It is important to select proper ground motions for obtaining accurate results from response history analyses. The purpose of this study is to propose an accurate and efficient method that does not require excessive computation for selecting and scaling ground motions to match target response spectrum mean and variance. The proposed method is conceptually simple and straightforward, and it does not use a simulation algorithm that requires a sophisticated subroutine program. In this method, the desired number of ground motions are sequentially scaled and selected from a ground motion library. The proposed method gives the best selection results using Sum of Square Error and has the smallest value(=0.14). Also, The accuracy and consistency of the proposed method are verified by comparing the selection results of the proposed method with those of existing methods.

동조액체감쇠기(TLD)는 에너지 소산장치로써 구조물의 동적응답을 제어하기 위해 개발되었다. TLD는 풍하중에 의한 구조물의 응답을 제어에 매우 효과적임을 보여줬다. 그러나 TLD가 설치된 구조물의 지진응답의 제어에 대해서는 충분한 연구가 이뤄지지 않았다. 이 연구의 목적은 TLD가 설치된 구조물에 여러 동조비와 질량비를 대입하여 지진에 대한 TLD의 성능을 도출하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 위해, 수치해석 연구가 실시되며, 다른 토양 조건 또한 고려되었다. 그 결과 지진하중에 대한 TLD의 성능은 구조물의 고유주기, 감쇠비에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 또한 TLD의 동조비 다르게 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

In this study, a quasi-static experiment was conducted on the connection performance between the integral abutment bridge and CFT pile. Six experiment specimen were manufactured and were divided into type A and type B. Experiment specimens of Type A were connected with bolts and experiment specimens of Type B were connected with hooks. In the experiment results the connection performance of Type B showed excellent performance more than that of Type A.

This study is the sequel of a companion paper (I. Algorithm) for assessment of the seismic performance evaluation of structure using ground motions selected by the proposed algorithm. To evaluate the effect of the correlation structures of selected ground motions on the seismic responses of a structure, three sets of ground motions are selected with and without consideration of the correlation structure. Nonlinear response history analyses of a 20-story reinforced concrete frame are conducted using the three sets of ground motions. This study shows that the seismic responses of the frames vary according to ground motion selection and correlation structures.

It is important to select an accurate set of ground motions when conducting linear and nonlinear response history analyses of structures. This study proposes a method for selecting ground motions from a ground motion library with response spectra that match the target response spectrum mean, variance and correlation structures. This study also has addressed the determination of an appropriate value for the weight factor of a correlation structure. The proposed method is conceptually simple and straightforward, and does not involve a simulation algorithm. In this method, a desired number of ground motions are sequentially selected from first to last. The proposed method can be also used for selecting ground motions with response spectra that match the conditional spectrum. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed procedure are verified with numerical examples.

성숙 콩 종실에 함유되어져 있는 raffinose와 stachyose 성분은 난분해성 올리고당이며, 인체 내에서는 분해 및 흡수가 되지 않고 장내 가스나 소화불량을 일으킨다. Raffinose와 stachyose의 함량이 적은 콩 계통을 육성하기 위한 기초 정보를 얻기 위하여 59개의 유전자형을 이용하여 2년간 포장에서 재배한 후 raffinose와 stachyose의 함량을 분석하였다. Raffinose의 2년간 평균 함량은 3.353~10.271g/kg의 범위를 보였고 육종계통 Da-7에서 가장 낮았으며 PI506592 유전자원이 가장 높은 값을 보였으며 59개 유전자형에 대한 평균값은 5.035g/kg으로 나타났다. Stachyose의 2년간 평균 함량은 2.468~36.745g/kg의 범위를 보였고 육종계통 10S31에서 가장 낮았으며 PI283327 유전자원이 가장 높은 값을 보였으며 59개 유전자형에 대한 평균값은 17.222g/kg으로 나타났다. Raffinose 성분은 3.6~7.2g/kg의 범위에서 52개의 유전자형이 분포하였고, stachyose 성분에서는 12~24g/kg의 범위에서 39개의 유전자형이 분포하였다. Raffinose의 함량에서는 년차간 부의 상관관계를 보였고, stachyose의 함량에서는 년차간 정의 상관관계를 보였다. Raffinose와 stachyose의 함량간에는 정의 상관관계을 보였다.

In this study, we study the behavior of CFT subjected to pure bending moment considering the interface character between the materials. We assume that the interface between the materials has 2 cases, one is full-composite the other is non-composite. Through the analysis of the FEM results, we find that CFT’s flexure behavior is unique compared to other composite structures. There is almost similar CFT’s flexure behavior in the pure moment regardless of interface character between steel and concrete. This is because there is no difference in the neutral axis of the full-composite and non-composite in the CFT scetion.

