The study aimed to evaluate the usability of sterile bag collection (SBC) urinalysis and urine culture for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTI). Urine culture is key for diagnosing UTI, and transurethral catheterization (TUC) or suprapubic aspiration is recommended for non-toilet-trained children. Although urine testing using SBC is non-invasive and easy, UTI can be diagnosed only if other criteria including clinical symptoms and positive urinalysis results are met. This study included 228 infants who were hospitalized for unexplained fever from October 2015 to June 2016. TUC culture, SBC urinalysis, and urine culture were performed for all patients. UTI was diagnosed when the TUC culture results met the criterion of ≥104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. When UTI diagnosis was made based on SBC urine colony counts ≥105 CFU/mL, the false-positive and false-negative rates were 6.3% and 70.0%, respectively. When the criterion was set as ≥104 CFU/mL, they were 23.7% and 30.0%, respectively. When both the criteria of ≥105 CFU/mL and positive urinalysis results were met, the false-positive rate was 2.4%, and the false-negative rate was 80%. Our results suggest that diagnosing UTI using SBC urinalysis and urine culture is not useful in infants with unexplained fever.

우리나라는 2012년을 기준으로 약 1,300여개소의 군부대 사격장, 15개 경기 사격장, 17개 레져용 사격장, 미군부대에서 사용하는 95개 훈련장 사격장이 운용되고 있다. 최근 국방부와 환경부가 공동으로 19개 사격장을 대상으로 토양 오염도를 조사한 결과를 보면, 모든 사격장의 토양이 발사된 탄두의 영향으로 납, 구리, 크롬 등의 중금속으로 심각하게 오염된 사실이 확인된 바 있다. 토양 중 중금속의 존재 형태는 여러 가지로 나타날 수 있는데, 일반적으로 탄피의 작은 알갱이 형태인 중금속 분말 형태와, 분말로 용출되어 토양입자에 흡착 또는 침전물 형태의 복잡한 화합물로 존재한다. 유기물과는 달리 중금속은 장기간 경과 후에도 그 양은 변화지 않으며, 단지 주변 조건에 따라 여러 가지 형태의 다양한 모습으로 존재한다. 대표적인 처리방법에는 물리적, 화학적 방법에 의한 분리 기술과 고정화 또는 안정화 방법에 의한 위해성 저감 등이 있다. 기존 사격장의 중금속오염 토양의 정화를 위하여, 소석회와, 석회석으로 구성된 연속 칼럼 반응조를 통과시킨 다음, pH를 중성으로 조절하기 위하여 pH 조정조를 통과시키는 지하수의 정화방법(시트르산, 아세트산, 옥살산과 같은 저분자 유기산을 주성분으로 하는 용출제용 조성물을 이용하여 토양 중에 투입하여 중금속을 부착시킨 후 제거하는 중금속 오염 토양의 정화방법) 등이 제안되어 왔으나, 이들 방법은 모두 사후적 정화방법에 관한 것으로 완전한 정화가 불가능할 뿐만 아니라 정화에 많은 노력과 시간이 소요된다는 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 발사된 탄두를 연소 및 화재의 위험과 토양의 중금속 오염 없이 재활용이 가능한 피탄 받이용(탄두회수용) 충진재 개발을 진행하였다. 이를 통하여 탄두를 원형 그대로 회수함에 따른 고비용 탄두의 재활용이 가능하며, 탄두에 의한 토양 중금속 오염문제를 원천적으로 봉쇄할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

There has been an increasing trend for the installation of pipeline waste collection systems for household waste in the massive complexes of new houses in Korea. This trend is attributed to the advantages of the system, which can reduce traffic congestion and keep the residential areas clean. The system also prevents odors and facilitates the easy discharge of waste by residents any time. However, several problems have been identified, whereby the installation and maintenance costs of the system are considerable and the system does not support separate discharge of recyclable wastes. For example, residents normally discharge food waste separate from disposable municipal solid waste at the waste drop, but some of the systems mix them at the bottom and transfer them together, which goes against resources recirculation, an important point of current waste management principles. Investigation into other countries’ experiences of the installation and operation of these systems will be a good lesson for Korea. Therefore, we studied Japan’s case, because they have a number of these systems between the 1970s and early 1990s as government-subsidized model projects led by the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Health and Welfare. However, it was done at a time when the reduction of discharge of wastes and recycling were not considered significant owing to rapid economic development, only focusing on the convenience of waste collection and transportation. Furthermore, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions were not priorities to be considered. Now that the systems are not suitable for the current resource recycling-oriented society, none have been installed since 2002, and many facilities have been closed already, with a few facilities operating with difficulties. Therefore, the installation of pipeline collection systems for household waste should be further considered with appropriate measures to avoid the precedent experiences of Japan.

Cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy is regarded as a relatively simple and safe procedure to protect the brain and improve neurological function. However, some serious complications, such as infection, hematoma, bone resorption, seizure, and epidural or subdural fluid collection may develop after cranioplasty. Among these complications, epidural fluid collection after cranioplasty is not well described and with limited reports on the same. Here, we report recurrent epidural fluid collection after cranioplasty, eventually necessitating the removal of the bone flap. This study discusses the possible pathological mechanisms of this undesirable complication with a review of the literature.

This study is conducted to get current state of data collection and utilization of the trees damaged by pine wilt disease, and to efficiently collect and utilize of the trees damaged by the pine wilt disease and abandoned fumigation-treated trees at forecasts. The method to control pine wilt disease damaged area is mostly fumigation treatment system, and there is no collection and utilization of damaged trees because of absence of efficient collection system, lack of collection cost, and absence of policy, etc. A survey is conducted that asked about the satisfaction degree for the trees damaged by pine wilt disease collection and use divided into 6 topics. It was positively recognized that the need and problem of the trees damaged by pine wilt disease, and results and satisfaction of forestry mechanization while it was mostly negatively recognized that the policy satisfaction for prevention and collection, satisfaction of collection and use, collection and forestry mechanization, and satisfaction of foundation equipment for forestry mechanization, etc. As a result of path analysis, it is necessary to promote a high-tech forestry mechanization to improve satisfaction level of results and satisfaction of forestry mechanization for the trees damaged by pine wilt disease collection and utilization, it is also need to make an effort in various ways for improve satisfaction level of satisfaction of collection and utilization.

GWAS (Genome-wide association study) provides a useful to associate phenotypic variation to genetic variation. It has emerged as a powerful approach for identifying genes underlying complex diseases or morphological traits at an unprecedented rate. Despite benefits, there are only a few examples applied in crop plants due to lack of effective genotyping techniques and well prepared resources for developing high density haplotype maps. In this study, 350 core accessions selected from almost 5,000 Capsicum accessions were used for GWAS. We are planning to construct a high-density haplotype map using GBS platform and perform GWAS for various agronomic traits including fruit traits and metabolites related to pungency to identify genes controlling the traits. These results will not only provide a list of candidate loci but also a powerful tools for finding genetic variants that can be directly used for crop improvement and deciphering the genetic architecture of complex traits.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops with high oil contents and rich nutrient value. The development of a core collection could facilitate easier access to sesame genetic resources for their use in crop improvement programs and simplify the genebank management. The present study was initiated to the development and evaluation of a core collection of sesame based on 5 qualitative and 10 quantitative trait descriptors on 2,751 sesame accessions. The accessions were different countries of origin. About 10.1 percent of accessions were selected by using the power core program to constitute a core collection consisting of 278 accessions. Mean comparisons using t-test, Nei’s diversity index of 10 morphological descriptors and correlation coefficients among traits indicated that the existing genetic variation for these traits in the entire collection has been preserved in the core collection. The results from this study will provide effective information for future germplasm conservation and improvement programs in sesame.

