Purpose - This study aims to explore and describe human resource management (HRM) in Nepalese organizations. Specifically, this study addresses three research questions: (a) what are the key human resource (HR) practices in Nepalese organizations?; (b) what are the major tasks and roles of HR departments in Nepalese organizations?; and (c) how is the status of the HR function expected to change within Nepalese organizations? Research design, data, and methodology - For this purpose, we implemented the Delphi method and developed an informed consensus among selected experts concerning the research questions. Results - The findings illustrate that organizations in Nepal adopt a wide range of HR practices commonly used in Western and developed countries. Simultaneously, some HR practices specific to the Nepalese context are also discovered. The experts’ consensus on the future of HRM confirms that the evolution of the HR function to a strategic partner of management is evident in Nepalese organizations. Conclusions – Domestic as well as foreign organizations in Nepal try to create HRM systems that place them on a par with global companies. At the same time, they incorporate cultural features specific to Nepal to compete effectively in local markets. While there are few empirical studies describing HR practices in Nepal, this study contributes to broadening our understanding of the current and future status of HRM in Nepal.

세계는 매일 빠른 속도로 발전하며 기존의 기술이 서로 융합하여 복합적인 모습으로 성장하고있다. 이에 기존의 문제해결 방법으로는 해결할 수 없는 다양한 문제가 야기되었으며, 유연하게 해결하기 위한 '창의적 사고'를 가진 인재가 중요시 되고 있다. 그리하여 융합형 인재를 양성하기 위해 과학, 수학, 엔지니어링, 기술 등을 접목한 STEM교육과 4개의 내용(Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics)에서 예술(Art)을 합친 STEAM교육에 대한 인식과 교육방법이 연구되기 시작했다. 2010년 한국에도 STEAM교육이 접목되었으나, 대학 입시 위주의 교육 풍토상 과학, 수학의 내용이 강조된 불균형적인 형태로 STEAM교육이 이루어지고 있어 흥미를 일으키기 어렵고 학생 스스로가 참여하고 생각할 수 있는 수업이 부족하다. 이에 본 연구는 '창의적 사고'를 배양하는 디자인씽킹(Design Thinking) 프로세스를 도입하여 문제해결 능력을 체득하고, 협업을 통해 나를 포함한 공동체를 이해하는 인성함양 STEAM교육을 개발하였다. 개발된 비즈니스 창업 프로그램은 창의· 인성교육에 스토리텔링을 입혀 참여학생의 흥미도를 높여 자발적 참여가 가능하게 개발된 프로그램이다. 2018년 4개 중·고등학교에 교육 실시 후 만족도와 효과성 사후 조사를 실시하였으며 긍정적인 효과를 나타내었다. 향후 미래 융합인재 양성교육에 알맞는 창의적 사고를 배양하고, 인성교육을 통해 사회에 속한 개인의 문제뿐만 아니라 협업과 분업을 통한 기초소양을 체득화 하는 것에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

Purpose - This study is to propose discriminative management strategies to long-term care facilities based on the empirical analysis after reviewing the effects of social support, perceived by long-term care facility employees, to service orientation. Research design, data, and Methodology - The research model designed social support, job stress, organizational commitment, and service orientation. The survey collected data from 453 customers in a long-term care facility in jeju. The SPSS 18.0 package was used for analysis. Results - First, social support for long-term care facility employees has a negative(-) effect to job stress. Test results, social support factors except appraisal support had a negative impact on job stress. Second, social support has a positive(+) effect to organizational commitment. Test results, informational support, tangible support and appraisal support had significant effects on organizational commitment. However, emotional support had a positive impact on affective commitment and normative commitment. Third, social support has a positive(+) effect to service orientation. Test results had a positive impact. Fourth, job stress has a negative(-) effect to organizational commitment. In the test results, employee's continuance commitment and normative commitment had significant negative effects in job stress. However, affective commitment had no significant impact. Fifth, job stress has a negative(-) effect to service orientation. Test results showed a negative impact. Conclusions - The study implies the following. First, that there should be a change in the social perception of long-term care facilities. 'Long-Term Care Insurance for The Elderly' was enacted to emphasize this responsibility for the elderly problems as a new system. Enactment of this Act was expected to improve the quality of life of the people by stabilizing the elderly life and reducing the burden of families. Therefore, long-term care facility system should be as efficient as possible for making plans for systematic and organizational support. Second, the efforts of facility managers to minimize job stress of employees is necessary. Accordingly, performing spontaneous work is required for a comfortable working environment and management. Third, the systematic education and training to employees for service oriented behavior of the facility will be required in the long term.

