An elementary school is an important public place for children and it is where they spend most of their days. Ten elementary schools of environmental pollutants were measured in the classroom, playground and school zones (June 19 ~ Nov 1, 2012). Dust measurements of some schools were more indoor air. Measurements of black carbon concentrations were higher overall school zones. Also, in the case of formaldehyde, benzene and some environmental standards were exceeded. In the case of outdoor pollutants not statistically significant, but in some cars and vans that were correlated with pollutants. Thus, strategies and actions are necessary that will protect the health of children in schools from environmental pollutants.

The objective of this study was to investigate meat quality and nutritional composition of 10 cuts (loin, striploin, chuck roll, chuck tender, short plate, brisket, bottom round, top sirloin, eye of round, and top round) from quality grade 1 beef from 11 Hanwoo steers at Hanwoo Experimental Station of National Institute of Animal Science. The protein contents were higher in top round (Udoon) and eye of round (Hongduke) and lower in loin (Dngsim) and short plate (Abjin) when compared to the other cuts (p<0.05). Whereas the intramuscular fat contents were highest in loin (12.51%), those were lowest in top round (4.14%) (p<0.05). The calories were higher in loin and short plate and lower in top round, chuck tender (Guri), top sirloin (Bosup), eye of round, chuck roll (Moksim), and bottom round (Sulgit) (p<0.05). The cooking loss (%) was 24.38% in loin and it was lower than the other cuts (p<0.05). The bottom round had higher water holding capacity (WHC) and chuck tender had lower WHC than those in the other cuts (p<0.05). In meat color, L* values were higher in loin and lower in top round than the other cuts (p<0.05). Total saturated fatty acid contents were higher in loin and lower in bottom round than the other cuts (p<0.05). In amino acid compositions, top round had significantly higher than those in the other cuts (p<0.05). The iron contents were higher in chuck tender and chuck roll contained higher iron contents than those of the other cuts (p<0.05). In conclusion, the meat quality and nutritional properties were significantly different among 10 cuts in the same quality grade of Hanwoo beef. Therefore, the provision of the meat quality and nutritional information of 10 cuts to consumers could be important for utilization and balanced consumption of different cuts.

The effect of interstitial elements on the ductile-brittle transition behavior of austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn-2Ni alloys with different nitrogen and carbon contents was investigated in this study. All the alloys exhibited ductile-brittle transition behavior because of unusual low-temperature brittle fracture, even though they have a faced-centered cubic structure. With the same interstitial content, the combined addition of nitrogen and carbon, compared to the sole addition of nitrogen, improved the low-temperature toughness and thus decreased the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) because this combined addition effectively enhances the metallic component of the interatomic bonds and is accompanied by good plasticity and toughness due to the increased free electron concentration. The increase in carbon content or of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, however, could increase the DBTT since either of these causes the occurrence of intergranular fracture that lead to the deterioration of the toughness at low temperatures. The secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis results for the observation of carbon and nitrogen distributions confirms that the carbon and nitrogen atoms were significantly segregated to the austenite grain boundaries and then caused grain boundary embrittlement. In order to successfully develop austenitic Fe-Cr-Mn alloys for low-temperature application, therefore, more systematic study is required to determine the optimum content and ratio of carbon and nitrogen in terms of free electron concentration and grain boundary embrittlement.

The aim of this study was to establish the identity of Korean traditional food based on the recorded food preferences during the period of the Chosun Dynasty. Our primary source in this regard was the invaluable, historical document called the "Miam's diary." This important document reveals details of such food preferences from October 1567 to September 1568. By analyzing the income-expenditure trends of virtually every household, this diary was used to describe a vivid traditional food preference of the people during that period. A detailed analysis of the diary reveals the summary of families' characteristics in the 16th century. First, it records the fact that expenditure on food was mainly based on stipend and gifts received. The type of food preferred by the people was diverse in nature; for it included rice, bean, chicken, pheasant, and seafood. However, there were dried or pickled forms too so as to prevent them from undergoing decay. Second, it throws light on the fact that people expended food mainly as a salary for servants. People utilized the income from selling such food items to purchase goods and land. They also used the same either to donate for a funeral or wedding purpose. Third, it records the fact that day-to-day purchase of groceries was mostly based on gift(s) for someone close to them such as a neighbor, colleague, relative, or student. Further, such gifts included small groceries, food items, and clothes. Fourth, based on the data available in the diary, it seemed likely that the gentry families laid emphasis on the customary formalities of a family dating back to as early as the late 16th century. Finally, the document also records the fact that noblemen of the Chosun Dynasty had a notion that they had to extend warmth and affection by presenting generous gifts to their guests at home. Noblemen during that period were very particular in welcoming their guests as they believed that this approach alone would testify their status as noblemen.

A xylan-decomposing Gram-positive bacterium, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans DY-8, was isolated from the gut of a wood-feeding longicorn beetle, Moechotypa diphysis. To amplify a partial fragment of the GH 10 β-1,4- xylanase (XylC) gene of strain DY-8, two degenerated oligonucleotide primers were designed based on strictly conserved regions (WDVVNE and ITELLDV) in the GH family 10 xylanolytic enzymes. The full gene (1488-bp) of XylC, which was predicted to encode a protein consisting of 495 amino acids with a molecular mass of 52.0 kDa and a calculated pI of 6.49, was cloned by repeated DNA walking and nested PCR protocols. The results of a protein blast survey showed that XylC was a β -1,4-xylanase comprised of an N-terminal catalytic GH10 domain (from Ser48 to Leu338) and a C-terminal RICIN domain (from Tyr359 to Leu492). This overall structure of XylC was 57% identical to that of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 β -1,4-xylanase (Accession number: YP_006265966), which has not yet been biochemically characterized.

