In recent 10 years, mushroom cultivation area and number of cultivators have decreased, but mushroom production tends to increase. This shows that mushroom cultivation is being transformed from log and bed cultivation to bottle cultivation using automated facilities with high productivity per unit area. The bottle cultivation is possible to mechanized and automated, which can save manpower, less damage to pests, can be cultivated throughout the year, and is uniform in quality and advantageous for mass production. However, the investment in production facilities and farm materials is very large compared to the production of logs and bed cultivars, which can lead to large losses in the case of failure to grow. Therefore, it is necessary for the farmers who want to start the bottle cultivation to make careful management decisions by carefully examining the investment cost, the operating cost, and the expected income that are put into the bottle cultivation system. This study was conducted to analyze the management performance of bottle cultivation in mushroom farm and use it as farming decision making data. As a result of analysis of the management performance through farmers' survey, it was found that such as cost of spawn, substrate materials, other material, employment effort, and fuels & electricity power cost accounted for a large proportion of the cost of bottle cultivation.

Grifola frondosa is a polypore mushroom that grows in clusters of oaks. The mushroom is commonly known among English speakers as Maitake, hen of the woods, ram's head and sheep's head. It is typically found in late summer to early autumn. Maitake mushroom is used to treat cancer and also to relieve some of the side effects of chemical treatment (chemotherapy) for cancer. It is also used for HIV/AIDS, chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS), hepatitis, hay fever, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, weight loss or control, and infertility due to a condition called polycystic ovary syndrome. We have developed log cultivation technique of Grifola frondosa to produce better quality mushrooms and have investigated annual yield characteristics. As a result of the cultivation of Maitake mushroom using oak log, ‘Yipsae1ho’ varieties showed a high yield of 16.0 kg/m2 in the first year, 15.4 kg/m2 in the second year, 9.5 kg/m2 in the third year and 4.6 kg/m2 in the fourth year. The yields were decreased annually. There was no significant difference during the first year to the third year in ‘Dabark’ varieties, but it decreased sharply to 6.2 kg/m2 in the fourth year. Between the varieties, the yield of ‘Yipsae1ho’ varieties was 45.4 kg/m2 totally, which was somewhat higher than that of ‘Darbak’ varieties, 42.6 kg/m2.

Lignosus rhinocerotis, commonly known as Tiger Milk Mushroom, has been long extolled for its medicinal properties and used for treatment of asthma, cough, fever, cancer, liver-related illnesses, joint pains and as tonic. The history of usage for Tiger Milk Mushroom dates back to almost 400 years, ago but there were no records of scientific studies done due to inavailability of sufficient samples. Even when there were samples collected from the wild, the supply and quality was inconsistent. With the advent of cultivation success of one of the most utilized species of Tiger milk mushroom (L. rhinocerotis) in 2009 (known as TM02), scientific investigation was done to validate its traditional use and to investigate its safety for consumption, biochemical and biopharmacological properties. Preclinical toxicology evaluations showed that TM02 did not induce adverse effects on fertility. It also poses neither teratogenic effects nor genotoxicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose of the TM02 in 180-day chronic toxicity study is 1000 mg/kg which is equivalent to 162 mg/kg human dose, anticipated dose for a 60 kg adult is ~10g. The effective dosage of TM02 is as low as 0.5g per day for an adult. There is therefore, a huge margin for the safe consumption of TM02. TM02 is proven to be effective in supporting the lung and respiratory health, immune health, maintenance of joint health (caused by inflammation), improving vitality and stamina and improving the quality of life for cancer patients. Recent scientific findings have shown that TM02 contains various active components such as the polysaccharides-protein complexes, β-glucans, proteins, immuno-modulatory proteins all of which could play possible roles in rendering significant therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, anti-proliferative, anti-oxidative, neurite outgrowth stimulation etc. The revelation of the genome, transcriptome, proteome of L. rhinocerotis by MMRG has provided valuable insights into the biomolecule discovery and provided the foundation for future research and exploitation of L. rhinocerotis in pharmacological and functional food applications. These data forms a valuable foundation for future research in the exploitation of the L. rhinocerotis in pharmacological and industrial applications.

We present the environmental dependence of the luminosity-size relation of galaxies in the local universe (z < 0.01) along with their dependence on galaxy morphology represented by five broad types (E, dEs, S0, Sp, and Irr). The environmental parameters we consider are the local background density and the group/cluster membership together with the clustercenteric distance for the Virgo cluster galaxies. We derive the regression coefficient (β ), i.e., the slope of the line representing the least-squares fitting to the data and the Pearson correlation coefficient (c.c.) representing the goodness of the least-squares fit along with the confidence interval from bootstrap resampling. We find no significant dependence of the luminosity-size relation on galaxy morphology. However, there is a weak dependence of the luminositysize relations on the environment of galaxies, in the sense that galaxies in the low density environment have shallower slopes than galaxies in the high density regions except for elliptical galaxies that show an opposite trend.

