The purpose of this study is to investigate and reveal the effects that the complex exercise training consisting of aerobic exercise and strength training(sit up, push up) that everyone can easily practice regardless of a time and a place in order to manage practically the physical strength of the aged affects the difference on their body composition and the change of physical fitness level. Looking into the change of body composition of an experimental group, the weight of 2.5kg was reduced after applying complex training for 12 weeks and the body fat mass of 2.65kg was reduced. Also, the abdominal fat of 0.13% was decreased and the muscle mass of 1.56kg was increased. For the change factors of physical fitness, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, balance and flexibility excluding agility showed significant improvement after applying complex exercise training. The improvement of health fitness of the aged under this study was significantly effective to improve specified body functions which had been lowered by aging and insufficient physical activities. So, it is regarded that their health fitness is the important factor to improve the activity competence required for daily life and to lead healthy living by the improved activity competence. Henceforth, it needs to study more the complex composition of several sports, exercise intensity and the frequency based on the previous researches and studies. In addition, it needs to develop the complex exercise training in accordance with various characteristics such as a sex of the aged, an age, a physical fitness level, environment, a disease and the program in consideration of the efficacy and safety during training.

This study aims to reveal how EA affects BAX and NF-kB involved in cell deaths from global ischemia, and to do this, observes the changes of BAX and NF-kB caused by EA application after transient global ischemia. The experimental method is to give rise to global ischemia and apply EA to 27 SD rats with the particulars of being six-week-old, male, around-300 gram-weighing, and adapted to laboratory environment for more than a week, and divide them into three groups, that is, GV20 EA group(n=9), L14 EA group(n=9), no-treatment GI group(n=9), and then observe their changes of BAX and NF-kB at the time lapse of 6 hours, 9 hours and 12 hours after ischemia, using western blotting. The numerical decrease of BAX expression at the time lapse of 9 hours after EA application, though not statistically significant, was observed in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, and the NF-kB expression appeared statistically significant decrease in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, but the expression was higher in the group with EA application. Therefore, EA application at the early phase of global ischemia is considered to affect BAX and NF-kB and play a positive role in decreasing apoptosis and cell deaths by inflammation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of heat appli˗ cation on the immune activities of the human body. To exam, further˗ more, the immune effect from the healthy volunteer(male:15, female:15) by monitoring changes of immune substances such as various leukocytes[total white blood cell(WBC), eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte], a comparative study with warm water immersion(40.8±0.3℃) and infrared(250W) was carried out. The plasma analysis showed that the count of white blood cell, eosinophil, and neutrophil were elevated in warm water immersion- or infrared˗ stimulated group compared with control group. However, the count of basophil was decreased in both warm water immersion- and infrared-stimulated group than control group. Therefore, these results suggest that the thermostimulation improved immune activity.

Trunk injection of nematicides is applied to prevent pine wilt disease(PWD). Although the trunk injection of nematicides is effective to PWD prevention, it is not effective to vector insects such as adults of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius. Thus, This study was investigated for the insecticidal activity and the effect of feeding deterrence by injecting to pine trees with acetamiprid. For screening effective nematicides, some insecticides were injected to pines on December 30th, 2008 and their insecticidal activities and feeding areas of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius were investigated in the insects breeding dishes (100× 40mm) where put on 1 to 2-year-old twig which was selected from injected pine trees in early June. As a result, insecticidal activity and feeding deterrence of acetamicprid were most effective. Feeding areas of M. alterantus adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of healthy pine trees, were 170.3±107.0 mm2 and 258.0±123.2 mm2 respectively. And Feeding areas of M. alterantus adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of pines injected at a dose of 0.3 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were 57.7±72.3 mm2 and 65.7±51.2 mm2 respectively and their mortalities also were 0%, 28.6%. The feeding areas of M. alterantus adults tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of pine trees injected at a dose of 0.6 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were not fed on it and the mortalities were 28.0%, 57.1% respectively. In case of the feeding areas of M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of healthy pine trees, it was 112.±35.1 mm2 and 159.2±65.2 mm2 respectively. And the feeding areas of M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of injected pine trees at a dose of 0.3 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid were 0.61±0.0 mm2 and 8.1±12.4 mm2 and both mortalities were 23.1%. Although M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig of a pine tree injected at a dose of 0.6 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were not fed on it but M. saltuarius adults tested with 2-year-old twig of the same pine tree were 2.0±3.7 mm2 and their mortalities were 53.8%, 61.5% respectively. We investigated insecticidal activities, the effects of feeding deterrence of acetamiprid for vector insects where fed twigs of injected pines by stop up hole with a cork or not, and the trunk injection to pine trees at a dose of 0.5, 1 ㎖ per ㎝ dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid on the early June. As a result, all of the vector insects were not fed and the feeding area was within 11 ㎟ and the mortality of M. alternatus was 70%.

