Capsicum diversity is getting lower in modern crops because of the genetic erosion. In Capsicum, breeders have been mainly focused on agriculturally important traits such as disease resistances, high yield and pungency. However, this narrow breeding pool hampered to develop improved cultivars. It has become a hot issue to conservation of genetic diversity and exploitation of wild germplasm in Capsicum. Analysis of genetic diversity and construction of core collection is the first step to make efficient use of germplasm. Although there have been several attempts to construct core collections in Capsicum, most of these works were limited due to handling small number of samples, relying mainly on the characterization of morphological traits or focusing only C. annuum species. To expand understanding of the structure and genetic diversity of germplasm in Capsicum, we need to have a highly efficient genotyping tool to handle large number of samples. Toward this end, we are analyzing 3,599 germplasm accessions including other cultivated species and wild species in Capsicum with 48 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.

For genetic mapping studies, biparental segregating populations are often useful, however recombination is limited, giving rise to large genomic regions under QTL, and one can only study alelles present in both parents. In Wageninegn UR, a core collection is being developed representing all Brassica rapa morphotypes and geographic origins. As most B. rapa accessions are heterozygous and heterogeneous, we started a project to fix the collection through microspore culture. The resulting Diversity Fixed Foundation Set will be an interesting resource for association mapping studies, which have as advantage that they present the allelec variation present in the collection, and for mapping studies recombination is increased. Nineteen accessions of eight subspecies of Brassica rapa were used for microspore culture to developdoubled haploid lines. Eight morphotypes were represented: 3 Chinese cabbage, 2 Chinese turnip cabbage, 3 Pak choi, 5 Turnip, 3 Broccolleto, 1 Mizuna, 1 Komatsuna and 1 Turnip greenfrom the 19acessions examined, embryos were obtained for 13, representing six subspecies (Komatsuna and Turnip Green had no response). The embryo yields differed significantly between these 13 accessions. We regenerated normal plants from 10 accessions that survived more than 4 weeks in the soil using microspore culture. Nine accessions flowered after 4 weeks vernalization at 5℃ and seeds were harvested from 5 accessions. From a Mizuna, we obtained 3791 seeds from one plant and total 7318 seeds were harvested from 5 accessions representing 4 subspecies(Chinese cabbage, Chinese turnip cabbage, Pak choi, Mizuna). At present, we carry out experiment for obtain more seeds and induce embryos from the other plant materials.

We have identified ATTIRTA1 transposon, a kind of mariner-type DNA transposon from Brassica rapa genome. A total of 811 inverted-terminal repeat, ITR consisting of the both terminal on ATTIRTA1 transposon were found from B. rapa v1.1 sequence. Among them 616 ITR were paired by two in each transposon, indicating three quarters of the transposon exists in original form. Around 10 percentage of the transposon, 82 ITR was located in gene, expecially only in intron. Using these ATTRRTA1, we developed a display system modified from AFLP technique and applied for this system to analyze genetic diversity of Korea Brassica rapa core collection. The collection includes 220 accessions representing the different morphotypes and geographical origin. The analysis of population structure revealed five subgroups and the clustering patterns matched well with their morphological traits. ATTIRTA1 transposon display seems useful marker system for studying genetic relationships. Presently we have profiled the components and contents of glucosinolate in the core collection to analyze genome wide association. This collection will be helpful to identify agriculturally desirable traits from other supspecies.

총 22개의 감 SSR primer set을 사용하여 주요 재배품종 17품종, 수집한 단감 변이개체 13종 등, 총 30개의 유전적 연관성을 분석하였다. 획득한 469개의 다형성 밴드를 이용하여 UPGMA 방식으로 유사도 및 집괴분석을 수행한 결과, 30개의 품종 및 수집 계통들은 크게 2개의 그룹(cluster)으로 나뉘어졌으며, 제 1 cluster는 다시 3개의 subcluster로, 제 2 cluster는 다시 2개의 subcluster를 형성하였다. 이는 수집 계통들이 기존 대조품종들과 서로 동일군으로 분포되고 있어 형태적으로 유사할 수 있고 근연되어 있지만, 유전자적 수준에서는 다른 조성을 가지고 있음을 보여준다. 평균 유사도의 값은 0.164 이였고 품종간 가장 높은 유사도 값(0.31)을 나타낸 것은 ‘차랑’과 ‘전천차랑’이였고, 가장 낮은 유사도 값(0.02)를 나타낸 것은 Ⅱ 그룹과 비교하여 Ⅰ 그룹에 속하는 ‘Rojo Brillante’였다. 본 연구에 사용된 22 SSR primer set을 통해, ‘차랑’과 ‘전천차랑’을 제외한 대조품종과 수집 계통간의 구별이 가능하여 향후 신품종 개발시 품종보호를 위한 특이적 마커로 효율적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