We present a new catalog of AGB stars based on infrared two-color diagrams (2CDs) and known properties of the pulsations and spectra. We exclude some misclassified objects from previous catalogs. We identify color areas in two IR 2CDs where most O-rich and C-rich objects listed in previous catalogs of AGB stars are found. By collecting new objects in these color selection areas in the two IR 2CDs, we find candidate objects for AGB stars. By using the color selection method, we identify 3996 new objects in the O-rich areas, 1487 new objects in the C-rich areas, and 295 new objects in the overlap areas of the two 2CDs simultaneously. We have found that 470 O-rich and 9 C-rich objects are Mira variables with positive spectral identification and they are newly identified AGB stars. We present a new catalog of 3828 O-rich AGB stars and 1168 C-rich AGB stars excluding misclassified objects and adding newly identified objects.

모더니즘 작가들은 이상적이며 주관적 자아를 객관화하기 위해 인간 삶 의 원형인 신화를 자신들의 소재로 사용하려는 경향이 있다. 이들의 신화적 기법은 “역사란 과거와 현재의 대화”라는 카아(E. H. Carr)의 역사개념을 수용함으로써 현재 와 과거를 병치시킨다. 예이츠의 설화와 극시는 켈트 신화 중에서도 주로 낭만적 영웅 어쉰(Oisin)이 등장한 핀 족의 이야기(Finn Cycle)와 얼스터 전쟁 영웅 쿠훌린 (Cuchulain)을 다룬 얼스터판(Ulster Cycle)을 그의 시적 소재로 채택했다. 한편 이들 시는 켈트 영웅정신으로 민족주의를 고취시키고 나아가 낭만적 아일랜드를 만드는데 공헌 한 것으로 평가된다. 그런데 이 논문에서는 예이츠의 극시와 설화는 켈트 민족주 의와 낭만적 아일랜드 만들기라는 그 같은 공적인 대의뿐 아니라 연인 모드 곤(Maud Gonne)에 대한 사랑과 염원이라는 예이츠의 개인적 의도를 함께 반영하고 있음을 증 명해보겠다.

The environmental dependence of the morphology of dwarf galaxies in isolated satellite sys- tems is analyzed to understand the origin of the dwarf galaxy morphology using the visually classified morphological types of 5836 local galaxies with z . 0.01. We consider six sub-types of dwarf galaxies, dS0, dE, dEbc, dSph, dEblue, and dI, of which the first four sub-types are considered as early-type and the last two as late-type. The environmental parameters we consider are the projected distance from the host galaxy (rp), local and global background densities, and the host morphology. The spatial distributions of dwarf satellites of early-type galaxies are much different from those of dwarf satellites of late-type galaxies, suggesting the host morphology combined with rp plays a decisive role on the morphology of the dwarf satellite galaxies. The local and global background densities play no significant role on the morphology of dwarfs in the satellite systems hosted by early-type galaxies. However, in the satellite system hosted by late-type galaxies, the global background densities of dE and dSph satellites are significantly different from those of dEbc, dEblue, and dI satellites. The blue-cored dwarf satellites (dEbc) of early-type galaxies are likely to be located at rp > 0.3 Mpc to keep their cold gas from the ram pressure stripping by the hot corona of early-type galaxies. The spatial distribution of dEbc satellites of early-type galaxies and their global background densities suggest that their cold gas is intergalactic material accreted before they fall into the satellite systems.

In this work, p-type Bi−Sb−Te alloys powders are prepared using gas atomization, a mass production powder preparation method involving rapid solidification. To study the effect of the sintering temperature on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties, gas-atomized powders are consolidated at different temperatures (623, 703, and 743 K) using spark plasma sintering. The crystal structures of the gas-atomized powders and sintered bulks are identified using an X-ray diffraction technique. Texture analysis by electron backscatter diffraction reveals that the grains are randomly oriented in the entire matrix, and no preferred orientation in any unique direction is observed. The hardness values decrease with increasing sintering temperature owing to a decrease in grain size. The conductivity increases gradually with increasing sintering temperature, whereas the Seebeck coefficient decreases owing to increases in the carrier mobility with grain size. The lowest thermal conductivity is obtained for the bulk sintered at a low temperature (603 K), mainly because of its fine-grained microstructure. A peak ZT of 1.06 is achieved for the sample sintered at 703 K owing to its moderate electrical conductivity and sustainable thermal conductivity.

We fabricate fine (<20 μm) powders of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 alloys using a large-scale production method and subsequently consolidate them at temperatures of 573, 623, and 673 K using a spark plasma sintering process. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermoelectric properties are investigated for each sintering temperature. The microstructural features of both the powders and bulks are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the crystal structures are analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The grain size increases with increasing sintering temperature from 573 to 673 K. In addition, the mechanical properties increase significantly with decreasing sintering temperature owing to an increase in grain boundaries. The results indicate that the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient (217 μV/K) of the sample sintered at 673 K increase simultaneously owing to decreased carrier concentration and increased mobility. As a result, a high ZT value of 0.92 at 300 K is achieved. According to the results, a sintering temperature of 673 K is preferable for consolidation of fine (<20 μm) powders.