등숙 시기와 이삭 내 위치에 따른 과피 두께 및 립중의 변화를 조사 이들 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 등숙 시기별 과피 두께의 변화는 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 과피 두께는 수정 후 18일 전에 결정되는 것으로 판단되며 식미가 우수한 찰옥수수 품종 육성을 위한 과피 두께 조사는 풋이삭 수확 적기뿐 만 아니라 이 그 후에 실시하여도 풋이삭 수확 적기와 동일한 관측치를 획득할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다. 립중은 최초 조사기인 수정 후 18일에서부터 계속 증가하다가 35일경 이후 부터는 비슷한 무게를 유지하였으며 등숙 시기별 과피 두께의 변화와는 통계적 상관 관계가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 전분 축적과 종자의 성숙을 통한 종자 부피의 증가와 과피 두께 변화는 서로 연관성이 없는 것으로 판단된다. 이삭 내 위치에 따라 하부에서 상부로 갈수록 과피 두께 및 립중의 평균은 감소하는 경향이었으며 이들의 표준편차는 중앙부에서 안정되고 작게 조사되었다. 또한 이삭 내 위치에 따른 과피 두께 및 립중의 평균간에는 두 품종 모두 정의 상관 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 이로서 찰옥수수 품종 육성과정에서 과피 두께를 위한 시료의 채취는 이삭 중앙부로부터 샘플을 취하는 것이 변이가 적고 평균적인 관측치를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

아스팔트 포장체내의 아스팔트 노화 (Aging)는 제조 및 운반 중 단기간에 일어나는 단기노화 (Short-term aging: STA)와 장기간에 걸쳐 공용중 일어나는 장기노화로 구분된다. 그 중에서도 단기노화 는 짧은 시간에 노화가 이루어지며, 포설 후 일어나는 장기노화 보다 매우 빠르게 진행 된다. 따라서 단기 노화 기간에 노화가 적게 발생되도록 조치를 취하는 것은 아스팔트 포장의 장기 공용성 확보에 중요하다. 단기노화 과정은 고온의 골재와 바인더의 접촉 시부터 시작되며 트럭에 적재되어 포설 전까지 고온상 태로 유지되는 동안에 진행된다. 일반 아스팔트 혼합물에서 중량으로 바인더는 5% 전후이므로 혼합물의 온도는 전체의 95% 가량을 차지하는 골재온도에 좌우된다. 그러므로 골재온도는 혼합물 온도를 좌우하므 로 과다 단기노화의 주원인이라 할 수 있다. 하지만 이러한 단기노화 온도의 중요성에 대한 심도 있는 연 구는 드문 실정이다. 가열아스팔트 (Hot-mix asphalt: HMA) 혼합물은 작업성 확보를 위해 계절에 따라 생산온도에 차이가 나는데 이는 단기노화에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 아스팔트 혼합물은 포설 전 어떤 수준이든 노화 되며 공용 시작과 함께 그 노화수준으로부터 장기노화가 시작된다. 포설 전 아스팔트가 많이 노화되면 그 포장은 높 은 초기 노화수준으로 인해 빨리 기(성)능이 취약해지므로 기대수명이 짧아질 것이다. 이에 대비해 현장 에서 노화 수준을 낮추는 조치를 얻기 위하여 실험실 혼합물의 인공노화를 통해 노화차이를 구명할 필요 가 있다. 단기노화는 포장공정에서 피할 수 없는 한 과정이므로 실험실 혼합물에 대한 단기노화는 현장혼합물이 포설되기 전 노화과정을 모사하여 공시체 다짐 전에 일시적으로 처리하는 공정이다. 국내의 가열아스팔트 (Hot-mix asphalt: HMA) 혼합물의 단기노화 방법은 일반혼합물의 경우 160℃ 1 시간으로 규정되어 있 다. 하지만 이는 표준 방법이고 이와 다른 온도에서의 단기노화가 어떤 차이를 가져오는지를 본 연구에서 조사하고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 다양한 온도에서 단기노화 HMA 혼합물의 노화 상태를 평가하여 온도에 따른 노화도 차이의 심각성을 평가하는 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 온도에 다른 HMA 혼합물의 노화차이가 확인 된다면 이를 근거로 현장 혼합물 골재온도의 적정수준을 제시하는 기초를 마련할 수 있을 것이다. 혼합물 내 바인더의 노화 상태를 직접 분석하기 위하여 Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) 기법 을 이용하였다. GPC에서 얻어진 대형분자 (large molecular size: LMS) 비율(%)은 절대점도 (Absolute viscosity: AVS)와 매우 높은 상관관계 (R2 > 0.9)를 보인다. 그리고 절대점도는 아스팔트의 노화기준으로 가장 널리 적용되므로 본 연구에서도 LMS로부터 AVS를 추정하여 노화도 분석에 사용하였다.

VFAs like acetate are the major soluble metabolites of food waste leachates after digested. Therefore this study investigates the effect of acetate on growth rate and nutrient removal efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris to treat digested food waste leachates. The initial acetate concentration varied from 0 to 20 mM. As a result, Chlorella vulgaris growth rate was increased as high as the concentrations ranged from 0 to 20 mM. The same trend was observed with NH4-N and PO4-P consumption. The highest growth rate and the highest NH4-N, PO4-P removal rate were observed at acetate concentration of 20 mM. The microalgae growth rate and NH4-N, PO4-P removal rates were 1.5, 1.8, 2.3 times higher than the condition without acetate.

