To establish a new manufacturing process of low-salted fermented anchovy sauce, commercial fermented anchovy sauce with 23% NaCl was desalted using a spirit. The proximate composition, total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, Escherichia coli, and total and free amino acid contents were analyzed to evaluate the quality characteristics of commercial salted fermented anchovy sauce (CFAS) and low-salt fermented anchovy sauce by desalting processing (LFAS). The salinity of saltwater and fermented anchovy sauce decreased with an increase in the spirit added to 23% NaCl saltwater and 23% NaCl commercial fermented anchovy sauce. The total nitrogen and amino nitrogen contents were higher in LFAS than in CFAS. The major amino acids that were commonly found in CFAS and LFAS were glutamic acid, alanine, lysine and leucine. Basic data were provided for commodification research on low-salt fermented anchovy sauce, which is very important for the diet of humans.

Response surface methodology was applied to the processing conditions to investigate the physicochemical properties of ramie porridge. In the processing conditions based on the central composite design with the addition of ramie leaf powder (0-4 g) and water (700-1100 g), the coefficients of determination (R2) of the models were above 0.9141 for the physicochemical properties, above 0.7627 for the Hunter color parameters, and above 0.8975 for the rheological properties. The soluble solid content, viscosity, and gumminess of the sample decreased significantly with an increase in the water added, whereas the spreadability and adhesiveness increased significantly. The Hunter color L value of the sample decreased significantly with an increase in the amount of ramie leaf powder added, whereas the Hunter b value increased significantly. The estimated maximum viscosity of the ramie porridge was shown to be 24,643 cp when 1.90 g ramie leaf powder and 700.24 g water were added; the estimated maximum lightness of the ramie porridge was shown to be 59.11 when 0.02 g ramie leaf powder and 869.30 g water were added; and the estimated maximum gumminess of the ramie porridge was shown to be 21.46 g when 2.12 g ramie leaf powder and 700.35 g water were added.

It is well known that multipath disturbance is one of the major error sources impacting high precision GPS positioning. Even though most of the other error sources have been dealt with by modeling or using special practical techniques, multipath disturbance is still the limiting factor of all precise differential carrier-phase applications. Wavelet decomposition techniques proved to be a powerful tool in mitigation as introduced by various researchers. This paper presents a new trend extraction technique for multipath mitigation in carrier phase measurements domain using wavelet multi-resolution analysis.

This study, the changes in physicochemical properties and hesperidin content of Jeju-processed citrus fruits according to the harvest date were evaluate. The soluble-solid content, pH, and soluble solid-acid ratios gradually increased , but titratable acidity slightly decreased with a delay in the harvest date. The color index, lightness, yellowness, and turbidity slightly decreased whereas the redness slightly increased with a delay in the harvest date. The hesperidin content slightly decreased with a delay in the harvest date. Hesperidin, which is the major cause of juice cloudiness, decreased with a delay in the harvest date. These results suggest that later-harvested fruit juice is bound to be less cloudy.

This study examines whether formulaic sequences might be stored and retrieved as wholes in a holistic fashion rather than analytically. Another goal is to see whether the processing of L2 sequences is affected by L2 proficiency, grammaticality and length of expressions. Grammaticality judgment task was conducted and data was collected from Korean L2 English learners of low- and intermediate-level of proficiency. First, results showed that formulaic sequences were responded more rapidly and accurately than nonformulaic sequences. This provides additional support for the claim that formulaic sequences are stored and processed as single lexical units even in L2 speakers' mental lexicon. Second, the formulaicity effect was constant at both levels, indicating that formulaic sequences are acquired and processed from the early stage of L2 development. Finally, it was found that grammatical sequences were processed more quickly and accurately than ungrammatical ones and that shorter expressions were judged faster and more accurately than longer ones, implying more efficient processing and less memory load for shorter and grammatical expressions. Building on the results in the present study, we propose a formal account for the quicker and accurate processing of formulaic sequences with reference to psycholinguistic model and processing constraints.

