The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon(di-mono) and monokaryon-monokaryon(mono-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing develop superior species from Pleurotus spp. varieties with 56 Di-mono intraspecific hybrids of 14 combinations and 85 mono-mono intraspecific hybrids of 7 combinations between six Pleurotus ostreatus varieties and one Pleurotus florida variety. In this study, the results of analysis on hybridization rate, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA patterns, and colors and yields of fruit-bodies, are presented as follows. In di-mono crosses, hybrids between Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus florida showed 100% of crossability as seen in those between Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus indicating that nuclei and mitochondria of a dikaryon migrated to a recipient of monokaryon. The mitochondrial DNA patterns of the hybrid strain were composed of 75% dikaryon donors and 25% monokaryon recipient. The crossability between mono-mono crossing ranges between 50 and 93.75%. 82.4% of the hybrid strain showed mitochondrial DNA patterns predominated by either parent, while the remaining 17.6% had recombinant or half-and-half combined patterns of both parents.

The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of elasticity of taping on ankle muscles’activity and endurance after plyometric training that easily causes ankle injury, and provide baseline data for physical therapy intervention methods. The study subjects are 24 male students in their 20s who attend N University in Choongnam. They were divided into three groups; 8 subjects in the elastic taping group, 8 in the non-elastic taping group, and 8 in the non-taping group(control group). They had plyometric training for 6 weeks. After the training, this study measured their maximum voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC) and muscle endurance of the muscles around ankle joint. The experiment result is as follows. After the training, all three groups showed improvement in muscle strength and endurance. The elastic taping group showed insignificant improvement in muscle strength but significant increase in muscle endurance in plantarflexion. In dorsiflexion, both muscle strength and endurance increased significantly. The non-elastic taping group showed insignificant improvement in muscle strength but significant increase in muscle endurance in plantarflexion. Taping during plyometric training had a little or insignificant effect on muscle endurance and strength compared to the non-taping group.

The development of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), an economic pest of wide range of field crops and ornamental plants, was studied under laboratory conditions at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 27 and 30oC). The total development period decreased with increasing temperatures between 15 and 27oC. In 10oC, eggs did not hatch and in 30oC, pupa did not survive. So, it may be assumed that these temperatures fall outside the development. Linear regression was used to describe the relationship between development rate and temperature. For total immature development (egg to adult) required 250 degree-days (DD) above the threshold of 9.75oC. The developmental data were fitted to a nonlinear temperature-dependent model (Lactin-1) for best described of development. Development rates of males and females did not differ in 20 and 25oC. High immature mortality was recorded in 27oC. Sex ratio of the surviving individuals was 0.62 from this study. Thermal requirements and temperature thresholds can be used to forecast the occurrence, number of generations and population dynamics of L. huidobrensis.

Insect pollinators of the endanger orchid Cypripedium japonicum were surveyed and identified during two years, as a part of a conservation project of the orchid at Jukyeup-san and Hwaak-san (Mt.), South Korea. In total 40 individuals of 16 species in 4 families were identified. The dominant family was Halictidae, and Lasioglossum exiliceps Vachal visited the most frequently C. japonicum during the surveys. The average visiting frequency was 2.5 individuals per hour and the highest 4.3, from 12:00 – 13:00 in a day. After 15:00 insects did not visit the flowers at all. However, all of the visiting insects were found to not carry a pollinium or pollens of the orchard on their bodies; pollen carryover by any of the visiting insects did not occur at all. The orchid seems to require certain pollinators in particular body thickness due to its unique pollination mechanism. The orchid has two exit route openings, around 1 cm in diametre, where the entrapped insects can exit and an anther is situated just in front of each opening. It was inferred that a pollen carrier should be around 1 cm in body thickness. Therefore, the candidate species as the proper pollen carriers can be Tetralonia nipponensis Perez, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith and Bombus consobrinus Dahlbom among the surveyed visitors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from pigs and their farmhouse environment in Korea. A total of 585 E. coli were isolated in this study during 2006 2007: 426 isolates from 492 pigs and 159 isolates from 312 farmhouse environment samples from 16 different pig farms. The most frequently observed resistance in pig fecal samples was antimicrobials such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and ampicillin. However, resistance to cephalosproins, β-lactam / β-lactam inhibitor combination, and colistin was low. We found an inverse relationship between prevalence of resistant E. coli and animal age. Resistance rate and multi-drug resistance (MDR) was greater in young pigs (piglet and nursery) than for those from adult pigs (grower-finish and sow). Resistance of E. coli from farm environment such as floor, Iron partition, and ventilation was similar with those from pig fecal samples. Farm environment contaminated with MDR bacteria might be a possible source of infections to pigs. Thus, to control and reduce the antimicrobial resistance in pigs, we must also pay attention to the environment.