Reanalysis using the US Food and Drug Administration Hazard Analysis method was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the current Critical Control Point (CCP) configuration for non-thermal processes such as meat packaging plants and butcher shops. During non-heat treatment processing without the process of removing or reducing contaminated microorganisms, it is necessary to set and control the incoming material inspection step with the CCP since this step is essential to prevent the inflow of contaminants through incoming materials. The temperature control of the final product storage refrigerated room can be managed by the prerequisite program. However, the CCP setting of the refrigerated room prior to shipment of the meat packaging plant in which the cold chain system should be maintained in the following distribution stage is recognized. It is not an effective method to install a metal detector and manage it with CCP for metal hazard control. Improving hygienic cleaning guidelines and enhancing hygiene training are proactive and effective measures against metal particle contamination.

This research considers the effect of added mesophase pitch (MP) as an additive during the pitch synthesis reaction of pyrolyzed fuel oil (PFO). Two effects are generated by adding MP. One is an enhancement of thermal stability due to the high thermal property of the additive; the other is that the volatile compounds that were removed by vaporization of PFO during the thermal reaction can participate in the pitch synthesis reaction (PFO→pitch) more efficiently. The effect differs according to the amount of the additive. When the amount of the additive is less than 7 wt%, the first effect is dominant, whereas the second effect is dominant when the additive amount exceeds 10 wt%.

Recently, additive-free sweet potato has been commercialized as a healthier snack food. However, these products are producing by semi-dried form to extend shelf-life, hence the products also possesses hard texture during chewing. To produce crispy sweet potato snack, this study was attempted to dry the semi-dried sweet potato instantly by a hot-press (HP) process. Mashed sweet potato was reformed and semi-dried at 65°C for varying time to provide various final moisture contents. The semi-dried samples were subjected to HP at the process temperature of 175-180°C for 2 seconds. As quality parameters, moisture content, brix, color, texture and sensorial test of the products were evaluated. Based on the results, optimal quality of the product was obtained by the semi-dried sample with 15~18% moisture at which the products exhibited good crispiness with bright yellow color. When the moisture content of the sample before HP was lower than 15%, the final products were normally broken during the HP process. In addition, extreme browning appearance was generated in this condition. Conversely, the sample with more than 18% of moisture was not completely dried by HP and the final product did not possess the crispy texture, although this product showed bright yellow appearance. Consequently, this study demonstrated the potential application of HP in sweet potato processing and the best condition was greatly affected by moisture content of sample prior to HP process.

Sulfated polysaccharides are known to be immune-stimulators in mammals and can be used as food additives to enhance immunity. In this study, the immune-stimulating activity of water-soluble anionic macromolecules F2 fractionation isolated from Codium fragile using ion-exchange chromatography was tested in olive flounder, Paralichythys olivaceus, in vitro and in vivo. The gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β was adopted to check the immune-affection. As a result, in vitro study revealed that the expression of IL-1β was significantly upregulated in head kidney cells by 1 and 5 μg/ml of polysaccharides 4 h and by 5 μg/ml of polysaccharides at 24 h. In vivo, IL-1β gene expression in head kidney was significantly upregulated by 20 and 100 μg of the polysaccharides at day 1 post-i.p. injection, while downregulated at day 3 but not significant. Meanwhile, in peritoneal cells, it was upregulated by 20 μg of the polysaccharides at day 1 but the upregulation was sustained until day 3 though it was not significant. These results indicate that the sulfated polysaccharides from C. fragile are an immune-stimulator and might be potential feed additives for olive flounder.

Chinese longhorned beetle (CLB; Anoplophora chinensis) and Asian longhorned beetle (ALB; A. glabripennis) were accidentally introduced into the US from the Asia back in 90s’ and have been causing economic damage on hardwood species in the US. An international cooperative team made field surveys in Korea to find parasitoids of CLB and ALB using sentinel logs that were infested with eggs of the two cerambycids.. As a result, two parasitic wasps of Anopolophora species were newly recognised from Korea: Aprostocetus anoplophorae Delvare (Eulophidae) as an egg parasitoid of CLB and Leluthia honshuensis Belokobylskij & Maeto (Braconidae) as a larval parasitoid of ALB. Identification was made using both morphological and molecular data. Morphological information was provided along with images of developmental stages and adults.

We have determined the mitochondrial genome of Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto, 1968. The total length of the R. speratus kyushuensis is 15,898 bp with 65.3% A + T content. It consists of 13 protein–coding, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA genes and an A+T–rich control region. All the protein–coding genes used ATN as start codon. But the stop codons were TAA, TAG, and an incomplete termination codon (T) abutting an adjacent tRNA gene. The A+T–rich control region was 1,105 bp in length with 67.8% A + T content