It has been changed from conservative method that require partial destruction of concrete structure to new method that is nondestructive method or require just tissue of concrete structure for the stability evalution of concrete structures. The estimation technique that is the purpose of this project are very forehanded at the time of state-of-the-art equipments that give diagnosis work efficiency and accuracy is presented in this study. This study included that the discovering a equipment for collection of concrete powder, the suggestion of thermal analysis at the estimation of neutralization of concrete, the estimation technique for suggestion of appropriate repair time, the estimation methods that are to presume carbonation processing amount and to assume damage degree caused by freezing and thawing action.

강화도, 울릉도 및 제주도 일원에서 2008년 11월 28일부터 동년 12월 31일까지 5회에 걸쳐 수집단이 작물 토종 유전자원을 탐색 수집한 결과 총 60작물 460점을 수집하였다. 강화도에서는 43작물 295점을 수집하였으며, 울릉도에서는 24작물 49점을 수집 하였고, 제주도에서는 42작물 116점을 수집하였다. 전체 수집한 작물 토종중 식량자원은 14작물 252점(54.8%)이었고, 원예작물이 117점(25.4%)이었으며, 특용작물은 91점(19.8%) 이였다. 식량작물 토종수집 결과는 3개도 공히 콩, 강낭콩 등이 가장 많았고 그 다음으로 옥수수, 수수가 많았다. 강화도에서 수집한 분홍감자와 울릉도의 울릉감자는 소멸직전의 귀한 작물 토종이었다. 원예작물 토종 수집결과 호박, 시금치, 갓, 오이, 상추 순으로 많았다. 강화의 긴호박, 토종오이, 시금치와 울릉도의 오이, 호박 및 제주도의 무, 얼갈이 배추, 고추 등은 오래 재배하여 온 가치 높은 토종자원들 이었다. 특용작물 토종 수집결과 참깨, 들깨, 박, 피마자 등이 많이 수집되었으며 제주도와 강화도에서 수집한 댑싸리는 오래전부터 내려오는 유용한 자원들이다. 수집된 작물 토종의 농가재배 년 수는 대체로 31-50년(작목별로 48.4~53.6%)이 가장 많았다. 대를 물려서 재배 하여 온 토종작물도 13.1~18.7%였다. 농가에서 작물토종을 보유하고 있으면서 분양해준 농부들은 여자가 82.9%로 남자 17.1%에 비하여 훨씬 많았으며, 씨앗은 61~80세(74.3%)의 여성들의 손에 의하여 보존되어 왔음을 보여주었다.

It is very crucial to evaluate the genetic diversity of peanut genetic resources for identification of peanut germplasm accessions and variety improvement. Cultivated peanut generally has two subspecies, hypogaea and fastigiata. In this study, we identified peanut into three plant types, virginia (var. hypogaea), spanish (var. vulgaris), and valencia (var. fastigiata). Former one belongs to ssp. hypogaea and latter two are involved in ssp. fastigiata. Twenty SSR markers were used to assess the genetic variation of three sets, hypogaea, vulgaris, and fastigiata, respectively. Out of variety-specific SSR primers tried in this study, ten pairs of SSR primers showed polymorphisms. Each accession could be identified by a specific set of polymorphic SSR primers, and allele number was evaluated among accessions, with an average of 6.7 in var. hypogaea and 5.4 in var. vulgaris and fastigiata. For evaluation of genetic diversity, gene diversity ranged from 0.336 to 0.844 and PIC (polymorphism information contents) ranged from 0.324 to 0.827 were investigated. Dendrograms based on genetic distances were constructed, which showed the existence of three different clusters. And these three different clusters might be associated with the genes involved in three plant types. The results also suggested that there were plentiful SSR polymorphisms among peanut germplasm accessions in RDA (Rural Development Administration, Korea) Genebank and SSRs might play an important role in evaluating peanut accessions and cultivar improvement.