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the somatic hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon (di-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing superior strain from Pleurotus ostreatus strains with 56 intraspecific hybrids of 14 combinations between six Pleurotus ostreatus strains and one Pleurotus florida strain. In this study, the results of analysis on hybridization rate, nuclear DNA patterns, and colors and morphology of fruit-bodies, are presented as follows. In di-mono crosses, somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains showed 100% of crossability as seen in those among Pleurotus strains indicating that nuclei of a dikaryon migrated to a recipient. 89.3% of the somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the donor dikaryons, and 10.7% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. In the 14.3% di-mono cross between P. ostreatus and P. florida, the nuclear DNA patterns of the all hybrid strain showed the same or similar patterns compared to the donor dikaryons. 75.0% of the hybrid between P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus were similar to the donor dikaryons; 10.7% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. 82.2% of fruiting body morphology of the hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the dikaryons, and 17.8% had combined DNA patterns of both parents. All hybrid strains between dikaryon P. florida and monokaryon P. ostreatus showed the fruiting body whose colors were similar to those of the dikaryon, while the hybrids between dikaryon P. ostreatus and monokaryon P. florida were all showed combined colors of both parents but are more similar to the dikaryon. Therefore, the fruiting body color of P. florida tends to be generally dominant. The present study was able to find out and suggest superior hybrid strains by identifying the nuclear DNA patterns of hybrids between Pleurotus strains as well as the characteristics of their fruiting bodies. This study expects that the advantages of the di-mono crossing are needs to be fully utilized in mushroom breeding and it is better to develop superior strains of Pleurotus strains.

Hemodialysis is an effective therapy for renal failure in veterinary practice. To evaluate hematologic and hemodynamic changes during hemodialysis, 13 dogs were treated with hemodialysis, after which complete blood cell counts (CBC), serum chemistry, and mean systolic blood pressure were analyzed. For CBC, white blood cells (WBC) and platelets underwent significant changes. In serum chemistry, there were significant differences in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, amylase, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus contents. Further, mean systolic blood pressure suddenly increased in early hemodialysis and decreased significantly thereafter. During hemodialysis, adverse effects were observed in some dogs as follows: bleeding (1 dog), anemia (2 dogs), leukopenia (8 dogs), thrombocytopenia (2 dogs), and hypotension (1 dog). This study demonstrates hematologic and hemodynamic effects during hemodialysis as well as complications similar to human medicine. Before applying the commercialized human hemodialysis system to canine renal failure patients, we monitored hematologic and hemodynamic findings during hemodialysis in healthy beagle dogs.

Polyhedrin is the major component of the nuclear viral occlusions produced during replication of the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). To enhance the production efficiency of foreign protein in baculovirus expression system, the effects of various polyhedrin fragments were investigated by fusion expressing them with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Recombinant viruses were generated to express EGFP fused with polyhedrin fragments based on the previously reported minimal region for self-assembly and the KRKK nuclear localization signal (NLS). The marked increase of EGFP by these fusion expressions was confirmed through protein and fluorescence intensity analyses. Among the fusion-expressed protein in nucleus and cytoplasm, the most hyper-expression was observed in the fusion of amino acids 19 to 110 and 32 to 59 of polyhedrin. Also these fragments, some degradation of only the fused polyhedrin was observed in the fusion of amino acids 19 to 85 and 32 to 85. The production of E2 protein, which is a major antigen of classical swine fever virus, was dramatically increased by fusion expression with polyhedrin amino acids 19 to 110, and its preliminary immunogenicity was verified using experimental guinea pigs. The production of luciferase was approximately two folds increased by fusion expression with polyhedrin amino acids 32 to 59, and its activity was measured using Luminometer. This study suggests a new option for higher expression of useful foreign recombinant protein using the partial polyhedrin fusion expression in baculovirus.

