Population dynamics of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, were modeled and simulated to compare the temperature effects of air and tomato leaf inside greenhouse using DYMEX model simulator. The population phenology model of T. vaporariorum was developed and simulated. Leaf temperature on reversed side of cherry tomato leafs was monitored according to three tomato plant positions (top, >1.6m above the ground level; middle, 0.9 - 1.2m; bottom, 0.3 - 0.5m) using an infrared temperature gun. Air temperature was monitored at same three positions using a temperature logger. The leaf temperatures from three plant positions were described as a function of the air temperatures. The number of T. vaporariorum immatures was counted by visual inspection in three positions to verify the performance of DYMEX simulation. A significant positive correlation between the observed and the predicted numbers of immature and adults was found when the leaf temperatures were incorporated into DYMEX simulation, but no significant correlation was observed with air temperatures. This study demonstrated that the population dynamics of T. vaporariorum was affected greatly by the leaf temperatures, rather than air temperatures in cherry tomato greenhouses. This work was supported by Development of field-oriented model for forecasting outbreak of diseases or insect pests based on GIS and IT Program (R1003852) from Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

two different sizes of yellow sticky traps (small trap: 9.6×8.0cm; large trap: 9.6×16cm) for sampling greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), adults in four commercial cherry tomato greenhouses. The patch size of GHWF immatures between plants was also estimated using visual counts. Two variogram models were fitted to the empirical variograms developed from the data collected by each sampling method. All the variograms reached the sill indicating the presence of spatial dependence among the spatial data obtained by the two sampling methods. For GHWF adults on sticky traps the range of variogram (a measure of attractive distance) was not different between the two trap sizes. This result indicated that the attractive distances of the two different yellow sticky traps were very similar. The ranges of the variograms for the visual count of immatures on plants were always less than those for adults, indicating that the attractive distance of the traps for GHWF adults extends beyond the patch size for immatures on cherry tomato plants. These data have implications for developing sampling plans for the management of GHWF in tomato greenhouses.

Cholinesterase (ChE) is one of the most ubiquitous enzymes and in addition to its well characterized catalytic function, the morphogenetic involvement of ChE has also been demonstrated in neuronal tissues and in non-neuronal tissues such as bone and cartilage. We have previously reported that during mouse tooth development, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is dynamically localized in the dental epithelium and its derivatives whereas butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity is localized in the dental follicles. To test the functional conservation of ChE in tooth morphogenesis among different species, we performed cholinesterase histochemistry following the use of specific inhibitors of developing molar and incisors in the hamster from embryonic day 11 (E11) to postnatal day 1 (P1). In the developing molar in hamster, the localization of ChE activity was found to be very similar to that of the mouse. At the bud stage, no ChE activity was found in the tooth buds, but was first detectable in the dental epithelium and dental follicles at the cap and bell stages. AChE activity was found to be principally localized in the dental epithelium whereas BuChE activity was observed in the dental follicle. In contrast to the ChE activity in the molars, BuChE activity was specifically observed in the secretory ameloblasts of the incisors, whilst no AChE activity was found in the dental epithelium of incisors. The subtype and localization of ChE activity in the dental epithelium of the incisor thus differed from those of the molar in hamster. In addition, these patterns also differed from the ChE activity in the mouse incisor. These results strongly suggest that ChE may play roles in the differentiation of the dental epithelium and dental follicle in hamster, and that morphogenetic subtypes of ChE may be variable among species and tooth types.

Biological control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum in greenhouse tomatoes with the parasitoid Encarsia formosa has been evaluated in Korea. However implementation of biological control program is retarded due to the reasons that lacks of site specific strategies. Aims of the present research are: (1) To develop an effective biological control method of the whitefly in tomato plants; the following were studied: (a) development of proper introduction rate of parasitoid, E. formosa, for the control of whiteflies, and (b) development of the effective control method of American serpentine leafminers with a parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea. (2) To build a computer-simulation model in which all factors are incorporated which have been studied in the relationship between whitefly and the parasitoid. The computer-simulation models would be used to estimate the effect of future developments in the greenhouse industry on the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly using E. formosa. More general goals are to develop reliable evaluation techniques to test the pest-control ability of natural enemies prior to their use in practical situations and to determine which role simulation models may play in estimating the results of biological control in new situations.

