Voice user interface has become a commercially viable and extensive interaction mechanism with the development of voice assistants. Despite the popularity of voice assistants, the academic community does not utterly understand about what, when, and how users chat with them. Chatting with a voice assistant is crucial as it defines how a user will seek the help of the assistant in the future. This study aims to cover the essence and construct of conversational AI, to develop a classification method to deal with user utterances, and, most importantly, to understand about what, when, and how Chinese users chat with voice assistants. We collected user utterances from the real conventional database of a commercial voice assistant, NetEase Sing in China. We also identified different utterance categories on the basis of previous studies and real usage conditions and annotated the utterances with 17 labels. Furthermore, we found that the three top reasons for the usage of voice assistants in China are the following: (1) greeting, (2) function, and (3) music. Chinese users like to interact with voice assistants at night from 7 PM to 10 PM, and they are polite toward the assistants. The whole percentage of negative feedback utterances is less than 6%, which is considerably low. These findings appear to be useful in voice interaction designs for intelligent hardware.

본 연구는 관상가치가 뛰어난 산꼬리풀의 분화 재배법을 확립하고자 차광, 기비, 추비, 왜화제 및 적심처리를 각각 달리하여 수행하였다. 연구의 결과 차광 시 산꼬리풀의 생육이 감소 하였으며, 차광률이 증가할수록 크게 억제되었다. 기비 처리는 초장, 절간장, 경직경 및 엽수를 유의적으로 증가하였으나, Hyponex를 이용한 추비 처리는 무처리와 비교했을 때 생육증가에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 왜화제 처리시 diniconazole은 농도에 관계없이 왜화효과가 나타났으며, 농도가 증가할수록 크게 억제되었다. Daminozide는 저농도 처리시 무처리와 비교하여 큰 차이가 없었으나, 2000mg·L-1 농도로 처리하였을 때 왜화효과가 나타났으며, 개화율은 diniconazole 저농도에서 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. 한편 적심 처리에 따른 유의적인 생육 차이는 확인되지 않았다.

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) is a cosmopolitan pest that poses an economic threat to many crops such as pepper, corn, perilla, etc. A. ipsilon can be mass reared by providing Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa under 60~70%, 16L:8D and 25±1℃ in laboratory. This study presents the mass rearing methods and the morphological characteristics of the immature stages of A. ipsilon including descriptions of the each immature stages.

Frankliniella occidentalis is a major pest in agriculture. Following overuse of insecticides, high resistance has developed due to its high reproduction rate and short generation time. To control the resistant strains of the thrips, the ingestion RNAi- based control was established. A total of 67 genes were selected, and their double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) were delivered to thrips via the leaf disc-feeding method. Among the genes screened, the dsRNA of Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) and coatomer protein subunit epsilon (COPE) resulted in the highest mortality (3.8- and 2.8-fold faster LT50 compared to control, respectively) when ingested by thrips. The dsRNA-fed thrips showed 53% and 83% reduced transcription levels of TLR6 and COPE, respectively. This result demonstrates that the observed mortality of thrips following dsRNA ingestion was due to RNAi, and this lethal genes can be employed as a practical tool to control thrips in the field.

The turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae is one of the main pests that damage the leaves of cabbage, radish and other cruciferous crops. The developmental biology and morphological characteristics of the immature stages of Athalia rosae were studied in the laboratory using host plant, Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa var. glabra. A. rosae can be mass reared in laboratory throughout the year under RH 60~70%, 16L:8D and 25±1℃. This species has six larval stages in the female and five larval stages in the male. The developmental period is about 28~29 days. Ovipositional periods and larval developmental periods were 6, 9 days, respectively. The pupal period was about 14 days. Illustrations and descriptions of the various immature stages and their behaviors are provided.