Liriomyza leafminer flies comprise a pest group that causes both considerable economic losses and serious quarantine problems. We reported for the first time of the infestation of field crops by this invasive leafminer L. huidobrensis in Korea in 2012. Distribution survey of leafminer flies and other insect pests on potato crops along with associated natural enemies was conducted from 378 farmers' field in most of the potato growing provinces during 2011, 2012 and 2013. Sweeping (10 sweeps/field) and visual inspection were employed within 5 minute-walking distance each field. For damage rate was also calculated for each field. Ten mined leaflets were investigated for parasitoid species identification. Leafminer flies were identified by morphologically and molecular. However, parasitoid species were only morphologically identified. All the leafminer flies collected were identified as L. huidobrensis. No leafminer flies infested fields were recorded in Boseong (Jeollanam-do) in 2011. L. huidobrensis infested fields with unique crop damage symptoms were found only in Miryang and Goryeong (Gyeongsangnam-do) in 2012. There was significant different in leafminer infested fields among the surveyed locations in 2012 (f=85.73, df=5, 127, P<0.0001). Higher damaged (100%) potato fields were recorded in Miryang. Similarly, the leafminer infested potato fields were significantly different among the surveyed locations in 2013 (f=36.77, df=19, 201, P<0.0001). Highest damaged rates (100%) were recorded in all the surveyed locations of Gyeongsangnam-do. Increasing distribution expansion pattern of L. huidobrensis was found. Distribution covers from southern parts to northern parts of the country. The study on rate of distribution and factors responsible in rapid distribution of L. huidobrensis in Korea are demanded.

The purpose of this study is to observe how balance exercise on an unstable platform and on a stable platform affects balance ability. The subjects were 35 adults in their 20s and were randomly assigned to a stable platform group and an unstable platform group. They performed balance exercise three times per week for six weeks. Balance exercise introduced by previous research was modified and complemented for use in this study. Balance ability of the subjects was measured through center of pressure(COP) area, medial-lateral displacement, and anterior-posterior displacement using a portable balance platform BT4. There was significant difference in the COP area between the unstable platform exercise group and the stable platform exercise group. In comparison in differences between the unstable platform exercise group and the stable platform exercise group after the exercise, there was significant difference in anteriorposterior movement. Therefore, exercise on an unstable platform is more effective than exercise on a stable platform in strengthening balance ability.

The true bug genus Paromius from Korea is revised taxonomically. It comprises the following three species: P. exiguus (Distant, 1883), P. jejunus (Distant, 1883) and P. gracilis (Rambur, 1839). Among them, P. jejunus (Distant, 1883) is recorded for the first time in Korea. The pest bug injurious to rice culture, known as P. exiguus (Distant,1883), has been recorded erroneously by the previous authors from Korea due to the misidentification, which is rectified here with the support of morphological evidence. All the species of this genus are classified with proper redescriptions, and an identification key to species is provided with illustrations.

Allergic disorders are exaggerated immune responses to foreign antigens, regardless of the mechanism, while atopic disorders are exaggerated IgE-mediated immune responses (type I hypersensitivity). Allergic dermatitis is a common pathological condition of skin in humans and dogs. Canine allergic dermatitis presents with clinical signs similar to those reported in humans, and its causes are complex; therefore, diagnostic tests and treatments may need to be adjusted for each patient. Dogs with allergic dermatitis can suffer from secondary infections, which must be considered and confirmed or excluded for successful treatment. In this report, 35 cases of canine allergic dermatitis diagnosed using variable methods, including histological and cytological examination, are described. Patients were treated with oral or topical medications (antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, immune modulators, topical ointments, and medicated shampoos), and their diets and environmental surroundings were also modified. This report provides an analysis of the breed, gender, age of onset, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatments for canine allergic dermatitis. The information on canine allergic dermatitis presented here could be helpful in the study of human cases because these two species often share living spaces, environments, and lifestyles more closely than other animals. However, previous reports have suggested that human and canine allergies differ in some features, such as involvement of histamine in induction of pruritus, and in histopathological characteristics such as cutaneous structures.