This paper is the sequel of a companion paper (I. Performance Evaluation) evaluating the relation between the seismic performance of steel intermediate moment frames (IMFs) and the rotation capacity of connections. The evaluation revealed that the seismic performance of IMFs having the required minimum rotation capacity suggested in the current standards did not meet the seismic performance criteria presented in FEMA 695. Therefore, thepresent study evaluates the causes of the vulnerable seismic performance for steel IMFs and proposes alternatives to satisfy the seismic performance suggested in FEMA 695. To that goal, the results of nonlinear analysis, which are the pushover analysis and the incremental dynamic analysis, are examined and evaluated. As a result, high-rise IMF systems are seen to have the lower collapse margin ratio after connection fracture than row-rise IMF systems and, the actual response isfound to compared tothedesign drift ratio acting on design load design. Finally, the minimum design load values are proposed to meet the seismic performance suggested in FEMA 695 for IMF systems having vulnerable seismic performance.

The current AISC341-10 standard specifiesa value of 0.02 radian for the minimum rotation capacity of connections for the intermediate steel moment frame system. However, despite of the advances realized in the domains of performance evaluation method and analysis method, research onthe minimum rotation capacity of the intermediate steel moment frame systemsatisfying the seismic performance has not been conducted in detail. In this study, the intermediate moment frame systemisdesigned with respect to current standards and the seismic performance in accordance with the rotational capacity of connections is evaluated using the seismic performance evaluation method presented in FEMA-P695. The minimum rotation capacity of intermediate steel moment frames required to satisfy seismic performance as well as the major design values affecting the seismic performance of moment frame areestimated. To that goal, the design parameters are selected and various target frames are designed. The analysis models of the main nonlinear elements are also developed for evaluating seismic performance. The resultsshow that the 20-story structure doesnot meet the seismic performance even if it satisfies the rotation capacity of 0.02 radian.

The melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R) gene is expressed in the hypothalamus and regulates energy intake and body weight. Recently, it has been reported that obesity and energy balance in human were also regulated by the MC4R gene. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify the polymorphism on the MC4R gene SNP C1786T and its association with economic traits in Korean native cattle (brindle and black cattle) by PCR-RFLP. A total of 125 cattle from the two breeds were tested for economic traits (meat quality index, backfat, thickness, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area and marbling score) and data was analyzed using SAS program. In the results, C allele had highest frequency than G allele frequency in the both breeds and the gene was significantly associated with meat quantity index and backfat thickness in brindle cattle breed. However, in black cattle, the gene was significantly associated with longissimus muscle area (p<0.05). These results suggest that C1786T SNP of the MC4R gene may be useful as a genetic marker for economic traits in the brindle and black cattle.

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial insemination (AI) failure in 1,619 Korean native cows at Gangwon East area, Korea. The average AI failure rate was 37.02% in the cows and the highest rate was 40.85% in Yangyang-city. Based on the parity in the cows, the AI failure rate was 49.14% and 29.91% in the first and fifth parity cows, respectively. Whereas cows until fifth parity were decreased in AI failure, cows with sixth or more parity showed an upturning AI failure trends with the increasing of parity number. AI failure rate incidence according to the rump fat thickness measured by ultrasound was 28.9% and 33.4% at 5 mm to 10 mm and over than 15 mm, respectively. There was a positive correlation (0.2186) between AI failure rate of mother and that of their offspring cows. That is, offspring of dams with high AI failure rate showed also higher AI failure than those of dams having lower AI failure rate. In conclusion, these results indicate that the AI failure rate was closely related to the rump fat thickness, parity number, and conception rate of mother cows. In addition, these results might strengthen the basis to improve the reproductive performance in Korean native cows.

The object of this research is to analyze and classify the preference on Korean traditional desserts by age groups. More women than men were observed to have a healthy diet. In addition, with regards to age, children and young people were founf to have a healthier diet than the median age. Women showed a preference for dessert more so than men. Both men and women showed to eat dessert when reminded, and the young, as well as middle-aged were found to eat dessert often. Korea sign a survey on the traditional dessert, like rice cake, were the preference for women, whereas men were fixated in soft drinks, fruit punch and Schisandra chinensis fruit punch with Rhododendron. Young people liked rice cakes, while the median age liked chajongryu hangwaryu. In soft drinks, fruit punch and watermelon Sikhye was preferred by two of the young, while the middle-aged preferred baesuk and Schisandra chinensis fruit punch.

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Crataegi fructus as a natural food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and biological activities were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 85.6%, 2.4%, 1.9% and 0.4%, respeectively. Further, the calories of Crataegi fructus was 369.1 kcal. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 852.26 ㎎ and 1, 178.29 ㎎, respeectively. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, P, Mg, which means Crataegi fructus is an alkali material. Crataegi fructus extracts slightly(17.6～32.8) inhibited α-glucosidase activity. However, there is no inhibitory activity against α-amylase. In terms of proteslytic activity, Crataegi fructus extracts showed a strong activity than pancreatin(used as a positive control). These results indicate that Crataegi fructus can be used as a natural resource for material aiding digestion.