Background : Dry eyes are caused by highly increased osmolarity of tear film, inflammation, and apoptosis of the ocular surface. Polygonum cuspidatum is a herbaceous perennial plant of the genus Polygonum found in Asia and North America. However, the effects of P. cuspidatum aqueous extract (PCE) on hyperosmolarity-induced inflammation and apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells have not been examined. Methods and Results : Hyperosmotic media induced human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) cytotoxicity though increased inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. PCE treatment significantly inhibited expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), and activation of NF-κB p65 in hyperosmolar stress-induced HCECs. In addition, Hyperosmolarity-induced increase in BAX expression and activation of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase 3 were attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by PCE. PCE treatment restored anti-oxidative proteins such as Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in hyperosmolar stress-induced HCECs. Conclusion : PCE protected against hyperosmolar stress-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidation by inhibiting expression of COX-2, BAX, MMP9; activation of NF-κB, caspase 3, and PARP; and increasing expression of MUC4 and anti-oxidative proteins. Overall, our data provide insight into the protective effects of PCE as a candidate for eye health.

Background : The human patch test is a method used to evaluate potential skin irritation after contact with a cosmetic materials. Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D in human patch test. Methods and Results : Thirty two female volunteers were tested with GS-E3D. GS-E3D (20 ㎕) was applied to occlusive patch test devices and was then applied onto the back of subject with normal skin for 24 hours. Cutaneous irritation responses were evaluated and graded according to criterion of International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) at 30 min, 24 hours, and 48 hours after removing of GS-E3D patch. The average age of subjects was 47.3 ± 9.3 years. Skin reactivity calculated from irritation score in GS-E3D treated group was 0.51 and skin irritation score of no application group was 0, respectively. Skin irritancy was no response in both GS-E3D treated group and no application group. From above data, GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant according to ICDRG guideline that skin irritation score of ‘0.00 - 0.75’ is a non-irritant. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be useful as a safe cometic ingredient.

본 연구는 예비유아교사의 인권감수성과 유아인권 교수효능감을 조사하여 학년, 인권 관련 교육경험, 유아권리협약 인지도, 유아인권교육에 대한 관심도 및 중요성 인지도 등의 변인에 따른 차이를 알아봄으로써 예비유아교사 대상의 유아인권교육을 위한 시사점을 제공하는 데 목적을 둔다. 연구대상은 서울시 S대학 유아교육과에 재학하고 있는 예비유아교사 389명이다. 연구 결과, 예비유아교사의 인권감수성은 보통을 조금 넘어서는 수준으로, 책임지각이 가장 높았고 결과 지각이 가장 낮았다. 변인들 중 유아인권교육에 대한 관심도와 중요성 인식도에 따라 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 유아인권 교수효능감은 보통 이상의 수준이었으며, 개인효능감이 결과 기대감보다 높았다. 예비유아교사의 유아인권 교수효능감은 모든 변인에서 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 또한 인권감수성과 유아인권 교수효능감 간에는 정적인 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 유아인권교육 관련 경험이 부족한 예비유아교사를 대상으로 관련 지식뿐만 아니라, 상황 중심의 문제해결과정을 강조하는 접근법의 유아인권교육이 요구된다.

Background : Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) have traditionally been used as Asian medicinal and culinary herb. Curcumin, a major compound of turmeric, has been known to have antitumor activity. However, curcumin is bioavailable because it is rapidly metabolized and released from the body. Therefore, the addition of adjuvants such as piperine, a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism, is one of the ways to increase the bioavailability of curcumin. Methods and Results : The yields of turmeric and black pepper ethanolic extracts (TM and BP) are 18.2 and 8.2% (w/w), respectively. The EC50 values of A549 and NCI-H292 cells exposed to TM were 77.8 ㎍/㎖ and 92.0 ㎍/㎖, respectively. No significant cytotoxicity was observed up to the 400 ㎍/㎖ in the A549 and NCI-H292 exposed to BP. Based on the central composite design, the co-treatment of TM and BP enhanced the cytotoxicity of A549 and NCI-H292 cells. The optimal combination concentration (optimal EC50 value) of TM and BP calculated by the response surface methodology assay were 48.5 and 241.7 ㎍/㎖. The conbination index assay confirmed that the cytotoxic effect at optimal combinatino concentration was due to the synergistic effect. Conclusion : We hypothesized that co-treatment of TM and BP enhanced cytotoxicity more than single treatment of TM against lung cancer cells, and cell death at this time may synergetic cytotoxicity effects associated with curcumin metabolism.