The fact that flip-flops, one of many different types of unstable shoes, are light and relatively easy to put on, accounts for their popularity among people. But because flip-flops rely heavily on the support of a single thong between your first and second toes, they impose a huge amount of pressure onto lower leg. Thus in the following experiment we tried to examine the different effects of flip-flops and running shoes in terms of their effect on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius during walking. In order to measure an electromyogram we used Free EMG system. 10 men and 10 women in running shoes ran on treadmills for 15 minutes at 4.8km/h, 2 days later the same experiment was carried out, but this time, in flip-flops. p value turned out to be greater than .05 and thus there was no considerable difference between the effects of flip-flops and running shoes on muscle activity and fatigue during walking. Therefore we conclude that despite the fact that flip-flops are considered unstable, their effects on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius are negligible.

Thermal death kinetics was examined to develop a heat treatment method to control the Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in wood packing materials for export goods. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative treatment, we performed laboratory experiments on the blocks (200x200x250mm) of Douglas-fir artificially infested with live adults with subsequent 2.45GHz microwave energy irradiation. The 100% mortality of treated Pine wood nematode was achieved above 64℃ of the measured wood temperature, regardless of irradiated time. All measurement points in the blocks reached 64℃ within 84-312 seconds with microwave irradiation by wood weight. Likewise, the 100% mortality of nematodes were observed by hot water treatment on 62℃. We need further experimental verification, but commercial microwave (2.45GHz) treatment is a feasible alternative to conventional heat treatment to control Pine wood nematode on the wood packing materials for export goods.

Liriomyza species are the major pests of greenhouse and field crops. It was as minor pests in past, but the pest population increased rapidly such as L. trifolii, L. huidobresnsis and L. sativae during recent years is attributed to application of ineffective insecticides and developed insecticide resistance. This study was carried out to determine the efficacy of insecticides groups, Anthranilic diamide, Biopesticide, Carbamate, Neonicotinoid, Organophosphate, Pyrethroid and Oxadiazine, recommended for the control of leafminer species in Korea. Bioassay tests were done on first, third larval stages and adults under glasshouse and laboratory conditions respectively. The result showed significant differences in toxicity among the tested insecticides. The mortality of abamectin and lepimectin and spinosad were higher (>50%) in larvae stages. Etofenprox insecticide was not effective on larvae stage. The toxicity of Cartap hydrochlorid (Neonicotinoid) was higher (100%) in adult insects, followed by thiamethoxam, etofenprox and indoxacarb. Abamectin and lepimectin showed the decreasing toxicity level as insect stage developed. Abamectin showed least toxicity (26.67%) in adult stage. Spinetoram and emamectin benzoate showed higher toxicity (>50%) in all the insect stages tested. It could be suggested that abmectin and lepimectin have high efficiencies on control of larvae. However, spinosad and emamectin benzoate has higher potential on the control of both larvae and adult insects.

Antibiotic Detection Kit (Combination I), a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) developed for the detection of antibiotic residues in milk, was utilized for the analysis of antibiotic residues in the muscle tissue of olive flounder. After 60-min treatment by dipping in water dosed with ampicillin (200-g/ton water), the residue depletion of ampicillin was investigated in 25 cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Muscles of fish were sampled on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day after drug treatment. The concentration of ampicillin in the muscle was determined by LFIA. The absorbance ratio of the sample to the control blank (Bs/Bo) was employed as an index to determine the muscle residues in olive flounder. To investigate the recovery rate, standard solutions were added to muscle samples to give final concentrations in the muscle of 4 and 8 ng/ml. The recovery rates of all spiked samples were > 96% of the spiked value. Ampicillin was detected in the muscle of fish treated with the drug until the 2nd day of the withdrawal period. The present study showed that the LFIA can be easily adopted to predict ampicillin residues in tissue of farmed fishes.