Ostrinia zaguliaevi (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) causes serious damage to pods and stems of the red bean, Vigna angularis, during the second half of the reproductive developmental stage. The temperature-dependent development studies of O. zaguliaevi were performed at several constant temperatures ranging from 7℃ to 36℃ in the laboratory, in the purpose of making temperature-dependent development models in the future. Eggs and larvae of O. zaguliaevi could not develop at lower temperatures of 7~13℃. As the temperature increased, the developmental period of the immature stage decreased. The number of larval instar was variable from 5 to 8, depending on temperature. The minimum number of larval instar was observed at only 25℃. Some larvae of colonies maintained at 16~22℃ showed highly longer developmental period. At relatively higher temperatures, 34℃ and 36℃, the larval developmental rates were not slowed down, and the larval survival rates was relatively high, above 60%. The egg mortality was relatively high at 36℃. Using these temperature-dependent development data of O. zaguliaevi, preliminary linear regression equations were estimated to look for a relationship between temperature and developmental rate in egg and larval stages.

In this study, we examined the spatial dependence and association of Ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, which is the vector of oak wilt disease caused by Rafaelea sp. using two geostatistical methods. Two adjacent sampling plots were selected and named as "Sector A" and "Sector B". Sector A area was 63 ha and Sector B area was 420 ha, respectively. We arbitrarily separated each sampling plot by 50m×50m grids. Sector A and B were separated by 19×15 and 43×41 grids, respectively. The oak wilt disease damage level of tree was classified by amount of frass of Ambrosia beetle near target oak tree as follows: Lost tree (LT), Severe damage (SD), Intermediate damage (ID), and Light damage (LD). Number of each damage level of oak tree was counted and recorded in each sampling grid. Spatial dependence and association of oak wilt damage was analyzed and compared using mathematical variogram models and spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE). Variogram model ranges were 179~368m in Sector A and 634~1073m in Sector B, respectively. The damage levels of all trees in each sector were indicated as aggregated distribution by aggregation indices of SADIE (Ia > 1). Each damage level pair had strong association in the consecutive orders than in any random order based on the results of SADIE association test. The spatial dependence and association of oak wilt damage levels presented here provide the baseline information necessary to understand and manage oak wilt disease in Korea.

Time series exhibiting linear and periodic trends is analyzed Detailed method of extracting nested periods and resulting periodic components, finding the best fit ARMA model for non-linear and non-periodic component, and setting up control boundary are presented. The concept of time scale is introduced to better understand periodic dynamic.

With the help of KLTER/ME and KLPS in Woraksan, we have surveyed monthly diversity and seasonal prevalence of Macrolepidoptera in Wol-ak-san [Mt.] for the period of five months from May to September since 2005. Since 2007, to reduce variation, we chose two monitoring points, instead of one, for each of the three representative vegetations: Quercus mongolica-, Quercus variabilis- and Pinus densiflora-formations, abbreviated as QM, QV and PD, respectively, and collected exclusively larger moths with bucket-type of light traps for quantified survey. In 2009, as a result, QV showed higher species diversity and specimen number than QM or PD although the differences between QV and QM are subtle. The number of individuals collected may not be a good indicator, e.g., Idaea biselata collected in QM in June was over 200 in 2007, which is more than twice the number of specimens in all other sites per month, while the number in 2008 was dropped to only 10 specimens. In 2009, they became a dominant species again, showing biennial dominancy trend. It also seems that we are experiencing major decline of specimen numbers: 651 specimens collected in 2009 while 874 specimens collected in 2008, which was already a big reduction compared to over 2500 specimens in 2007

The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) causes serious damage to some legume crops of genus Vigna and Sesbania in Korea. In the current study, laboratory studies on the temperature-dependent development of the insect were performed at 8 constant temperatures ranging from 13℃ to 34℃ at 3℃ intervals. Lower developmental threshold (LDT) for eggs, larvae, and pupae were calculated as 10.0, 12.5 and 13.3℃, respectively, using the linear-regression equations of the developmental rates. Degree-days required to complete a stage were estimated as 48, 187, and 94, for egg, larval, and pupal stages, respectively. The larvae couldn't survive at 13 and 16℃, and the larval survival rate was the highest at 28℃. The egg hatching rate was the lowest at 13℃. In the adult stage, the pre-oviposition period was the shortest at 22℃, and the total egg number was the most with ca. 500 at 25℃. Degree-days for the stages of 1st-4th larval instars, egg, and adult emergence-50% oviposition were calculated during the reproductive development season of red bean using single sine method and Suwon weather station data based on LDTs, respectively. Finally, the adult occurrence time was estimated after the degree-days were cumulated reversely from the distribution data of larval stages observed in a red bean field