A diarylheptanoid, (5S)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5- hydroxyheptane-3-one-5-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, named oregonin (1), was isolated from the of Alnus japonica (A. japonica), which is a species of the genus Betulaceae, growing throughout Korea, Japan and China. The structure was elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including negative and positive LC/MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques or by comparison with authentic samples. In order to evaluate the anti-oxidative activities of oregonin (1) isolated from A. japonica, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were measured in vitro. Oregonin from A. japonica exhibited potent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. A. japonica shows not only 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, but also apoptosis modulative effects. The present results indicate that A. japonica could be a hair-growth-promoting agent for cosmetic products.

대기 오염은 피부의 산화적 손상, 염증 및 노화를 일으킬 수 있다. 레스베라트롤은 폴리페놀 화합물의 일종으로 항산화, 항염증, 멜라닌 생성 억제 작용 등 다양한 생물학적 활성이 있는 한편 열과 빛에 약한 단점이 있다. 레스베라트릴 트라이아세테이트(RTA)는 레스베라트롤에 비해 안정하고, 피부 안전성과 미백 효능이 보고된 화장품 신소재이다. 본 연구의 목적은 직경 10 μ m 미만 대기 미립자 물질(PM10)에 노출된 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)의 염증 반응에 대한 레스베라트롤과 RTA의 영향을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 배양된 HEK세 포를 레스베라트롤과 RTA의 유무 조건에서 PM10에 노출시키고, 세포 생존율, 반응성 산소종(ROS)의 생성 및 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 분석하였다. PM10을 처리하였을 때 세포 생존율이 감소하였고 종양괴사인자- α(TNF-α), 인터루킨-1β(IL-1β), 인터루킨-6(IL-6) 및 인터루킨-8(IL-8)의 발현이 증가하였다. 레 스베라트롤과 RTA는 PM10으로 유도된 세포의 사멸과 ROS 생성을 경감시켰다. PM10에 의해 증가되는 여러 염증성 사이토카인의 발현은 레스베라트롤과 RTA에 의해 경감되거나(IL-6), 증진되거나(IL-1β), 변화하지 않았다(TNF-α 및 IL-8). PM10에 의해 유도된 IL-6단백질의 발현이 레스베라트롤과 RTA에 의해 감소되 었다. 본 연구의 결과는 레스베라트롤과 RTA가 대기 미립자 물질에 노출된 피부의 세포 손상과 염증 반응을 조절하는 작용이 있음을 시사한다.

Brain MRI 검사에서는 영상을 얻기 위해 RF Pulse를 인체에 조사하게 되는데 이때 조사된 RF Pulse 에너지의 상당부분은 우리 몸에 그대로 흡수되게 되고 이로 인해 인체의 온도가 상승하게 되는데 노출정도에 따라 인체에 영향을 주게 된다. 그리고 같은 RF Pulse 에너지를 주었더라도 인체에 금속이 삽입되었다면 금속으로 인한 전자파 전도도가 증가하기 때문에 SAR가 증가하고 체온도 변화하게 된다. 이에 Brain MRI 검사 시 치아 임플란트의 재료에 따라 발생되는 두부 전체의 SAR와 온도의 변화를 비교 분석하고자 한다. 실험은 인체 두부모델에 1.5Tesla MRI장비에서 발생되는 64MHz RF Pulse 주파수, 3.0Tesla MRI장비에서 발생되는 128MHz RF Pulse 주파수를 조사한 뒤 치아 임플란트 재료를 Titanium과 Al2O3로 변화시킨 경우 두부 전체의 SAR와 온도 변화를 알아본다. 치아 임플란트 재료의 변화에서 Titanium을 사용하였을 때, 두부 전체의 SAR와 온도는 높게 나타났다. 하지만 Al2O3을 사용하였을 때, Titanium보다 두부 전체의 SAR와 온도는 낮게 나타났다. 치아 임플란트의 재료는 금속의 비중이 작은 경금속이면서 전기적 도체인 Titanium과 비교했을 때 전기전도도가 낮은 전기적 부도체인 Al2O3에서 두부 전체의 SAR와 온도는 낮게 나타났다. 치아 임플란트 재료가 Titanium 일 경우 SAR의 최대값은 제한치보다 월등히 높기 때문에 향후 Titanium의 치아 임플란트 재료를 삽입한 환자가 Brain MRI 검사를 할 경우 환자의 생물학적 영향과 관련된 연구가 필 요할 것이다. 또한, 치아 임플란트 시술 시 Titanium보다는 Al2O3 재질의 치아 임플란트를 사용하는 것이 Br ain MRI 검사에서 인체 두부 전체의 SAR와 온도를 감소시키는 방안이라는 점을 발견할 수 있었다.