TiO2-doped activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were successfully prepared as capacitive deionization (CDI) electrode materials by facile ultrasonication-assisted process. ACFs were treated with titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and isopropyl alcohol solutions of different concentrations and then calcinated by ultrasonication without heat-treatment. The results show that a certain amount of anatase TiO2 was present on the ACF surface. The specific capacitance of the TiO2-doped ACF electrode was remarkably improved (by 93.8% at scan rate of 50 mV s–1) over that of the untreated ACF electrode, despite decreases in the specific surface area and total pore volume upon TiO2 doping. From the CDI experiments, the salt adsorption capacity and charge efficiency of the sample with TTIP percent concentration of 15% were found to considerably increase by 71.9 and 57.1%, respectively. These increases are attributed to the improved wettability of the electrode, which increases the number of surface active sites and facilitates salt ion diffusion in the ACF pores. Additionally, the Ti-OH groups of TiO2 act as electrosorption sites, which increases the electrosorption capacity.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Alexander Wang’s collections representing the athleisure look, and suggest a multilateral direction for fashion design based on the data. The present study examines literature, journals, and mass media to define the athleisure look and understand the background of its emergence, and assess its key design characteristics. The collections examined are from 2007 fall/winter to 2017 spring/summer, and T by Alexander Wang from 2011 spring/summer to 2016 fall/ winter. A total of 446 photos were collected and verified by a group of experts. The characteristics of the athleisure look in Alexander Wang’s collections were described by the following themes: dynamism (39.46%), unexpectedness (34.30%), sensuality (14.57%), and resistance (11.65%). Results revealed a number of findings: First, regarding the sensuality of the athleisure look found in Alexander Wang’s collections, it was found to exhibit the lines of the human body and highlight sexiness and healthy beauty - with either direct or indirect body exposure. Second, the concept of dynamism is the most frequently seen - utilizing items with a comfortable or loose fit or materials that are flexible to enhance activity. Third, resistance appears as a specific style using aggressive and rough decorations. Alexander Wang’s signature color, black, appears often, and showcases resistance through black clothing and fashion. Fourth, the unexpectedness of the athleisure look found in Alexander Wang’s collections creates its own uniqueness with playful expressions made by various materials’ mixed and matched or made visually fun.

Porcine spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) prefer three-dimensional (3D) culture systems to 2D ones for the maintenance of self-renewal. Of the many 3D culture systems, agar-based hydrogels are candidates for supporting porcine SSC self-renewal, and there are various types of agar powder that can be used. In this study, we sought to identify an agar-based 3D hydrogel system that exhibited strong efficacy in the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal. First, 3D hydrogels with different mechanics were prepared with various concentrations of Bacto agar, lysogeny broth (LB) agar, and agarose powder, and the 3D hydrogel with the strongest alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and greatest increase in colony size was identified for the different types of agar powder. Second, among the porcine SSCs cultured in the different 3D hydrogels, we analyzed the colony formation, morphology, and size; AP activity; and transcription and translation of porcine SSC-related genes, and these were compared to determine the optimal 3D hydrogel system for the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal. We found that 0.6% (w/v) Bacto agar-, 1% (w/v) LB agar-, and 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogels showed the strongest maintenance of AP activity and the most pronounced increase in colony size in the culture of porcine SSCs. Moreover, among these hydrogels, the strongest transcription and translation of porcine SSC-related genes and largest colony size were detected in porcine SSCs cultured in the 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogel, whereas there were no significant differences in colony formation and morphology. These results demonstrate that the 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogel can be effectively used for the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal.

In recent years, not only the cultivation area of Jujube in Korea but also the number of pest species has increased.The farmers farming environmentally friendly are in great difficulty because there are no effective control materials. Thisstudy was conducted to investigate the control effect of the environment friendly materials on two pest species (Caposinasasakii and Spodoptera litura) in jujube orchard. As a result, Sophora extract and paraffin oil showed over 70% controlefficacy to the C. sasakii and Sophora extract show over 90% control efficacy to the S. litura. Therefore, Sophora extractand paraffin oil were thought to be a envionment friendly effctive materials in controlling the C. sasakii and S. litura.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is one of the world’s major pests. Economic cost to control this pest wasestimated between US$1.3 billion and US$2.3 billion based on management costs. Conservative estimate included yieldloss caused by 5% diamondback moth was estimated US$4 billion-US$5 billion. P. xylostella was managed by chemicalinsecticide such as organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. But insecticide resistance which is caused by repeatedapplication makes it difficult to control this pest. For environmental friendly control of diamondback moth, entomopathogenicfungi could be used as alternative. We conducted bioassay to select high virulent isolate to larva of diamondback mothwith forty six entomopathogenic fungi which were isolated from soil samples by insect-bait method. As a result of bioassaytwelve isolates was selected as candidate. We investigated control efficacy of these twelve isolates with potted Chinesecabbage at laboratory and greenhouse.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been used to control pest as alternative to chemical pesticide. To kill the pest entomopathogenicfungi penetrate cuticle of pest, reach the hemocoel and utilize nutrient of host pest. Finally fungi kill the host by consumingthe host nutrient and physically damaging the tissues. But these process of fungi to control pest is needed so much timeand this point is a disadvantage for fungi. Therefore we studied other application method of fungi to control pest. Weconducted behavior test of beet armyworm to Isaria fumosoroseus which is high virulent against beet armyworm. Adultof the beet armyworm avoided oviposition at Chinese cabbage treated with I. fumosoroseus compare to control and otherhigh pathogenic isolate, Metarhizium anisopliae and this repellency of I. fumosoroseus lasted for 5days in greenhouse.Behavior of larvae to I. fumosoroseus also investigated with choice and non-choice test. Third to fifth instar larvae detectedand avoided fungi. Repellent behavior of larvae to fungi was more noticeable in younger larvae. This result may be usedto prevent the infestation of moth in crop production.