In general, a wagering is deemed a form of gambling when it has the element of betting on properties. Also, any game that leads to financial loss or gain based on its outcome is also interpreted as a form of gambling. However, what if there is no loss or gain of profit in property? In Korea, this kind of non gambling game is widely called Web Board Game. In recent years, Korea’s game industry has become the new engine for economic growth and positioned itself as the symbol of a successful cultural content. However, despite all this, the popular media has accused game as the cause of gambling. And every year the government is coming out with new regulations that woule be seriously affecting the whole game industry and game developer's life. The most recent regulations are coming from Amendments of Game Industry Promotion Act's Implementing Ordinance in the year of 2013. This study examines and tests the Problem of "webboard-game's daily limit regulation" which is known as the most difficult for developers to materialize from these 2013 years amendments of regulations. And it shows the effectiveness and provides an alternative direction for game development.

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of nutrient intake according to metabolic syndrome in Korean elderly. Data on 1,200 elderly (men 545, women 655) over 65 years was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. The subjects were divided into metabolic syndrome (MetS) and normal groups based on NCEP-ATP III guidelines and by applying the Asia-Pacific definition with waist circumference. The prevalence of MetS was 48.9% in all subjects, 35.6% in men and 58.9% in women, respectively. All nutrient intake was significantly lower in MetS than normal subjects, except iron, vitamin A, carotene, and retinol. In the carbohydrate: protein: fat (C:P:F) ratio, MetS showed a higher rate for carbohydrate, but a lower rate for protein and fat than normal. MetS was lower in calcium, vitamin B1, and vitamin C by the nutrient adequacy ratio than normal. Mean adequacy ratio of MetS (0.69) was lower than that of the normal group (0.72). These results demonstrated that undernutrition, not excess intake of specific nutrients - energy, fat, or cholesterol was associated with the risk for MetS in Korean elderly with MetS. Therefore, it is recommended to have a healthy dietary pattern with diverse nutrients for the prevention of MetS.

부동산에 관한 점유취득시효의 완성 후 그 등기를 하기 전에 제3자의 처분금지가처분등기가 이루어진 부동산에 관하여 점유자가 취득시효 완성을 원인으로 소유권이전등기를 하였는데, 그 후 가처분권리자가 처분금지가처분의 본안소송에서 승소판결을 받고 그 확정판결에 따라 소유권이전등기를 하였다면, 점유자가 취득시효 완성 후 등기를 함으로써 소유권을 취득하였다는 이유로 그 등기 전에 처분금지가처분을 한 가처분권리자에게 대항할 수 없는 것이 원칙이라고 할 것이다. 그런데 부동산에 관한 점유취득시효 완성 당시의 소유명의자의 소유권등기가 무효이고, 취득시효 완성 후 그 등기 전에 이루어진 처분금지가처분의 가처분권리자가 취득시효 완성 당시 그 부동산의 진정한 소유자이며, 그 가처분의 피보전권리가 소유권에 기한 말소등기청구권 또는 진정명의회복을 위한 이전등기청구권인 경우에도, 위와 같은 원칙이 그대로 관철되어 적용되어야 하는지 여부가 문제된다.이에 대하여 대상 판결은, 부동산에 관한 점유취득시효 완성 당시의 소유명의자의 소유권등기가 무효이고, 취득시효 완성 후 그 등기 전에 이루어진 처분금지가처분의 가처분권리자가 취득시효 완성 당시 그 부동산의 진정한 소유자이며, 그 가처분의 피보전권리가 소유권에 기한 말소등기청구권 또는 진정명의회복을 위한 이전등기청구권인 경우에는, 그 가처분권리자로서는 취득시효 완성을 원인으로 하여 이루어진 소유권이전등기가 자신의 처분금지가처분에 저촉되는 것이라고 주장하여 시효취득자의 소유권취득의 효력을 부정할 수 없으며, 취득시효 완성을 원인으로 하여 그 완성 당시의 등기명의인으로부터 시효취득자 앞으로 이루어진 소유권이전등기는 실체관계에 부합하는 유효한 등기라고 판시하였다.결론적으로 이러한 판시 내용은 기존에 대법원 판례에서 설시되어 온 진정명의회복을 위한 이전등기청구권의 법리와 처분금지가처분의 법리 및 실체관계에 부합하는 등기의 법리와 논리적 일관성이 있다고 보여 법적으로 타당하다고 평가된다.

항공마일리지는 항공사가 상용고객을 우대하는 제도(Frequent Flyer Program)로서 일정 기준 이상의 마일리지를 적립한 고객에게 보상하는 프로그램이다. 연구대상판결인 서울남부지방법원 2011. 1. 21. 선고 2010가합15876 판결(확정)은 항공마일리지의 상속에 관한 분쟁을 정면에서 다루고 있는 최근 하급심판결로서 學理的으로나 實際的으로 매우 주목할 만하다. 이 판결은 항공마일리지의 재산권성을 인정하고 귀속상 일신전속성을 부정하여 상속성을 인정하면서도, 결과적으로 항공마일리지의 상속을 금지하는 약관의 불공정성은 부인하였다. 그러나 항공마일리지의 상속을 금지하는 약관은 약관의 규제에 관한 법률 제6조 제2항 제1호의 ‘고객에게 부당하게 불리한 조항’으로서 무효라고 보아야 한다. 本稿에서는 대상판결의 쟁점인 항공마일리지의 재산권성 및 귀속상 일신전속성, 항공마일리지의 상속을 금지하는 개별합의의 가능성 및 그러한 약관의 불공정성에 관하여 살펴봄으로써, 대상판결의 결론을 비판적으로 검토하였다.