Fifty-five sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasm from the Rural Development Administration (RDA) were analyzed for their fruit yield and fruit quality characters, including fruit weight, fruit size, pericarp thickness, total soluble content, fruit lobe, fruit shape, fruit surface and fruit color. Fruit yield per plot ranged from 200 g to 8150 g (average, 1884 g). Fruit fresh-weight per fruit ranged from 27.3 g to 200.0 g with an average of 97.2 g. Fruit length varied from 4.0 cm to 16.2 cm (average, 9.6 cm). Fruit length-to-width ratio ranged from 0.6 to 3.0 with an average 1.7. The fruit pericarp thickness ranged from 1.8 mm to 10.7 mm (average, 4.8 mm). Total soluble content was the highest (8.5˚ Brix) in K156286 and the lowest (5.3˚ Brix) in K156208 with the average value 6.7˚ Brix. Fruit lobes numbers varied from 2 to 4. Blocky, triangular, elongated, rectangular and round fruit shape identified among the sweet pepper accessions. Fruit surface varied from smooth to wrinkle and fruit color also varied. The presence of variability in fruit yield and quality traits within the sweet pepper genotypes can be utilized to develop high yielding sweet pepper variety with better fruit quality characters.

이 논문은 󰡔남명학연구󰡕 29집 소재 ｢󰡔南冥集󰡕 諸板本의 刊行年代｣라는 오이 환의 논문에 대한 반박 논문이다. 요점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 󰡔남명집󰡕 기유본 문경호 발문의 ‘임인(1602) 년간’은 문집의 편집 작업 이 진행된 시점을 언급한 것이고, 초간된 것은 서문이 찬술된 갑진(1604)년이 며, 장판각에 불이 난 뒤 순찰사 유영순의 후원에 의해 병오(1606)년 무렵에 1 차 중간이 있었고, 다시 이를 부분적으로 수정하고 보유를 추가하여 간행한 것 이 기유(1609)본이다. 둘째, ‘年間’, 즉 ‘즈음’이란 용어가 간행연대를 적시한 용어로 보기에는 분명 하지 않고 너무나 느슨하다. 간행한 것은 분명한 것이고, 문집 편찬을 의논한 것은 오늘날처럼 간행위원회를 만든 것이라기보다는, 1600년의 󰡔퇴계집󰡕 간행 에 영향을 받은 것으로 보이기 때문에 그 시기가 불분명하였던 것이다. 셋째, 갑진년 8월에 정인홍이 찬술한 서문이, 문경호가 발문을 실은 그 책에 같이 실려 있다는 것은 문집의 초간이 갑진년에 있었다는 것을 가장 웅변적으 로 말해주는 것이다. 넷째, 초간본의 장판각이 불타고 유영순에 의해 중간이 되었다면 이는 유영순 의 관찰사 재임 기간[1605년 9월-1607년 3월]과 관련시키면 병오(1606)년 무렵이라 해야지, 오이환처럼 갑진(1604)년으로 볼 수는 없다. 다섯째, 오이환이 󰡔고대일록󰡕의 신축(1601)년과 임인(1602)년 등에 보이는 ‘看役’이 문집 간행의 일이라고 해석할 근거가 없다. 더구나 계묘(1603)년 겨울 에 李堉이 鄭逑의 심부름으로 󰡔남명집󰡕의 편집 작업을 주도하던 鄭仁弘에게 특 정한 글을 제외하기를 요구하였는데, 정인홍이 “선생의 문자라면 片言隻字라도 가볍게 취하거나 뺄 수 없다.”며 거절하였으니, 이는 1603년 겨울 이전까지 문 집의 편집 작업이 계속되고 있었다는 근거 자료가 된다. 여섯째, 이상 네 가지 이유로 임인(1602)년에 󰡔남명집󰡕이 초간되었다고 주장 한 오이환의 설이 설득력을 잃게 된다. 일곱째, 이에 오이환은 유영순에 관한 문경호의 기록이 신빙성이 없다며, 하 징의 ｢덕천서원기｣와 배대유의 ｢신산서원기｣에서의 관찰사 기록 착각의 예를 들었다. 그러나 이는 논리가 닿지 않는다. 하징과 배대유가 설사 관찰사에 대하 여 착각했다 해도, 그것이 문경호의 착각에 어떻게 작용했는지를 증명할 길이 없다. 그러나 필자는 그것조차 오이환이 사실이 아닌 주장을 한 것으로 논증하 였다. 여덟째, 우선 하징의 ｢덕천서원중건기｣에서 윤근수가 관찰사로서 재임 기간 [1574년 10월-1575년 10월] 중에 덕천서원의 창건을 지원하였다는 것을 오 이환은 하징이 착각하여 잘못 기록한 것이라 생각하고 있지만, 재임 중에 그가 지원한 뒤 1576년 봄부터 일을 시작했다고 보면 하징의 기록에 전연 무리가 없 음을 알 수 있다. 아홉째, 배대유의 ｢신산서원기｣는 󰡔모정집󰡕 기록을 보면 ‘방백읍재’ 밑에 윤 근수와 하진보가 각각 세주로 처리되어 있음을 알 수 있다. 이 세주를 후인이 추기한 것으로 보지 않으려는 것은, 오이환이 배대유가 착각했다고 보기 위함 에 다름 아니다. 배대유는 당시의 관찰사 김수와 김해부사 양사준의 인품을 문 제삼아 그들의 이름을 드러내지 않으려는 의도에서 애초에 ‘방백읍재’라고만 하고, ‘金方伯睟梁知府思俊’이라 표현하지 않았던 것으로 보인다.