지상 강우자료의 공간 변동특성은 돌발홍수 예측의 정도를 결정짓는 중요한 부분이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지상 강우관측망의 공간적 분포특성이 레이더 보정에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 지상 강우관측소의 공간적 분포와 레이더 강우의 보정은 최근린 지수와 G/R 비를 이용하였으며, 이를 평창강 유역에 적용하였다. 대상유역 내에는 총 23개의 강우관측소가 위치해 있으며, 이중 10개의 강우관측소를 무작위로 선택하였다. 이때 선택된 강우관측소 조합(총 1,144,066개)을 최근린 지수를 이용하여 공간분포가 가장 좋은 경우와 가장 왜곡된 경우로 구분하고, 각 경우에 대한 레이더 보정 결과를 비교하였다. 보정된 레이더 강우와 지상 강우관측소의 차이는 ME(Mean Error)와 RMSE(Root Mean Squared Error)를 이용하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 공간분포가 우수한 경우 ME와 RMSE가 공간분포가 왜곡된 경우에 비해 상대적으로 작게 분석됨을 확인하였다. 이는 레이더 강우보정에 있어 유역내의 관측소의 개수뿐만 아니라 유역내의 관측소의 공간분포 역시 중요한 요소임을 확인하였다. 즉, 유역내의 관측소의 개수가 많더라도 공간적으로 왜곡된 경우 적절한 레이더 보정이 힘들어 지는 것을 의미한다. 아울러 공간적으로 잘 분포된 강우관측망을 이용하여 레이더 강우를 보정할 경우 편의와 불확실성은 유역 내 전체 지상 강우관측소를 이용한 경우만큼이나 충분히 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 대상 강우관측소의 개수를 10개소로 한정하여 분석한 결과로 현재로서는 몇 개의 강우관측소를 선택하였을 때 레이더 보정 있어 가장 유리한지는 파악하기 쉽지 않다. 일반적으로 레이더 보정시 유역 내 전체 강우관측소를 대상으로 하는데 유역내의 전 강우자료를 적용하는 게 과연 적절한 방법인지에 대해서는 추후 논의할 필요가 있다. 아울러 본 연구의 성과는 기상관측소의 제한된 여건 속에서 관측망의 효율적 운영을 통해 강우자료의 품질 향상과 더불어 홍수예경보 시스템의 질적 향상에 기여할 수 있을 거라 판단된다.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is crucial legume crop as source of high quality vegetable protein and oil, and Korea is regarded as a part of center of soybean origin. To expand the information of conserved genetic diversity, we analyzed the genetic variability of soybean collection mainly introduced Korean accessions using 75 microsatellite markers. A total of 1,503 alleles with an average value of 20.0 alleles were detected among 644 accessions. Korean collection revealed average allele number of 13.4 while Chinese, Japanese and Southeast Asian accessions showed 9.0, 5.4 and 6.5 mean alleles, respectively. Especially, Korean accessions showed more number of private allele per locus as 3.4 contrary to other geographical groups. The mean expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content was 0.654 and 0.616, respectively, and expected heterozygosity values were not significantly distinguished according to the geographical groups. The phylogenetic dendrogram and deduced population structure based on DNA profiles of 75 SSR loci showed Korean accessions formed distinct gene pool against Chinese accessions, and could be divided into five subpopulations. Korean soybean accessions have specific genetic diversity and might be serve the valuable alleles for bio-industry as a part of the center of soybean origin.

Capsicum diversity is getting lower in modern crops because of the genetic erosion. In Capsicum, breeders have been mainly focused on agriculturally important traits such as disease resistances, high yield and pungency. This narrow breeding pool hampered to develop improved cultivars. It has become a hot issue to conservation of genetic diversity and exploitation of wild germplasm in Capsicum. However, although a large number of accessions are maintained in Capsicum germplasm collections, their use for crop improvement is limited by the scarcity of information on genetic diversity, population structure and proper phenotypic assessment. The identification of representative and manageable subset of accessions would facilitate access to the diversity available in large collections. A genome wide germplasm characterization using molecular markers can offer reliable tools for adjusting the quality and representativeness of core samples. We investigated patterns of molecular diversity at 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 4056 accessions from 11 Capsicum species from 89 different countries. Using these genetic variations and 32 different morphological traits, 250 core set was selected in whole Capsicum germplasm. The core collection could be a primary source for distributing germplasm to pepper breeders and other national programs as well as for evaluation

네덜란드 와게닝건대학 식물육종연구실에서는 배추과 채소들을 형태적 지리적 근원을 찾아 대표 형태형을 나타 내는 수집단을 분류하는 Core Collection 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 배추과 채소들은 대부분 Heterogeneous 하고, Heterozygous 하기 때문에 본 실험실에서는 와게닝건 대학으부터 배추과 채소 중 8개의 형태형을 나타내는 19계통 (Chinese Cabbage 3계통, Chinese Turnip Cabbage 2계통, Pak Choi 3계통, Turnip 5계통, Broccolleto 3계통, Mizuna 1계 통, Komatsuna 1계통, Turnip green 1계통)을 분양 받아서 소포자배양을 진행 하였다. 소포자배양를 진행한 결과, 8 가지 종들 중, Komatsuna 와 Turnip Green을 제외한 6종에서 모두 배의 발생을 유도 할 수 있었고, 유도된 배들은 식 물체로의 재생을 위해 MS배지에 옮겨졌고, 토양순화, 저온처리 의 과정을 거쳤다. 이들 6종들 중 Broccolleto를 제 외한 5종에서 채종이 가능하였다. 배추과 채소의 Core Collection을 위한 19계통의 소포자배양 결과, 10계통에서 배 가 유도되었으며, 발생된 배의 개체 수에는 차이가 크게 나타났으나, MS 배지로 옮겨진 배들은 10계통 모두에서 정상적인 뿌리를 형성한 Adventitious shoot가 재생되었고, 토양에 4주 이상 적응한 식물체를 획득할 수 있었다. 10 계통 중 2계통을 제외한 8계통이 4주 동안 저온처리의 과정에 적응하였고, 이들 중 7계통에서 채종과정을 거쳐 종 자생산에 성공하였다.