Transient luminous events (TLEs; sprites, elves, jets and etc.) are lightning-related optical flashes occurring above thunderstorms. Since the first discovery of sprites in 1989, scientists have learned a great deal about the morphological, spectroscopic and electromagnetic characteristics of TLEs through ground and spacecraft campaigns. However, most of the TLE studies were based on events recorded over US High Plains. To elucidate the possible biasing effects, space-borne observations are needed and have their merits. Imager of sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) on the FORMOSAT-2 satellite is the first instrument to carry out a true global measurement of TLEs from a low- earth orbit. In this short paper, we apply a common astronomical data analysis technique, two-color diagram, on the ISUAL spectrophotometer (SP) data. By choosing appropriated bandpasses and converting the measured flux of TLEs into the unit of magnitude, two-color diagrams of TLEs can be constructed. We demonstrate that two-color diagrams, which were constructed from the narrow-band spectrophotometer data, can be used to classify different types of TLEs and trace their temporal evolution. The amount of reddening due to Earth's atmosphere can also be estimated from two-color diagrams assembled from the broad-band spectrophotometer data.

This study examines the socio-environmental impacts of mobility on Inuit people and its consequences in the High Arctic region of Canada. Mobility is the part of Inuit culture, the Inuit people moved for hunting on familiar distances and sites that is the part of their life through generations. These patterns of mobility represent an admirable appreciation and familiar knowledge of the environment in the aboriginal people. The system of mobility as social change is related to the environmental stress, food shortage, fur-trade, construction of military bases, state policies, forced resettlement and non-renewable resources development projects in the Arctic region. Since 1950s, the Inuit of Canadian Arctic region have experience forcefully the mobilities in form of relocation, new-settlements, medical moves and residential schools as well as environmental mobility. The effects of relocation from their original lands have sustained through generations. There is another sad story of the DEW-line (Distance Early Warning) construction. The construction was started without any consent or notification to the local communities. Inuit people were displaced into other places with non-respectable way from their indigenous land. The residential school system was another a misfortune form of mobility which removed Aboriginal children from their parents and forcefully teach them ‘white manners’. This unfair treatment to the Inuit becomes big debate in the country from the several decades ago. Experience of mobility either it was due to relocation, displacement, individual or residential schools and mobility due to climate change are common story of Inuit people in the Arctic region of Canada. A number of families are still dealing with this intergenerational distresses.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate total phenolic content (TPC) and individual phenolic compounds in leaves of perilla genetic resources, assess whether they could be used as distinguishing factor among germplasms, and evaluate their relationship with some quantitative and qualitative morphological characters. TPC and individual phenolic compounds were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and UPLC-PDA system, respectively. Wide variations in TPC (7.99 to 133.70 ㎎GAE/g DE), rosmarinic acid (ND to 21.05 ㎎/g DE), caffeic acid (ND to 1.17 ㎎/g DE), apigenin- 7-O-diglucuronide (ND to 2.21 ㎎ luteolin equivalent (㎎LUE)/g DE), scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide (ND to 5.25 ㎎ LUE/g DE), and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (ND to 2.81 ㎎ LUE/g DE) were observed. Intensities of green pigment at abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces were positively correlated with phenolic compounds whereas leaf length and width had negative correlation. Purple pigmented accessions were shorter in leaf length and width but exhibited higher amount of phenolic compounds compared to green pigmented accessions in most cases. Leaf shape was not related with content of phenolic compounds, color of leaves, and length/width of leaves. TPC and individual phenolic compounds along with morphological characters could be useful distinguishing factors for perilla genetic resources.