The potato tuber moth (PTM, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)) is a serious pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants in the field in regions with warm temperate to tropical climates, and of tubers stored under ambient temperatures post-harvest. Although PTM can be a minor to serious pest depending on the area and year, this pest is getting more and more serious to potato fields in Korea according to accidental surveys. Son (1979) represented 12.5℃ of average annual temperature as northern limit of distribution where corresponding to Youngdeog, Dalseong, Boseong and Jindo regions. Soon after, Choi and Park (1980) reported that the northern limit of PTM distribution coincided with -8℃ isotherm for average annual minimum temperature of January. In recent years, concerns on PTM occurrence and damage to potato are increasing due to climate change resulted in global warming. We carried out an extensive survey of PTM distribution using sex pheromone traps at 24 sites across the nation in 2009. As a result, we confirmed that the northern limit of PTM distribution climbed to southern Gyeonggi and middle Gangwon regions from Gyeongbuk and Chungbuk regions indicated by Choi and Park (1980). Hereafter, we are trying to investigate why drastic going northward of PTM happened in Korea. Here is one presumption that a sudden rise in average temperature has occurred during 30 years, from 6.34℃ in 1973 to 7.62℃ in 2007, especially around Daegwallyeong area where is a typical highland with 800 m high.

핵연료 운반용 실린더의 재사용을 위한 용기세척공장의 제염공정에 대한 성능을 평가하기 위하여 Na2CO3 + H2O2 혼합용액의 조합을 약간 달리한 2회의 시험을 실행하였다. 각 시험은 모두 일련의 5 단계에 걸쳐 실시되었다. 우라늄 제염의 주 화학종은 Na4UO2(CO3)3 로 식별되었다. 그리고 첫 단계에서의 세척액은 물이었으며, 이 단계에서 50% 이상의 우라늄이 제염되었다. 그 이후로는 단계가 더해 갈수록 우라늄의 제염양은 지수함수적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 화학양론적으로 제거된 우라늄에 비하여 투여된 Na2CO3 의 양은 과다함을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들에 의하면, 공정최적화를 통하여 Na2CO3 의 투여량 감축, 세척폐액의 감량, 제염단계 축소 등을 꾀할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, over-winters as the last instar larva in Suwon and undergoes diapause during the over-wintering, and it has been postulated that most of the over-wintering larvae be originated from the larvae of 2nd and 3rd generation (Jung et al., 2008). The over-wintered larvae pupate next year and 50% of emerged adults occur by the early June. In order to know whether the emergence has synchronism among over-wintering larvae regardless of the time entering into diapause or not, neonate larvae were reared on artificial diet at two-week intervals from May 28 to Sep. 28, 2008 in an outside condition and their emergence dates were recorded. The over-wintering larvae occurred from the colony treated at Jul. 20, 2007, and totally emerged from May 11 to Jul. 6, 2008. The 50% date of cumulative emergence was June 3, 2008. The maximum success of over-wintering occurred in the colony treated at Aug. 17, whereas any non-over-wintering larvae were not observed from the following colonies. Although the durations of emergence overlapped partially among the colonies treated at different times in the previous year to show a synchronism at some extent, the first and last colonies treated in the previous year showed a pattern of fast emergence. This result suggested that the duration necessary for diapause termination be different according to the time entering into diapause.

A recent study on Neuroptera brought us an attention to a newly found group, Coniopterygidae, dustywings. As we reported for the first time this year, this family has not been taxonomically reported in South Korea while it has been reported in North Korea before. In fact, this is known to be found in Japan and China, which means this probably have been around us for a long time. However, we found there was one species of which the name was once mentioned in a paper in 1978. It was reported by Kim, H.S. et al. in 1978 in a study of citrus red mite and its natural enemies (Kim et al., 1978). Although the spelling of the species was wrong even as a synonym, the species was found to be a natural enemy of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri in Jeju-do. We here report this taxonomically undescribed species for the first time in South Korea. The species is superficially similar to white flies but, unlike white flies, it is on our side as a natural enemy.

Lycorma delicatula, once mistakenly reported its occurrence in Korea, is now suddenly common in western Korea, due to its recent arrival from China and their subsequent settlement. A history of name changes in two fulgorid species, Lycorma delicatula and Limois emelianovi is reviewed. We propose to use 꽃매미 instead of its temporary name, 주홍날개꽃매미 for Lycorma delicatula, and, based on the ICZN code 32.5.1, to use Limois emelianovi instead of Limois emeljanovi for 희조꽃매미.