During January-November 2012, a total of 2,041 quarter milk samples were collected from dairy cattle of 82 dairy farms nationwide. About 42% (870/2,041) of the samples that had somatic cell counts (SCC) of ≥ 200,000 cells/ml were subjected to microbiological examination. No bacteria was isolated from 95 of 870 (10.9%) samples. Among 1,237 bacteria isolated from the rest 775 samples, 1,085 were identified with VITEK: more than half (52.1%, 645/1,237) of the isolates were gram negative bacillus. Gram positive cocci including Staphylococcus accounted for 35% of the isolates and almost none of gram positive bacilli isolated. Excluding Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), the most frequently isolated bacterial species was Escherichia coli (11.2%, 138/1, 237), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.1%,100/1,237), Staphylococcus aureus (7.1%, 88/1, 237), Enterobacter cloacae (6.0%, 74/1, 237), and Serratia marcescens (3.5%, 43/1, 237). The most common resistance of S. aureus was to penicillin (77.4%) and ampicillin (73.0%), while no resistance was observed against gentamicin and cephalothin. Although CNS presented resistance to all antimicrobials tested but the most prevalent resistance was to penicillin (35.6%) and ampicillin (37.0%). The pattern of antimicrobial resistance observed in CNS was similar to that of S. aureus, but the rates were much lower than those of S. aureus. E. coli also showed resistance to all the antimicrobials tested, although the rates were not very high. The highest resistance of E. coli was to cephalothin (39.4%) and ampicillin (36.2%), while most of the strains (98.0%) showed sensitivity to amikacin. The results of this study provide information on current situation of bovine mastitis in Korea.

The cultivation methods of Acanthopanax in Korea need to be optimized. Hence, this study investigated the effect of different fertilizer ratios and planting dates on the growth and acanthoside D content of two (2) Acanthopanax species. The current recommended fertilizer rate of 10.5-8.5-8.5 kg/ha- (N-P2O5-K2O, respectively) produced the best plant growth of Acanthopanax. For the first year, the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P (2x phosphate) rate was higher than that from the other fertilizer ratios, yet there were no significant differences resulting from the various treatments for either Acanthopanax divaricatus or Acanthopanax koreanum. Similarly, for the second year, there were no significant differences in the acanthoside D content resulting from the various fertilizer ratios, although for both species the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P rate was slightly higher than that from the other treatments. Therefore, the results indicated that doubling the amount of phosphate increased the acanthoside D content. Plus, the optimum planting date with respect to growth and productivity for Acanthopanax divaricatus was identified as April 15. The cultivation methods of Acanthopanax in Korea need to be optimized. Hence, this study investigated the effect of different fertilizer ratios and planting dates on the growth and acanthoside D content of two (2) Acanthopanax species. The current recommended fertilizer rate of 10.5-8.5-8.5 kg/ha- (N-P2O5-K2O, respectively) produced the best plant growth of Acanthopanax. For the first year, the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P (2x phosphate) rate was higher than that from the other fertilizer ratios, yet there were no significant differences resulting from the various treatments for either Acanthopanax divaricatus or Acanthopanax koreanum. Similarly, for the second year, there were no significant differences in the acanthoside D content resulting from the various fertilizer ratios, although for both species the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P rate was slightly higher than that from the other treatments. Therefore, the results indicated that doubling the amount of phosphate increased the acanthoside D content. Plus, the optimum planting date with respect to growth and productivity for Acanthopanax divaricatus was identified as April 15. The cultivation methods of Acanthopanax in Korea need to be optimized. Hence, this study investigated the effect of different fertilizer ratios and planting dates on the growth and acanthoside D content of two (2) Acanthopanax species. The current recommended fertilizer rate of 10.5-8.5-8.5 kg/ha- (N-P2O5-K2O, respectively) produced the best plant growth of Acanthopanax. For the first year, the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P (2x phosphate) rate was higher than that from the other fertilizer ratios, yet there were no significant differences resulting from the various treatments for either Acanthopanax divaricatus or Acanthopanax koreanum. Similarly, for the second year, there were no significant differences in the acanthoside D content resulting from the various fertilizer ratios, although for both species the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P rate was slightly higher than that from the other treatments. Therefore, the results indicated that doubling the amount of phosphate increased the acanthoside D content. Plus, the optimum planting date with respect to growth and productivity for Acanthopanax divaricatus was identified as April 15. The cultivation methods of Acanthopanax in Korea need to be optimized. Hence, this study investigated the effect of different fertilizer ratios and planting dates on the growth and acanthoside D content of two (2) Acanthopanax species. The current recommended fertilizer rate of 10.5-8.5-8.5 kg/ha- (N-P2O5-K2O, respectively) produced the best plant growth of Acanthopanax. For the first year, the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P (2x phosphate) rate was higher than that from the other fertilizer ratios, yet there were no significant differences resulting from the various treatments for either Acanthopanax divaricatus or Acanthopanax koreanum. Similarly, for the second year, there were no significant differences in the acanthoside D content resulting from the various fertilizer ratios, although for both species the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P rate was slightly higher than that from the other treatments. Therefore, the results indicated that doubling the amount of phosphate increased the acanthoside D content. Plus, the optimum planting date with respect to growth and productivity for Acanthopanax divaricatus was identified as April 15. The cultivation methods of Acanthopanax in Korea need to be optimized. Hence, this study investigated the effect of different fertilizer ratios and planting dates on the growth and acanthoside D content of two (2) Acanthopanax species. The current recommended fertilizer rate of 10.5-8.5-8.5 kg/ha- (N-P2O5-K2O, respectively) produced the best plant growth of Acanthopanax. For the first year, the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P (2x phosphate) rate was higher than that from the other fertilizer ratios, yet there were no significant differences resulting from the various treatments for either Acanthopanax divaricatus or Acanthopanax koreanum. Similarly, for the second year, there were no significant differences in the acanthoside D content resulting from the various fertilizer ratios, although for both species the acanthoside D content resulting from the 2P rate was slightly higher than that from the other treatments. Therefore, the results indicated that doubling the amount of phosphate increased the acanthoside D content. Plus, the optimum planting date with respect to growth and productivity for Acanthopanax divaricatus was identified as April 15.