Sclerotinia rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease that poses a serious threat to perilla production in Korea. Identifying effective sources of resistance offers long term prospects for improving management of this disease. Screening disease resistant genetic resources is important for development of disease-resistant, new cultivars and conduct related research. In the present study, perilla germplasm were screened in vitro against S. sclerotiorum using detached leaf method. Among 544 perilla accessions, two were highly resistant (IT226504, IT226533), five were resistant (IT226561, IT226532, IT226526, IT226441, and IT226589), five were moderately resistant (IT226525, IT226640, IT226568, IT220624, and IT178655), 16 were moderately susceptible, 31 were susceptible, and 485 were highly susceptible. The resistant accessions in this study could serve as resistance donor in the breeding of Sclerotinia rot resistance or subjected to selection procedure of varietal development for direct use by breeders, farmers, researchers, and end consumers.

The objective of the current study is to investigate and evaluate the annual and seasonal rainfall trends and patterns of the Punjab province, Pakistan during the 1981-2015. The spatial patterns and temporal trends were identified through the Modified Mann Kendall test. Finding revealed that 13 weather stations of Punjab province have shown the statistically significant decreasing trend of annual and summer monsoon rainfall during the study period. From further investigation, the rainfall during the summer monsoon period (JJAS) found to be increased by 12.45%, similarly the rainfall during the whole of year be also increased by 18.75%. The significant decreasing trends observed with the higher percentage change in annual and monsoon rainfall for the stations of Sialkot and Lahore in the northern and central Punjab. The empirical evidences suggested that northern Punjab gets more moisture as compared the Southern and Western Punjab. This study suggests intensive empirical research in the future to evolve further spatio-temporal trends in the rainfall pattern of Punjab.

Bisphenol-A(BPA) is a member of alkylphenol family, and shows adverse effects including reduced fertility, reproductive tract abnormalities, metabolic disorder, cancer induction, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. In the present study, we conducted Hershberger assay to evaluate whether the two candidates to replace BPA have androgenic or antiandrogenic activity. The assay was carried out using immature castrated Sprague–Dawley male rats. After 7 days of the surgery, testosterone propionate (TP, 0.4 mg/kg/day) and test materials (low dose, 40 mg/kg/day; high dose, 400 mg/kg/day) were administered for 10 consecutive days by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and oral gavage, respectively. Test materials were BPA, isosorbide (ISO) and cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM). The rats were necropsied, and then the weights of five androgen-dependent tissues [ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, levator ani-bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle, paired Cowper’s glands, and glans penis] and three androgen-insensitive tissues (kidney, spleen and liver) were measured. All test materials including BPA did not exhibit any androgenic activity in the assay. On the contrary, antiandrogen-like activities were found in all test groups, and the order of the intensity was CHDM > BPA > ISO in the five androgen-sensitive tissues. There was no statistical difference between low dose treatment and high dose treatment of BPA group as well as ISO group. In CHDM group, high dose treatment exhibited most severe weight reduction in all measured tissues. There was no statistical difference in androgen-insensitive tissue measurements, except BPA groups. Since the effects of ISO treatment on the accessory sex organs were much less or not present at all when compared to those of BPA, ISO could be a strong candidate to replace BPA. CHDM treatment brought most severe weight reduction in all of androgen-sensitive tissues, so this material should be excluded for further screening of BPA substitute selection.