Lung cancer, the most common malignant disease worldwide, is the predominant cause of cancer deaths, particularly amongst men. Therefore, various researchers have focused on the growth inhibitory effects of medicinal plants used in traditional Korean medicine. This study aimed to investigate the growth inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts of Rubiae radix, Inulae flos, Nelumbinis receptaculum, Astilbe radix, and Lagerstroemia flos on NCI-H1229 cells. Method and Results: The viability of NCI-H1229 cells was evaluated in vitro using an MTS assay. Treatment with the ethanol extracts of the selected medicinal plants at 500 ㎍/㎖ reduced NCI-H1229 cell viability and increased apoptotic cell death and caspase-3 activation. In addition, treatment with ethanol extracts of Inulae flos and Astilbe radix increases DNA fragmentation, as measured by the TUNEL assay. Conclusions: These results indicated that ethanol extracts of Rubiae radix, Inulae flos, Nelumbinis receptaculum, Astilbe radix, and Lagerstroemia flos exhibited growth inhibitory effects, inducing apoptotic cell death, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation in NCI-H1229 cells. Therefore, these medicinal plant extracts may be used in the development of natural medicines to inhibit the growth of lung cancers. However, further study is needed to determine the active ingredients of the ethanol extracts from medicinal plants that are reposible for the inhibitory effect on lung cancer cell grwoth.

In this study, we investigated the effect of the extracts from Vaccinium oldhamii on cell proliferation and the regulatory mechanisms of cyclin D1 protein level in human cancer cells. The branch extracts from Vaccinium oldhamii (VOB) showed higher inhibitor effect against the cell growth than leave extracts (VOL) and fruit extracts (VOF) in human colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, non-small lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and liver cancer cells. In addition, VOB decreased cyclin D1 level at both protein and mRNA level. MG132 treatment attenuated VOB-mediated cyclin D1 downregulation. A point mutation of threonine-286 to alanine attenuated cyclin D1 degradation by VOB. In addition, the inhibition of nuclear export by leptomycin B (LMB) attenuated cyclin D1 degradation by VOB. But, the treatment of PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), LiCl (GSK3β inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) or BAY 11-7082 (IκK inhibitor) did not affect VOB-induced cyclin D1 degradation. In conclusion, VOB induced cyclin D1 degradation through redistribution of cyclin D1 from the nucleus to cytoplasm via T286 phosphorylation of cyclin D1, which resulted in the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.

Although trisomy 16 is commonly detected in spontaneous abortions and accounts for over 30% of cases of autosomal trisomy detected after spontaneous abortion, trisomy 16 mosaicism is rarely detected by amniocentesis in the second trimester. Here, we report a case of level III trisomy 16 mosaicism (47,XX,+16[8]/46,XX[31]) diagnosed by cytogenetic analysis of independently cultured amniotic fluid cells. The female baby was delivered at full term with low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation, and interestingly, her karyotype was normal (46,XX). Given the difficulty in predicting the outcomes of fetuses with this mosaicism, it is recommended to inform the possibility of mosaicisms including this trisomy 16 mosaicism during prenatal genetic diagnosis and genetic counseling for parents.