Glucosinolates of Brassica rapa collection from Korea genebank were measured to determine total glucosinolate content and their variation of diverse glucosinolates; Around 100 accessions representing the different morphotypes and geographical origin of Brassica rapa were analysed. The principal component analysis was performed to evaluate the differences among morphotypes using the profiles of 14 glucosinolates identified from the leaves. DMRT test and box plots showed the significant difference between total glucosinolates of subspecies. Most of turnip accessions had higher gluconilates compared to the other type accessions, Chinese cabbage and pak choi. These accessions will be used for GWAS study for glucosinolate. Now they are being finger-printed by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Among these accession, we selected a turnip accession with high amount of glucosinolate, K0466 and two Chinese cabbage accession with low amount of glucosinolate, K0015 and K0621. To analyse quantitative traits loci (QTL) for glucosinolate synthesis, these three accessions were fixed through microspore culture. Finally, six homozygous lines were selected and were crossed each other to make F1 hybrids. We just harvested F2 seeds and transferred doubled haploid plants to pots. QTL analysis for glucosinolate will be performed these F2 and DH population.

본 연구는 우리나라 기상여건을 고려하여 콩 생육초기에 습해 저항성 자원을 선발하여 내습성 콩 품종의 조기육성 및 유전적 요인을 구명하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1.국내 콩 주요 품종 및 보존 유전자원 등 192점에 대한 담수처리에 의한 생존율에 따라 습해 저항성과 감수성으로 분류하였다. 그 결과, 장백콩, 단백콩, 소원콩, 소청2호, 수원269는 습해 저항성 자원으로 선발되었다. 신록, T181, T201, NTS1116, HP-963은 습해 감수성 자원으로 선발되었다. 2.습해처리에 의해 발현이 증가된다고 보고된 유전자들 APX1, APX2, Adh의 발현을 분석한 결과 유전자들의 발현이 증가하였으며, 이로 미루어 습해처리가 정상적으로 처리되었음을 알 수 있다.3.1차 선발된 습해 저항성 및 감수성 자원에 습해를 처리하였을 때, 저항성 자원은 생존율이 71% 이상, 감수성 자원은 25% 이하의 생존율을 나타내었다. 1차 선발된 습해 저항성 및 감수성 자원에 대한 재현성을 확인하였다.4.부정근은 습해 저항성 자원에서 17.3~41.3개, 감수성 자원에서 0~9개를 나타내었다. 습해 감수성 자원에 비해 습해 저항성 자원에서 부정근이 상대적으로 많이 발달함을 확인할 수 있었다.5.주근의 길이는 저항성 자원에서는 0~25% 정도 감소한 반면 감수성 자원에서는 44~60% 감소한 것으로 조사되었다. 측근의 수는 감수성 자원에서는 37~65%로 감소하였지만 저항성 자원에서는 8~67% 증가하였다.

In this paper, we presents overview of performance qualification and testing method for new OCL (overhead contact line) up to 400 km/h. The track-side and on-board monitoring system are proposed to measure current collection performance. The proposed systems will be capable of measuring abnormal behavior quality of current collection between pantograph and contact wire.

The 2nd landfill of Sudokwon landfill site has been collecting landfill gas flowing into vertical wells using the vacuum generated by blowers. The vacuum applied to the wells enables the landfill gas within the collection boundary to be collected and the air in the atmosphere to be penetrated through landfill cover soil, as well. In this study, we tried to investigate the impact of active landfill gas collection with vertical wells on landfill aeration. The pressure changes and the compositions of landfill gas, measured at the wells and 4 bore holes made in the landfill for this study, showed the air penetrates the landfill cover and inflows into the vertical wells. The concentration of nitrogen in the landfill gas collected from the 2nd landfill site has been increased to 14 ~ 15% as of February 2013, indicating 18 ~ 19% of the air is being included in the landfill gas.