Nonylphenol (NP) is known to be an endocrine disruptor with estrogen-like activity. In this study, we tested low dose of NP and its alternative candidate Octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (OG) on F1 female mice (n=10) from parents (P) generation to postnatal days(PND) 56. Animals [Control (tap water), NP-50 (50ug/L, drinking water), OG-50(50ug/L, drinking water)] were fed with normal chow and drinking water. ad libitum. Body weights and tissue weights were measured after sacrifice, and sera were measured using creatinine assay (n=8) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ELISA kit (n=8). Histopathology of kidney was used Hematoxylin & Eosin staining method and Periodic Acid-Schiff(PAS) staining method. NP treatment significantly increased body weight and kidney weight of F1 female(p<0.05). The serum levels of creatinine in NP-50 and OG-50 significantly decreased(p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) compared to the control group. In histopathological study, renal tubules spaces were increased and severe glomerular anomalies were found in NP-50 and OG-50. In NP-50, the thickened basal membrane was observed. The present study demonstrated that NP and OG has renal toxicity, and this toxicity due to long-term low dose treatment seems to be occurred in the next generation and female-specific.

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is widely used as sweetener, and its overconsumption is become a major health problem. In the present study, we used adult female rats and applied a 28 days HFCS feeding model to monitor the estrous cycle and changes in tissue weights and histology. Adult female rats were divided into three groups. Animals were fed with ad libitum normal chow and (1) 24 hours tap water (Control group), (2) 12 hours HFCS access during dark period and 12 hours tap water (12H group), and (3) 24 hours HFCS only access (24H group). Total exposure period was 28 days. There is no significant change in body weight between control and HFCS-fed animals. Both absolute and relative weights of ovary in 24H animals were significantly heavier than those in control or 12H animals. The absolute and relative weights of the kidney and liver in 24H groups were significantly heavier than those in control or 12H animals. The estrous cycles of the 24H animals were significantly longer. Histological analyses revealed that 24H ovaries were relatively bigger and possessed more corpus lutea than control ovaries. Uterine sections of 12H and 24H animals showed a well-developed stratum vasculare between inner and outer myometrial layers. The number of endometrial glands were decreased in 12H uteri, and recovered in 24H uteri compared to control. Numbers of convoluted tubule in distal region increased in 12H and 24H kidney samples. Liver specimens of 12H and 24H showed the increased number of fat containing vacuoles. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HFCS treatment for 28 days could induce (1) changes in length of estrous cycle with extended estrous and diestrous stages, (2) altered ovarian and uterine histology, and (3) liver and renal lipid accumulation. These findings reveal the adverse effects of HFCS drinking on the reproductive function and lipid metabolism of female rats.

Chemoresistance is one of the main problems to treat different kinds of cancers or cancer cells. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the strategies to make the cancer cells sensitive to chemotherapy along with optimal dosage of drugs. We examined sensitivity of MCF7 cells through pretreating with an epigenetic modulator, azacytidine (AzaC) to doxorubicin (Dox). The cells were treated with 5 and 10 mM of AzaC for a week, subsequently with 50, 100 and 500 nM of doxorubicin for 24 and 48h. It was found that pretreatment of AzaC significantly enhance the sensitivity of MCF7 cells to Dox, inducing cell death. After 24h 15% cells underwent apoptosis in 500 nM dox treatment group while 23.4% cells death occurred in AzaC pre treatment group. After 48h MCF7 cells treated with Dox showed 19.0% cell death while AzaC sensitized cells showed 50.0% cells death when exposed to 500 nM of Dox for 48h. Western blot analysis showed the upregulations in the expression of bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 and p53 in AzaC-sensitized MCF7 cells treated with Dox as compared to those treated with only Dox. There was no clear indication for pro-apoptosis genes in the cells treated with individual drugs. These results showed that pretreatment with the epigenetic modulator significantly increased the sensitivity of MCF7 cells to Dox. Therefore it is concluded that demethylation event might enhance the activity of DNA intercalating agents to induce DNA damage in breast cancer cells.