This study was executed to evaluate the phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging rate, and the cytotoxic effect in human cancer cell, 3T3-L1 cell from C. lanceolata extracts at various ethanol concentration. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the C. lanceolata at various ethanol concentration showed the high amount in 70%, 100% ethanol extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity progressively increased in a dose-dependent manner, and showed the highest in 100% ethanol extract. The cytotoxic effect against human cancer cell of the C. lanceolata was higher in 50% and 70% ethanol extracts. In particular, the cytotoxic effect in MCF-7 cell was relatively higher than in other cells. The IC50 (concentration causing 50% cell death) value showed the highest on MCF-7 cell (538.39 ㎍/㎖) in 70% ethanol extract, and exhibited significant activity against Hela cell (637.87 ㎍/㎖), Calu-6 cell (728.64 ㎍/㎖). The extract of 70% ethanol at 1,000 ㎍/㎖ exhibited a pronounced cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 cell comparable to that of the other extracts, and reduced in a concentration-dependent manner.

This study aimed to investigate changes in the activity and mRNA expression of plasminogen activators (PAs) induced by 17β-estradiol (E₂), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in porcine endometrial cells. Endometrial cells were isolated from the epithelium and cultured to 80% confluence. They were then treated for 24 h with E₂ (0.2, 2, 20, and 200 ng/mL), IL-1β (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL), and hCG (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 IU/mL). mRNA expressions of urokinase-type (uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) PAs were analyzed using reverse transcription PCR, and activities were measured using a PA activity assay. mRNA expressions of uPA and tPA increased with E₂ treatment; however, this was not significant. Similarly, treatment with hCG did not influence the mRNA expressions of PAs. Interestingly, treatment with 0.1 ng/mL IL-1β significantly reduced the mRNA expression of uPA, but did not affect that of tPA. Treatment with 2, 20, and 200 ng/mL E₂ increased PA activity compared with the control group; treatment with 0.1 and 1 ng/mL IL-1β significantly increased PA activity compared with the other IL-1β treatment groups, whereas treatment with 10 and 100 ng/mL IL-1β decreased. Treatment with 2 IU/mL hCG increased PA activity compared with the other treatment groups, although there were no significant differences between the hCG and control groups. In conclusion, the activity and mRNA expression of PAs were differently regulat-ed by the hormone/cytokine and its concentration in porcine endometrial cells. Therefore, understanding PA regulatory mechanisms may help to improve the reproductive potential of domestic animals.

최근 화장품 시장에서 안티폴루션 효능이 있는 화장품은 새로운 피부 건강을 위한 해결책으로 나타나고 있다. 외부(대기) 오염물질에 의해 피부의 산화 기전을 매개하는 주요 원인 인자들로 오존, UV, 미세먼지 및 담배연기 등을 꼽을 수 있다. 담배 연기의 노출은 직⋅간접적으로 피부 표피 내 지질의 산화를 야기한다. 피부의 지질 산화에 의해 squalene과 squalene monohydroperoxide의 비율 변화가 발생하고, malondialdehyde (MDA)가 지질산화 산물로 생성된다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 담배연기 노출 시 발생하는 피부 산화에 대하여 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품이 방지할 수 있는 효능이 있는지에 대하여 MDA의 생성량으로 관찰하였다. 시험대 상자 전박부를 세 영역(음성대조, 양성대조, 시험제품)으로 나누어 각 지름 3.3 cm의 원으로 구획하고, 15분간 담배연기에 노출 후 피부 표면으로부터 지질막을 걷어낸 후 TBARS assay를 통하여 MDA를 정량 하였다. 음성 대조(무도포, 미노출)에 비해 양성대조(무도포, 담배연기 노출)의 MDA 생성량이 3.7배 증가된 결과로, 오염물 질인 담배연기에 의한 피부의 산화적 손상을 확인하였다. 반면에 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품을 미리 도포한 영역은 양성대조에 비해 MDA 생성량이 25% 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 결론적으로, 담배연기 노출은 피부 표피 내 지질 산화를 야기하며, 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품이 이러한 대기환경오염으로부터 방어적 효과(안티 폴루션 효과)를 보이는 것을 확인하였다.

