여, TMP 변화 기울기로부터 시료의 농도를 예측할 수 있도록 하였다.

The emission of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels has been identified as a major contributor to green house emissions and subsequent global warming and climate changes. For these reasons, it is necessary to separate and recover CO2 gas. A new process based on gas hydrate crystallization is proposed for the CO2 separation/recovery of the gas mixture. In this study, gas hydrate from CO2/H2 gas mixtures was formed in a semi-batch stirred vessel at a constant pressure and temperature. This mixture is of interest to CO2 separation and recovery in Integrated Coal Gasification (IGCC) plants. The impact of tetrahydrofuran (THF) on hydrate formation from the CO2/H2 was observed. The addition of THF not only reduced the equilibrium formation conditions significantly but also helped ease the formation of hydrates. This study illustrates the concept and provides the basic operations of the separation/recovery of CO2 (pre-combustion capture) from a fuel gas (CO2/H2) mixture.

인간이 의사전달을 하기 위해 문자를 만들었고, 그 문자에 의해 구성된 문장의 전달효과를 보다 증진하기 위하여 표현 형식을 가다듬게 되었다. 언어와 문장은 표현하는 방법에 따라 전달의 효과도 달라질 수 있다. 따라서 작문상 어휘의 선택 이나 작문의 방법을 구상하여 전달의 효과를 기하는 것은 당연한 일이다. 중국인 들은 고대로부터 기록을 위한 문장은 일상 언어와는 달리 수식을 가하여 작문하 려고 하였다. 수식에 의한 구성진 표현을 좋은 문장으로 보고 이를 계승 발전시켜 결국 각종 요식을 갖춘 문체를 만들어 내기도 하였다. 한문의 문장들은 다양한 수사적 기법에 의해 구성되어 있다. 수많은 표현 기법 을 강구하여 멋진 문장으로 전달효과를 높이려 하는 것인데, 한문의 문장 구성법 을 살펴보면 가장 기본적이고 어디에서나 발견할 수 있는 것이 조화의 원리이다. 만물의 생성 원리를 음양의 상응작용에서 찾듯이 중국인은 문장의 형성에도 음양 조화의 원리를 적용시켰다. 강약 대소 억양 등 상대적인 조화를 이루어 균형미를 추구함과 동시에 상대적인 대조로 독자의 이해를 배가시키자는 데 그 의도가 있다고 볼 수 있다. 한문의 문장 구성법은 다양하지만 그 중에서도 조화로운 형식미를 추구하는 수 사법은 가장 기본 요건이다. 본고에서는 이 점을 중시하여 문자에서부터 각종 문 형에 나타난 조화의 원리를 고찰하였다. 그림문자에서 출발한 한자는 구성상에서 매우 균형미를 갖추고 있다. 문장에서는 더욱 조화로운 균형미를 살필 수 있는데, 먼저 일반 산문을 보면 산체로만 일관하지 않고 우구와 배합하여 작성하는 것을 살필 수 있다. 변려문과 사부에서는 구문의 대우관계 뿐만 아니라 성률까지도 지 극히 균형적 조화를 추구하며, 시에서도 내용은 물론 자구와 성률 등에서 상호 균 형과 조화의 원리에 의한 작법을 지극히 중시하고 있다. 한문의 작품마다 문장의 구절에서 배분의 질서와 상대적 조화의 미를 발견할 수 있는데, 이는 중국인의 생 활철학이 문장을 구성하는 데에도 반영된 결과라고 보아야 할 것이다.

[ SF6 ] gas has been widely used as an insulating, cleaning and covering gas due to its outstanding insulating feature and because of its inert properties. However, the global warming potential of SF6 gas is extremely high relative to typical global warming gases such as CO2, CFCs, and CH4. For these reasons, it is necessary to separate and collect waste SF6 gas. In this study, the effects of a surfactant (Tween) on the formation rate of SF6 gas hydrates were investigated. The SF6 gas hydrate formation rate increased with the addition of Tween and showed a nearly 6.5 times faster hydrate formation rate with an addition of 0.2 wt.% Tween compared to an addition of pure water. This is believed to be due to the increased solubility of SF6 gas with the addition of the surfactant. It was also found that SF6 gas hydrate in the surfactant solution showed two-stage hydrate formation rates with a formation rate that increased rapidly in the 2nd stage.