As crimes generating huge sum of benefit such as organized crimes, narcotic crimes, and pornography related crimes have been increasing, criminal special act intends to make a redemption for the benefits from criminal acts by the provisions of forfeit or additional collection. Generally, forfeit based on criminal law is characterized as security measure in that it prevents from keeping unlawful benefits by depriving criminals of profit from the wrongful acts. Therefore, when suspended sentence is added to the primary sentence, suspended sentence can be imposed to the additional collection. However, it is not available if it is not added to the primary sentence. Independent appeal on the additional collection is also impossible if there is no appeal for the final judgement. On the contrary, the additional collection from Act on the Control of Narcotics, etc, Customs Act, and Act on aggravated punishment, etc. of specific economic crimes is characterized as a punishment based on the fact of crime. However, in the targeted case, it is questionable that special laws consider the additional collection as punishment. Punitive additional collection is unfavorable to the offender because it can be imposed even though there is no actual benefit from the wrongful acts. Moreover, it is not reasonable to impose not only jointed additional collection based on civil law but also punishment. It is contradictory to the responsibility principle that criminal law calls for and the way of weighing of an offense. Additional collection to a person who simply transport or keep some goods, not to the person who obtain the goods, is not appropriate to the responsibility principle of criminal law. In this respect, the scope of the additional collection needs to be narrowed and it seems to be more reasonable to use the concept of deprivation of benefits from criminal acts.

This study was carried out to obtain the information on the antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus. We compared and analyzed three indigenous collections of Phyllanthus: species from Korea, Brazil and Paraguay. Total phenolic acid contents were 1.93±0.015 mg/mL in KCS (Korean Collection Species), 1.65±0.003 mg/mL in PCS (Paraguay Collection Species) and 1.49±0.003 mg/mL in BCS(Brazil Collection Species). In both DPPH radical scavenging activities and SOD-liked activities, KCS was the highest (67.25±0.03%, 78.38±1.17%). KCS were also the highest in hydroxyl radical scavenging activities (95.80±0.17%). It turned out that there was no meaningful difference between BCS (81.64±0.23%) and PCS (81.54±0.04%). As for hydrogen radical scavenging activities, there was no statistically meaningful difference between KCS (36.44±0.24%) and BCS (36.31±0.33%) and it was the lowest in PCS (33.72±0.15%). Our results showed that KCS excelled the others not only in antioxidant activity but also in other beneficial effects. This encouraging results may be potentially useful in developing Phyllanthus urinaria L. variety which contains lots of functional elements such as total phenolic acid.

A total of 162 accessions of Perilla germplasm collected from diverse habitats in South Korea. The oil content of the seeds varied from 19.8 to 49.6%, the average being 33.3%. Oil content showed wide ranges of variation. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil showed the following overall ranges: palmitic 4.5 to 8.1%, stearic 1.6 to 7.4%, oleic 13.4 to 23.6%, linoleic 9.5 to 19.5%, and linolenic acid 48.6 to 66.4%. No correlation was found between oil content and fatty acid composition. The results obtained in this study provide useful background information for developing new cultivars with a high oil content and different fatty acid. Several accessions could be used as parental lines in breeding programs aiming to increase perilla oil quantity and quality.