The aim of the current study was to analyze the active ingredients and to screen the pharmacological properties of freshwater laver, Prasiola japonica, the only species grown in Korea. According to results of gas chromatography- mass spectrometry assay, components from P. japonica were more diverse than those from sea laver. Of particular interest, our results indicated that ethanol extract of P. japonica (PJE) contained loliolide, sorbitol, mannitol, and alverine, which were known to have an anti-oxidant, anti-oral microbial, osmotic diuresis, and smooth muscle relaxant, respectively. In addition, five solvent fractions of PJE (water, butanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane) significantly inhibited the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and a higher amount (>100 μg/mL) of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane fraction were considered to play a specific role in cancer cell death. PJE and its solvent fractions found to be effective scavengers of free radicals, particularly, hydroxyl radicals. Glucose uptake in L6 myoblast cell line that stably expresses the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) proteins was also remarkably enhanced upon treatment with solvent fractions, remarkably chloroform fraction. Taken together, we concluded that P. japonica may have potent pharmacological properties and thus contribute to development of novel natural candidates for various disease targets.

Mealworms, Tenebrio molitor (L.) is used as an important animal feed additive for growth promotion and health management, but potentially exposes to fungal infection. In this work, virulence of two species of entomopathogenic fungi against the insect, and the relationship between abiotic features and virulence were investigated. Secondly our consideration was also given to the effect of chemical fungicides on conidial germination for risk control. Between Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and Metarhizium roberstii (Mr) (previously M. anisopliae), Bb isolates had much higher virulence (~100% mortality in 3~4 days after the treatment), rather than Mr isolates in laboratory assays. Next, fungus-treated mealworms were kept at wheat bran at 20, 25, 30 and 35℃ with 3, 6, 9 times of water spray to the feeds for set-up of different humidity conditions. Inoculation of fungi to mealworms was conducted by fungal spray and feeding methods, which resulted in higher virulence in feeding method. In the feeding method, all temperature treatments except 35℃ showed high virulence against mealworms, but any significant relationship between virulence and humidity was not observed. In the chemical fungicide screening, fluazinam (CAS No. 79622-59-6) and mancozeb (8018-01-7) significantly inhibited the germination of Bb and Mr conidia. This work suggest that contamination of wheat bran with fungal pathogens, particularly B. bassiana may induce mycosis of mealworms, but introduction of effective fungicides possibly reduce fungal infection.