An issue of environmental pollutions has been aroused according to increases in recycling alternative raw materials and alternative fuels, which are the inputed wastes of cement kilns in Korea. Also, the infections of heavy metals in cement products on healths and environments have been issued by the National Assembly and the press. Thus, in this study, a total of 198 waste samples, 109 alternative raw material samples and 89 alternative fuel samples, which are the coprocessing wastes in eight major cement producers in Korea, are collected for two months. Then, 18 different heavy metals according to types of wastes are analyzed and the concentrations of the alternative raw materials and alternative fuels are investigated for comparing them with the foreign management guidelines. In the case of the alternative raw materials, although arsenic, cadmium, and copper do not exceed the domestic autonomy agreement guideline, lead exceeds the autonomy agreement guideline, 1,000 mg/kg. In the case of mercury, it satisfies the references of domestic guideline (2.0 mg/kg), Switzerland criteria (0.5 mg/kg), and France criteria (10.0 mg/kg). In the case of the alternative fuel, arsenic, cadmium, copper, and lead satisfy the autonomy agreement guideline, and the average content concentration of Hg represents 0.7702 mg/kg and that satisfies the references of autonomy agreement guideline (1.2 mg/kg) and France criteria (10.0 mg/kg). However, it slightly exceeds the references of Germany guideline (0.6 mg/kg) and Switzerland criteria (0.5 mg/kg). In particular, some of dust, WDF, waste synthesis resin, and purified oil show a high detection level in mercury and that leads to increase the average concentration. In addition, by investigating the concentration of heavy metals in various auxiliary wastes loaded to cement kilns in Korea, a management reference for such alternative raw materials and alternative fuels for future cement kilns in stages is proposed.

Whole-genome expression profile data are useful to approach genome system biology with quantification of expressed RNAs from a whole-genome transcriptome, depending on the tissue samples, such as control and exposed tissue. The hybrid mRNA sequences from Rohce/454 and Illumina/Solexa are more powerful to find novel genes through de novo assembly in any whole-genome sequenced species. The 20x and 50x coverage of the estimated transcriptome sequences using Roche/454 and Illumina/Solexa, respectively, is effective to create novel expressed reference sequences. However, only an average 30x coverage of a transcriptome with short read sequences of Illumina/Solexa is enough to check expression quantification, compared to the reference EST sequence. In any NGS application, the transcriptome expression information would be more useful than complete genome information research with the lowest sequencing budget for biologists to better understand gene regulation of related genetic phenotypes with the in silico method. The study of target genes related to specific traits including disease resists is available pathway analysis through comparing RNA sequencing among the genotypes.

Although it is known that the composition of high-molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) and low-molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GSs) are important factor for bread, noodle and cookie, it is still not clear which HMW-GSs and LMW-GSs confer improved processing properties and how those HMW-GSs and LMW-GSs interact each other. In this study, to investigate distinctive glutenin proteins for characteristic processing properties for noodle, glutenins extracted from seeds of several Korean and Chinese wheat cultivars were focused in IPG gel strip and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differential protein expression level was analyzed using image master platinum 6. Then to characterize the HMW-GSs of Korean cultivar Uri, extracted glutenin proteins were separated by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Nine spots digested with trypsin resulting peptide fragmentation were identified by LC ESI-MS/MS and MASCOT database. We also separated HMW-GSs from wheat cultivar Uri by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) withResource Phe column using gradient buffer condition with 4M Urea and 0.45M ammonium sulfate.Each single band of 1Dx 2.2, 1Bx7 and double bands of 1Dy8 and 1By12 were separated.