The first Korean satellite laser ranging (SLR) system, Daedeok SLR station (DAEK station) was developed by Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) in 2012, whose main objectives are space geodesy researches. In consequence, Korea became the 25th country that operates SLR system supplementing the international laser tracking network. The DAEK station is designed to be capable of 2 kHz laser ranging with precision of a few mm both in daytime and nighttime observation of satellites with laser retro-reflector array (LRA) up to the altitude of 25,000 km. In this study, characteristics and specifications of DAEK station are investigated and its data quality is evaluated and compared with International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) stations in terms of single-shot ranging precision. The analysis results demonstrated that the DAEK station shows good ranging performance to a few mm precision. Currently, the DAEK station is under normal operations at KASI headquarters, however, it will be moved to Sejong city in 2014 to function as a fundamental station for space geodesy researches in combination with other space geodesy systems (GNSS, VLBI, DORIS, etc.).

Use of nature-derived matrices of a part of body tissues has been used to repair damaged tissues in practical terms. Recently, the same idea has also been applied to regenerate whole organs including the heart, liver, lung, and pancreas etc. Thus, so-called bio-artificial organ technology becomes a promising way of overcoming the lack of donor organs and immune rejections in organ transplantation if we can obtain recipient stem cells. Although the regenerated heart in vitro so far may demonstrate some typical organ's responses in vitro and vivo, it is still far from a fully functional organ for transplantation. We initiated a study to look at changes occurring during the generation of bio-artificial organ using the mouse model. Adult hearts were dissected out and perfused for acellularization with SDS-containing buffer and washed several times. Enzymatic treatment also evaluated the acellular purity by isolating genomic DNA and total RNA before and after DNase and RNase treatments. For recellularization, differentiating H9C2 cell or cells derived from P19 EC cells along with mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the finally obtained heart matrix several times before submerging culture for generating the heart. Histological analyses revealed that complete removal of cellular components. The intensive staining of alcian blue (pH 1.5 and 2.5) suggests that acid mucopolysaccharides, glycocomponents and sulfate-containing saccharides are widely spread within the heart matrix. There was little DNA and RNA in the heart matrix after the enzymatic treatments as judging by the DAPI or PI staining. Cell seeding and subsequent submerging culture showed substantial heart tissue development as evidenced by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR in the recellularized and grown heart. From these results, we suggest that each procedure for bio-artificial organ has to be carefully examined to improve the entire process.

Ningbo Port develops quickly in recent years and with the combination of Ningbo Port and Zhoushan Port, it becomes another important port in the Shanghai International Shipping center. Competition between the two biggest ports in this area can't be avoided. The goal of this paper is investigating the competence of port from two angles, which are spatial structure of the ports cluster and neighboring ports' attraction to cargoes at conjunct hinterlands. The paper firstly uses the HHI index model and shift-share method to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the data of container throughputs of ports in the shipping center, in order that investigates the spatial structure of ports cluster. Basing on above researches, the paper employs the location quotient to study Shanghai port and Ningbo port's hinterland distributions at Zhejiang province. The conclusion of this study:(I)the ports cluster of the Shanghai International Shipping Center is highly centralized, and undergoes a porcess of first centralization then decentralization since the mid of 90s, last century. (2)Hinterlands of Shanghai port includes: Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Quzhou districts; Hinterlands of Ningbo port includes: Ningbo, Taizhou and Zhoushan districts.

저장조건이 딸기 “미녀봉”의 저장 중 품질 및 미생물학적 변화에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위하여 저장 중 중량감소율, 부패율, pH 및 적정산도, 총균수 및 곰팡이와 효모 수의 변화가 측정되었다. 딸기 시료는 LDPE로 포장하여 4와 2에서 각각 저장하였다. LDPE포장은 대조구에 비해 중량감소율 및 부패율을 감소시켰다. 또한 포장방법은 저장중 미생물학적 변화에 영향을 끼쳤는데 저장온도와 상관없이 대조구와 비교해서 효모와 곰팡이뿐만 아니라 총균수의