조선은 文으로 빚고 禮로 다듬은 文治國家이자 禮治의 공동체였다. 朱子學을 尊信했던 양반 사대부들은 ‘文治’ 구현의 충실한 수행자를 자임했고, 국가의 기초 단위인 ‘家’의 실현 공간인 마을에 대한 애착은 강렬했다. 그들에게 마을은 住居와 生活을 넘어 學術·文化를 자급하는 知識共同體로 착상되었고, 그것의 보편적 구현을 朱子學의 朝鮮化로 받아들였다. 인문 景觀으로서의 마을은 形成되는 것이 아니고 특정한 이념과 가치를 지닌 인간이 造成하는 공간이다. 그 공간의 우열은 그것을 디자인하는 인간의 능력과 직결된다. 시대를 내다보는 안목과 식견을 지닌 인간이 디자인에 개입할 때 그 공간은 形質의 수월성, 즉 格調를 담보할 수 있다. 안계마을 河氏의 本源的 思惟는 朱子學과 南冥學이었다. 전자가 보편성을 지닌 종적 思惟라면 후자는 특수성에 바탕한 횡적 가치였다. 이들은 양자를 종횡으로 엮에 자신들의 문화를 만들어 갔고, 또 그것을 통해 자신들의 존재성을 부각시키며 사회·학문적 영역을 확대해 나갔다. 15세기에 안계에 정착한 하씨들이 이 공간에 대한 우월적 지배력을 확보하고 주자학·남명학적 개념과 구도 속에서 마을을 경영하기 시작한 것은 17세기 초반이었고, 그 정점에는 그 시대의 嶺南學界가 선호했던 河弘度라는 학자가 존재하고 있었다. 그와 그 자손들이 조성하고 경영했던 文巖[門巖]·敬勝齋·慕寒齋·宗川書院·直方軒·光影亭·尼谷書堂·士山書堂 등의 학술문화 인프라는 안계마을의 학술문화적 지향과 정치사회적 노선을 반영하는 것이었다. 안계마을을 무대로 펼쳐졌던 그들의 삶의 모습은 300년의 시간 속에서 역사의 지층으로 남았고, 우리는 이 지층을 통해 그들의 삶을 반추하려 한다. 마을은 이런 것이다. 글은 인간의 필요와 이해에 따라 고칠 수도 있고, 곱게 단장할 수도 있지만 시간의 경과 속에 견고하게 다져진 삶의 자취는 섣부른 개변을 용인하지 않는다. 이것이 마을의 문화사가 지니는 質實하면서도 혹독한 장면이다.

The purpose of this study is to characterize the synoptic climatic patterns of extreme humansensible temperature (HST) events in Jeju Island, Korea under a subtropical climate condition as well as to examine their teleconnections with the large-scale climate systems. According to the extreme case analysis of the recent 30 years (1988-2017) data sets, the maximum daily average HST in the coastal areas of Jeju Island can rise up to about 40°C in mid-summer and even up to about 48°C during mid-daytime. These extreme HST events occur when the expansion of subtropical Pacific high pressure toward East Asia as well as the poleward shift of the Changma front provides hot and humid conditions over Jeju Island surrounded by seas, particularly in La Niña years with a positive (+) Arctic Oscillation mode. In contrast, the intensified western high and eastern low dipole pressure pattern in mid-winter, which accompanies the downward shear of upper tropospheric cold air toward the southern region of the Korean Peninsula under a negative (-) Arctic Oscillation mode, provides favorable conditions for frequent low HST extreme events. These conditions can lower daily average HST as much as -10°C in the coastal region of Jeju Island, and lower nighttime HST by -25°C on the peak areas of Mt. Halla due to wind chill effects. These findings will be used as a base for establishing prediction and warming systems of extreme HST events on Jeju Island, which is needed to mitigate the damage to the lives of Jeju residents and tourists under climate change.

This paper presents about design efforts of a human-sized quadruped robot leg for high energy efficiency, and verifications. One of the representative index of the energy efficiency is the Cost of Transport (COT), but increased in the energy or work done is not calculated in COT. In this reason, the input to the output energy efficiency should be also considered as a very important term. By designing the robot with customized motor housing, small rotational inertia, and low gear ratio to reduce friction, high energy efficiency was achieved. Squatting motion of one leg was performed and simulation results were compared to the experimental results for validation. The developed 50 kg robot can lift the weight up to 200 kg, and during squatting, it showed high energy efficiency. The robot showed 71% input to output energy efficiency in positive work. Peak current during squatting only appears to be 0.3 A.