이 연구에서는 새로운 접합장치인 자동체결장치(Self-Locking Connectors)를 사용한 강재보-PC기둥 접합부의 내진성능에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. PC기둥(또는 합성기둥)과 강재보로 이루어진 합성모멘트골조는 각각의 재료의 장점을 최대한으로 이용한 합리적인 구조형식이다. 그러나 서로 다른 두 재료 사이의 접합에 따른 어려움으로 인해 접합부의 상세가 복잡해지고 제작비가 상승하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 반면에 자동체결장치는 쐐기의 원리를 이용한 접합장치로서 시공이 단순한 장점이 있다. 또한 자동체결장치를 사용한 접합부는 용접을 사용하지 않음으로써 기존의 접합부에 비해 내진성능을 개선할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 자동체결장치를 사용한 강재보-PC기둥(또는 합성기둥) 접합부에 대한 내진성능을 검증하기 위해 반복하중 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 자동체결장치를 사용한 보-기둥 접합부는 우수한 내진성능을 발휘할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

본 고에서는 최근 재료분석에 활발히 응용되고 있는 EELS 분석장비의 원리와 응용 분야 등에 대해 검토하였다. EELS를 이용하여 수행할 수 있는 주요 응용분야로는 원소의 정성 및 정량분석, 원소 및 화학 맴핑, 화학물의 결함구조를 알 수 있는 전자구조(DOS)에 대한 힌트 등이 있으며, 점차 재료의 근본 적인 성질을 추출할 수 강력한 분석기가 되고 있다. 또한 원소를 분석하고 맹핑하는데 걸리는 시간이 수초에서 수분 이하의 시간으로 매우 짧아 전자빔에

The purpose of this article is making investigation of the principal composition of the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple through ornaments of a case preserving relics of Buddha in the east and west pagodas of Gameunsa temple. This research has an important meaning in clarifying that the concept of placement two Buddhas together with lotus sutra, which was only applied to Bulkuksa temple, has been extended to Gameunsa temple. And this observation gave us a clear explanation for the principal composition at the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple plans. The author obtained the following conclusion from this article : The cases preserving relics of the Buddha for the west and east pagodas are globally in similar form as the type of a royal palace. But the different points between eastern and western can be seen on the existence of Buddhist statues on the base floor, set-up of the gate at railings, and 4 lion statues at a coner of the base floor. In the western pagoda, there are Buddha statues above the base-floor of the cases preserving relics. These Buddha statues are composed of a boy monks and angels with playing music for the praise of the Sakyamuni Buddha lecturing the Lotus sutra at YoungChui Mountain. On the other hand, in the eastern pagoda, Buddha statues on the cases preserving relics are composed of a the Four Devas and monks as a defending God of the nation of Buddha. In the eastern pagoda, one can see something that does not exist in the western pagoda, which is a gate located in railing of a case preserving the relics. This gate described the scene of the Sakyamuni Buddha entering into the pagoda of 7 treasures. In a corner of the case preserving relics in the eastern pagoda, there is another thing which does not exist in the western pagoda. This is a sculpture of a lion which symbols the seat of Lion supporting the Buddha in the Dabotap(the pagoda of 7 treasures). When we observe the form and structure, the descriptions at the railings, the gate, the shrine, the statue of a lion, and the accessories in jewelries, at the cases preserving the relics in the eastern pagoda, one can realize that they have the same combination structures between the ones at Dabotaps in Bulguksa temple and those in China as well as in Japan, all of which represent the Gyun-Bo-Tap-Pum of Lotus Sutra. Among the distribution rules in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple, the application of the ideal of lotus was known to be effected only to Bulguksa temple. But from the result of the present article, it is more clearly proved by applying the Gameunsa temple that the distribution theory in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple was in fact based on the ideal of lotus.