Cowpea might have been introduced from China to Korea and cultivated for several hundred years but it has never been a staple food crop in Korea. In this study, genetic diversity of 492 Korean cowpea landrace accessions that have passport information was estimated using six SSR markers. The mean of Weir's gene diversity was 0.665 from all accessions investigated in the study. Cowpea gene diversity of six local provinces in Korea was ranged from 0.370 in accessions of Gangwon to 0.680 in Jeonra provinces. Low gene diversity of the cowpea genepool of Gangwon province was probably derived from relatively few introductions. Especially SSR markers VM36 and VM39 seem to be good markers to distinguish the Gangwon accessions from others by occurring at a specific locus with higher than 78% of allele frequency. Except for the Gangwon province with the low genetic diversity, gene diversity of cowpea accessions from other provinces was ranged from 0.600 to 0.680 indicating no big differences among provinces. Distribution pattern of the allele frequencies was similar among the other provinces. This may reveal that Korean farmers might exchange cowpea seeds easily with even their neighbors with geographical barriers. A core collection, 100 landraces, ca. 20% of base collection, was developed at the 70% of a similarity coefficient level using random sampling approaches after stratification of the entire landrace collection based on the phenetic dendrogram. The variability of SSR in the base and core collections of Korean cowpea landrace was compared by calculating Weir's gene diversity. The mean of Weir's gene diversity of the core was 0.707 while that of the base collection was 0.665. The higher diversity index in the core collection indicates that it maintains the initial variability and well represents the base collection. The core collection included one of determinate accession (IT 216155) and two of no branching type accessions (IT 103959 and IT 161024). The core collection could be used to guide more efficient management and utilization of the entire collection. This core collection should be revised periodically as additional accessions are collected and further characterization is conducted.

국내수집 검정콩 유전자원의 안토시아닌 함량을 평가 및 선발함으로써 안토시아닌 고함유 신품종 육종 모재로 활용하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 공시재료는 농촌진흥청 생명공학연구소 유전자원과로부터 분양받은 274 수집계통(2002년 38계통, 2006년 236계통)과 경기도농업기술원 작물연구과에서 자체 수집 보관하던 18 수집계통이었으며, 2006년도에 경기도농업기술원 작물연구과 전작포장에서 재배하고 수확한 후 성분을 분석하였다. 검정콩 종피에 함유된 안토시아닌의 주성분은 cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G), dephinidin-3-glucoside(D3G), petionidin-3-glucoside(Pt3G) 등이었으며 분석결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 수집지역간의 총안토시아닌 함량은 충남 수집종이 평균 13.75±4.709mg/g 으로 가장 높았고, 총안토시아닌 함량별 유전자원 분포는 9.1~12.0mg/g 범위가 84종으로 가장 많았으며, 6.1~9.0mg/g 65종, 12.1~15.0mg/g 41종, 15.1~18.0mg 39종 순이었다. 2. C3G는 3.1~6.0mg/g 범위가 116종으로 가장 많았고, D3G와 Pt3G는 0~3.0mg/g 에서 각각 288종, 268종이었다. 이중 D3G와 Pt3G가 결핍된 유전자원은 각각 4종통, 24종이었다. 3. 착색기~성숙기 소요일수에 따른 총안토시아닌 함량은 착색소요일수 16일 이하에서는 7.82±4.304mg/g 이하였으나, 35일 이상에서 13.09±4.190mg/g 으로 뚜렷하게 증가하였다. 4. 성숙소요일수에 따른 안토시아닌 함량은 소요일수가 길어질수록 높아져 86일 이상에서는 15.98±3.935mg/g 이었다. 5. 수확시기에 따른 총안토시안닌 함량은 9월 하순부터 높아져 10월21일 이후 수확된 유전자원에서 15.75±3.402mg/g 으로 가장 높았는데, 개별 안토시아닌에서도 C3G와 D3G는 같은 경향이었다.

We described and illustrated a rare species in Korea, Hypoxis aurea Lour. (Hypoxidaceae) which was rediscovered about 70 years after its first collection from Jeju island in Korea. The members of the family Hypoxidaceae R. Br. are distinguished from the plants of Amaryllidaceae J. St-Hill. by having grass-like leaves, an invisible stem which is modified into a corm or a rhizome, trimerous, and radially symmetric flowers with an inferior ovary developing into a capsule on scapes. Hypoxis aurea Lour. is readily distinguishable from Curculigo orchinoides Gsertn. in Japan by beakless ovary and capsular fruit. The number of somatic chromosome is 2n=54.