The objective of this study was to characterize three different commercial (A, B and C) and two handmade (HM-AP, atmospheric pressure; HM-RP, reduced pressure) strawberry jams in relation to soluble solids, pH, total acid, total polyphenol, anthocyanin, color values, texture properties, and sensory evaluation. The soluble solid contents varied from 62.33 to 68.33 °Brix, and the pH ranged from 3.59 to 3.70. The color L and a values were the highest in the HM-RP strawberry jam (p<0.05). The total polyphenol contents of commercial jams A, B, and C were 56.10, 97.59, and 105.85 mg GAE/100 g, respectively, and those of the HM-AP and HM-RP of handmade jams were 156.13 and 189.94 mg GAE/100 g. The anthocyanin contents of A, B, and C commercial jams were 1.51, 0.95, and 0.80 mg/100 g, respectively, and those of the HM-AP and HM-RP handmade jams were 2.64 and 9.16 mg/100 g. The phenolic contents of the HM-RP jam were significantly much higher than those of the other jams. The hardness ranged from 5.67×103 (HM-AP jam) to 41.91×103 (jam B) dyne/cm2, the jelly strength ranged from 40.08 (HM-AP jam) to 180.33 (jam B) dyne, and the strength ranged from 83.84 (jam C) to 302.93 (jam B) g. The sensory evaluation of the color, flavor, sweetness, sourness, viscosity and overall acceptability of the HM-RP jam showed higher values than those of the other jams. Especially, the highest value of the color score was found in the HM-RP jam. The electon donating abilities of jams A, B, and C and of the HM-AP and HM-RP jams were 44.27, 41.70, 53.06, 69.08, and 73.21%, respectively. These results indicated that the HM-RP strawberry jam prepared with reduced pressure using micro-oxygen technology was a good source of phenolic compounds, total polyphenols and anthocyanin, and had a high level of antioxidant activity.

흑설'은 중생이며 흑색이며 연질 그리고 메벼인 가공용 품종육성을 위하여 1999년 메벼 연질인 '설갱'를 모본으로 하고 흑색 유색미인 '흑진주'를 부본으로 교배하고 SR25946-B-B-17-2을 선발하여 수원505호로 계통명을 부여한 후 2005년부터 2007년까지 3년 동안 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 그 우수성이 인정되어 2007년 12월 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 국가목록등재품종으로 선정됨과 동시에 '흑설'로 명명하였다. '흑설'의 출수기는 보

With the rapid growth of fresh-cut produce market, the South Korean fresh-cut industry is facing the challenge of ensuring food safety. As the estimation of the microbial numbers in fresh-cut produce processing lines (tools, and equipment) using the conventional microbiological techniques takes days, so there is a need for faster and easier monitoring methods. This study was conducted to investigate the use of ATP bioluminescence assay to measure the degree of microbial contamination from three actual fresh-cut processing lines. The samples collected from frech-cut vegetables, and fresh-cut fruits processing plants were tested for the estimation of the bacterial number, using the ATP bioluminescence and microbiological methods. The result of former was transferred to log RLU/100 cm2, and that of the latter was transferred to log CFU/100 cm2. A positive linear correlation between the ATP bioluminescence assay value and aerobic-plate count was found for fresh-cut processing lines, with a correlation coefficient of 0.8772 (n=50). The results of this study indicate that ATP bioluminescence assay can be used to monitor microbial contamination in fresh-cut produce processing plants, and can help improve the hygiene therein.

Fresh-cut burdock roots were processed at 4 and 25℃, respectively. The fresh-cut burdock roots were treated with different browning inhibitors (3% citric acid, 3% sodium chloride, 0.3% cystein, and 3% sodium acetate solutions), and the changes in their quality and browning characteristics were investigated. The respiration rate and browning index of the cut roots prepared at 4℃ were lower than those of the cut roots prepared at 25℃. The soluble solid content was higher in the cut roots prepared at 4℃ than in those prepared at 25℃. The weight loss and flesh firmness were not affected by the processing temperatures. Among the browning inhibitors, 0.3% cystein showed the best browning-retarding effect. There was no difference in phenolic compound content between the browning-inhibitor-treated roots and the nontreated roots, but the PPO activity was higher in the latter than in the former. Therefore, the processing temperatures of fresh-cut burdock roots affected their quality and browning development, and the combination of a low processing temperature and the use of the proper browning inhibitor should be applied for the higher quality of the produce.