The purpose of this study is to examine the planning principles and historical meaning of Eupchi constructed during the Joseon Dynasty. I investigated the general character of Eupchi based on analyses of published materials from the Joseon Dynasty. The Joseon Dynasty, which started in 1392, set up Eupchi in a position to effectively govern the whole country. Eupchi was differentiated from the surrounding villages, and became the center of administration and education. Eupchi was established based on techniques taken from the capital. Following precedence in the capital, Eupchi was transformed with spaces for Confucian ceremonies. The cityscape of Eupchi was also differentiated from the surrounding villages. Such transformation of Eupchi represents the progress of urbanization. The developments found in Eupchi spread around Korea, and mark an important stage in the historical evolution of Korean urbanization. The Joseon Dynsasty used similar techniques from the capital to establish Eupchi. However, I found some differences between Eupchi and the capital.　The Joseon Dynasty recognized that walls could protect not only the capital city but also the country from foreign enemies. Protective walls were required for a capital, but not for Eupchi. In addition, Eupchi did not have commercial institutions supported by the Dynasty. This further demonstrates that different planning principles were used at Eupchi.

This paper discusses what the basic principle of Korean consonantal assimilation and tensification is and how to teach the two processes to learners. Since some of the Korean phonological changes including these two processes are complicated and cannot easily be seen in other languages, students may face difficulty in learning such processes. It has been claimed that these processes are due to the "principle of economy" in pronunciation. That is, certain consonant clusters or consonantal sequences that are difficult to produce undergo changes in a way to make them easy to pronounce. In this paper I argue against such a claim by adopting the principle of English, which has two different types of consonant clusters, namely "word-initial and word-final clusters". The phonotactic constraints of the word-final clusters in this language, which are opposite to the case of word-initial clusters, have the ascending structure in the consonantal strength between the two consonants. We see that the two consonants in sequence in Korean have almost the same structure. Unlike English, these constraints must be obeyed whether words are simple or complex in Korean. The two consonants that are not kept up to these constraints by the morphological process undergo phonological process. This is the principle of consonantal assimilation and tensification in Korean, and thus, teachers (and also possibly learners) of Korean should recognize the principle to understand the processes correctly.

프톨레마이오스는 지리학과 공간적 사고의 발달에 매우 중요한 영향을 미친 지도학자이다. 이 연구의 목적은 프톨레마이오스의 지도투영법 원리를 살펴보는 것과, 그의 투영법이 지도학적 관점에서 갖는 의의를 고찰하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 먼저 그가 제시한 세가지의 투영법 원리를 정확한 작도방법을 통해 고찰하였다. 둘째, 그의 투영법이 지도학적 관점에서 간략히 고찰하였다. 그는 경선과 위선을 이용해 장소의 위치를 나타내며, 구의 지구를 평면상에 표현하는 지도학적 방법을 체계화하였다.

전기탈이온 시스템은 전기투석과 이온교환수지법의 혼합 공정으로서 외부전기장 하에서의 이온교환매개체를 통해 이온이 제거되어 고순수를 제조할 수 있도록 고안된 장치이다. 전기탈이온 장치는 이온의 제거 메커니즘과 이온교환 매개체의 전기적 재생 메커니즘으로 설명되며 이를 이용하여 희석조의 성능을 최적화하는 것이 시스템의 효과적인 사용을 위해서 필요하다. 또한 전기탈이온 장치의 다양한 분야에서의 적용을 위해서는 스택구성을 다양하게 변경하여 적용가능성을 판단하는 것이 필요하다. 이를 효과적으로 달성하기 위해서는 기존에 제시되었던 다양한 시스템 특성분석법과 이동현상 관련 수식들을 이해하여 전기탈이온 스택구성에 적용하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 본 총설에서는 전기탈이온 장치의 최적화를 위해 필요한 기초 이론들과 방법들에 대해서 살펴보고 현재의 연구동향에 대해서 고찰하여 분리공정으로서의 이해를 높이고자 하였다.