Climate change has increased the number of floods and inundation on farmland. Recently various mobile applications through inundation mapping, flood forecasts and evacuation routes have been developed for the prevention and reduction of flood damages. However, most of current prevention systems for farmland flooding are still web-based systems relying on the field survey which needs a lot of human and time resources although mobile devices has been rapidly improved and widely used. The purpose of this study is to design a mobile application for preventing and reducing farmland flood and inundation damages and collecting damage information in real time. We put advanced mobile device functions such as GPS, network communications, cameras into our system design. This system implement 2way communication and intuitive application that will increase information efficiency and decrease flood damage. Our design has been tested through previous flooding data of Jinju city in 2010.

Capsicum diversity is getting lower in modern crops because of the genetic erosion. In Capsicum, breeders have been mainly focused on agriculturally important traits such as disease resistances, high yield and pungency. However, this narrow breeding pool hampered to develop improved cultivars. It has become a hot issue to conservation of genetic diversity and exploitation of wild germplasm in Capsicum. Analysis of genetic diversity and construction of core collection is the first step to make efficient use of germplasm. Although there have been several attempts to construct core collections in Capsicum, most of these works were limited due to handling small number of samples, relying mainly on the characterization of morphological traits or focusing only C. annuum species. To expand understanding of the structure and genetic diversity of germplasm in Capsicum, we need to have a highly efficient genotyping tool to handle large number of samples. Toward this end, we are analyzing 3,599 germplasm accessions including other cultivated species and wild species in Capsicum with 48 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.

For genetic mapping studies, biparental segregating populations are often useful, however recombination is limited, giving rise to large genomic regions under QTL, and one can only study alelles present in both parents. In Wageninegn UR, a core collection is being developed representing all Brassica rapa morphotypes and geographic origins. As most B. rapa accessions are heterozygous and heterogeneous, we started a project to fix the collection through microspore culture. The resulting Diversity Fixed Foundation Set will be an interesting resource for association mapping studies, which have as advantage that they present the allelec variation present in the collection, and for mapping studies recombination is increased. Nineteen accessions of eight subspecies of Brassica rapa were used for microspore culture to developdoubled haploid lines. Eight morphotypes were represented: 3 Chinese cabbage, 2 Chinese turnip cabbage, 3 Pak choi, 5 Turnip, 3 Broccolleto, 1 Mizuna, 1 Komatsuna and 1 Turnip greenfrom the 19acessions examined, embryos were obtained for 13, representing six subspecies (Komatsuna and Turnip Green had no response). The embryo yields differed significantly between these 13 accessions. We regenerated normal plants from 10 accessions that survived more than 4 weeks in the soil using microspore culture. Nine accessions flowered after 4 weeks vernalization at 5℃ and seeds were harvested from 5 accessions. From a Mizuna, we obtained 3791 seeds from one plant and total 7318 seeds were harvested from 5 accessions representing 4 subspecies(Chinese cabbage, Chinese turnip cabbage, Pak choi, Mizuna). At present, we carry out experiment for obtain more seeds and induce embryos from the other plant materials.

We have identified ATTIRTA1 transposon, a kind of mariner-type DNA transposon from Brassica rapa genome. A total of 811 inverted-terminal repeat, ITR consisting of the both terminal on ATTIRTA1 transposon were found from B. rapa v1.1 sequence. Among them 616 ITR were paired by two in each transposon, indicating three quarters of the transposon exists in original form. Around 10 percentage of the transposon, 82 ITR was located in gene, expecially only in intron. Using these ATTRRTA1, we developed a display system modified from AFLP technique and applied for this system to analyze genetic diversity of Korea Brassica rapa core collection. The collection includes 220 accessions representing the different morphotypes and geographical origin. The analysis of population structure revealed five subgroups and the clustering patterns matched well with their morphological traits. ATTIRTA1 transposon display seems useful marker system for studying genetic relationships. Presently we have profiled the components and contents of glucosinolate in the core collection to analyze genome wide association. This collection will be helpful to identify agriculturally desirable traits from other supspecies.