본 연구에서는 디지털 이미지 분석기술을 이용하여 콘크리트 구조물의 대표적인 열화인자인 콘크리트의 균열을 검지할 수 있는 기술을 개발하기 위해 형태수리학에 근거한 모폴로지 기법이 도입된 이미지 분석기법을 적용한 균열검출 시스템을 개발하였다. 개발된 시스템에는 분석결과의 효율적인 관리를 고려하여 촬영된 다수의 이미지를 하나의 전체 이미지로 재구성하는 이미지 조합기술이 추가로 적용되었다. 그리고 개발된 시스템의 적용성 및 신뢰도 검증은 균열이 발생된 콘크리트 암거를 이용한 현장검증 실험을 통해 이루어졌으며, 실험에 사용된 촬영장비로는 40m까지 0.2mm의 균열을 검지할 수 있는 성능을 확인하였다. 이미지 분석을 통해 산정된 균열폭의 경우 실측 균열폭과의 차이가 최대 0.08mm로 나타나 일정 수준 이상의 정확도를 구명하였고, 이미지 조합의 경우 추상 패턴 이미지 면에 대한 분할 촬영 이미지를 조합한 결과 실제 전체촬영 원본 이미지와 육안으로 차이를 확인할 수 없을 정도로 우수한 조합결과를 도출하였다.

The goal of this study is to examine case markers in Korean, i.e., i/ka and (l)ul, from a communicative perspective. In particular, this study seeks to explain what communicative functions the case markers hold in actual conversation. Based on the empirical analysis of the data, this study claims that the case markers in Korean are not only used for encoding the syntactic case of a given argument but they are also used as a linguistic cue to help focus the listener's attention on the processing difficulty and the informational importance that the given argument denotes. It further argues that speakers of Korean strategically use the case markers as a means of facilitating successful communication with the listener.

생마늘과 흑마늘의 중간 특성과 성상을 지니는 홍마늘을 개발하고 그 품질특성을 규명하고자 홍마늘의 제조공정을 온도 변화에 따라 4단계로 나누고 각 제조 단계에서 얻은 홍마늘의 이화학적 특성을 생마늘 및 흑마늘과 비교 분석하였다. 홍마늘의 외부색과 내부색은 숙성기간이 경과됨에 따라 생마늘에 비해 L값은 유의적으로 감소하였다. 조직감은 생마늘에서 가장 높았고, 흑마늘이 가장 낮은 반면 홍마늘은 숙성단계가 진행됨에 따라 점차 단단해지는 경향이었다. 숙성

Syntactic priming effect is defined as a tendency that speakers are more likely to use the syntactic structure in the case that the same structure was used in a preceding sentence compared to the case in which a different syntactic structure was used in a preceding sentence. The purpose of the study is to investigate the difference of the syntactic persistence between young and adult EFL learners. Also, the present study investigated the implicit learning effect. Participants consist of three groups: elementary school students, middle school students, and university students. For the implicit learning effects, each participant took part in the experiment three times with an interval with ten days. As a result, the salient priming effects and implicit learning effects were observed in university students. Weak effects were shown for middle school students and the weakest effects for the elementary school students. Especially, the priming effects on passive and double object dative structure were not observed for the elementary school students, weak for the middle school students, and strong for the university students. The results imply that young EFL learners who are in lack of cognitive prerequisite on L2 linguistic forms are limited to both the priming effects and implicit learning effects. Pedagogically, the young learners who are in lack of cognitive prerequisite knowledge require more explicit instruction for L2 grammar.

본 연구는 대추를 이용한 전통식품인 정과 제조방법을 개발하고자 설탕, 과당 및 물의 첨가에 따른 대추정과의 수분함량, 물성, 관능검사를 분석하여 대추정과 제조방법을 최적 조건을 분석하여 대추정과의 제조방법을 최적화하였다. 대추정과의 제조조건에 따른 수분 함량의 변화는 설탕의 양과 물의 양이 증가하였을 때 증가하였고, 또한 과당의 양이 높고 설탕의 양이 낮은 때 수분함량이 높았고, 설탕과 과당의 함량이 높을 때에는 수분 함량이 낮았다. 황색도 b

본 연구에서는 대왕오징어를 가공식품의 소재로 활용하기 위하여 건조 및 자숙공정을 이용하여 쓴맛 및 신맛을 내는 염화암모늄을 효율적으로 제거하고자 하였으며, 무처리 한 대왕오징어(RGS, Raw giant squid)와 건조과정을 거친 대왕오징어(DGS, Dried giant squid) 및 자숙과정을 거친 대왕오징어(BGS, Boiled giant squid)의 이화학적 성분 비교를 통한 맛성분의 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 각 공정별 오징어의