In this study, the effect of dry shrinkage of concrete pavement due to seasonal changes was analyzed by comparing the results of finite element analysis with the temperature and strain measurements at Incheon airport pavement. To measure the behavior of slab by environmental condition in site, static strain gauges and thermometers were installed. To predict changes in the properties of concrete slab, experiments were conducted in site as well as in the lab. The considered parameters of FEA were pavement conditions according to seasonal and material properties change. The results of field measurements and the strain by FEA analysis were different in terms of the effects of drying shrinkage. This is due to humidity changes not applied to input values during FEA analysis. In this study, the difference between the results of field measurements and the results of the finite element model analysis was used to identify the drying shrinkage occurring on the concrete slab. Long-term data analysis in the future will enable the analysis of the trends in drying shrinkage in airport concrete pavement. This study was supported by Incheon International Airport Corporation(BEX00625).

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique has recently been applied in agriculture and food science. It has potential to visualize internal structure of foods in nondestructive way and provides spatial information which could make reconstruct of three-dimension. MRI system also has great advantage for tracking water in beans or seeds. This study intends to analyze the changes of water distribution of coffee beans during water up-taking process. Samples used in the experiment were ‘Robusta’ coffee beans (Vietnam G1, Scr18 polish). A 30mm diameter plastic disposable test tube was used to hold bean during water up-take process. The oil column was placed next to the tube to get and to use as a reference signal. The magnetic resonance imaging system which installed at Institution for Agricultural Machinery & ICT Convergence in Chonbuk National University was used to obtain magnetic resonance (MR) image data sets. 30 images are included in each image data sets with ‘Axial’ image plane direction. In experiment, we used ‘Gradient Echo 3D’ pulse sequence. The water uptake process was performed for 150 minutes and acquired image data sets in every 10 minutes. This study showed some coffee beans which extracted as region of interest (ROI) from each images to study the water uptake process.

An efficient method for in vitro propagation and growth of the wild garlic(Allium ochotense Prokh.) was established. Bulbs of wild garlic were collected from Ullung Island, Korea, and the growth pattern of plantlets on various culture media was observed. High growth of shoot was obtained on LP, NN and N6 medium. The growth media supplemented with 3%(w/v) sucrose was found optimal for shoot growth. After 10 weeks multiple shoots were observed in the plantlets growing on the medium containing 1.0 mg/l of zeatine and 0.1 mg/l NAA. Roots were induced directly at the base of the shoot in all treatments. The medium with 2.0 mg/l of IBA proved to be the best rooting medium. The studies of this kind may be used to develop strategies for large-scale propagation of elite wild garlic.

The oriental fruit fly is a major polyphagous insect pest with a worldwide distribution. The effects of temperature on stage-specific development were investigated at eight constant temperatures (13.0, 14.4, 16.2, 19.5, 23.8, 27.7, 31.8 and 34.8℃). Stage-specific lower developmental thresholds and thermal constants were determined using linear regression. The lower and higher temperature threshold (TL and TH) were estimated using the Sharpe-Schoolfield-Ikemoto (SSI) model. The daily adult emergence frequency of B. dorsalis was estimated in relation to adult age and temperature. Thermal performance was compared among B. dorsalis populations from different locations in Taiwan.

The Acoptolabrus changeonleei Ishikawa et Kim, 1983 (Coleoptera: Carabidae), has been listed as an endangered insect in South Korea. The complete mitochondrial genome of the species was 16,831 bp with a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes [PCGs], 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and one non-coding region, with the arrangement identical to that observed in most insect genomes. Phylogenetic analyses with concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes, using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) methods, placed A. changeonleei as a sister to the within-subfamilial species Damaster mirabilissimus in Carabinae, with the highest nodal support by both analyses.

한반도에서의 기후 변화는 최근까지 해충이 아니던 토착 곤충이나 비례 곤충들이 해충화 될 수 있는 가능성을 높여주고 있다. 가장 중요한 예가 토착 곤충이던 풀무치의 대량 발생에 따른 해충화가 있다. 낮은 밀도에서는 식생에 위험을 주지 않는 단독형으로 존재를 하던 풀무치가 평균온도의 상승과 강우 패턴의 변화로 대량 발생을 하여 강력한 이동성을 가지고 식생을 파괴하는 군집형으로 변화된 예가 있다. 하지만, 아직까지, 단독형에서 군집형으 로의 변화에 대한 기전이해는 완성이 되지 않은 상태이다. 기후의 변화는 겨울철 평균기온의 상승을 가져와서 한반도에서 월동이 불가능했던 해충이나 약제 저항성 계통들이 급속도로 번식할 수 있는 가능성을 열어 놓았다. 그러므로, 이러한 약제 저항성과 기후변화와 관련성에 대한 유전자 수준에서의 변화에 대한 이해가 필요한 실정이다. 위의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 우리는 다중분석학을 이용하여 연구를 진행하여 왔고, 연구 결과를 바탕으로 종 특이적이면 환경 친화적인 방제방법의 개발 연구를 진행하여 와서 이에 대한 연구결과를 발표한다(RDA Grant No. PJ010821032018).

Musculoskeletal disorders including fracture, tendonitis, osteoarthritis, and laminitis are common diseases in racehorses that can cause large economic losses in the racehorse industry. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being applied as new clinical tools for treatment of musculoskeletal disorders of racehorses. To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of stem cell therapy, we analyzed the anti- and pro-inflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of racehorses before and after stem cell application using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors (CCL5, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-18) were decreased while those of anti-inflammatory factors (TIMP-1, IL-10, TGF-β1, and VEGF) were increased significantly after application of equine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (eAD-MSCs) to racehorses with fracture. Moreover, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-2, IL-18, and TNF-α) were decreased while those of anti-inflammatory factors (TIMP-1, TIMP-2, IL-10, TGF-β1, and VEGF) increased significantly after stem cell application of eAD-MSCs in racehorses with tendonitis. After evaluating immunomodulatory effects of stem cell therapy on equine musculoskeletal disorders such as fracture and tendonitis, our results showed that expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors were decreased, while those of anti-inflammatory factors increased significantly after stem cell application of eAD-MSCs. These findings suggest that the healing effects of the stem cell therapy might be due to its modulation of inflammatory factors.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are present in all tissues, can differentiate into cells with various specific functions. Recently, cell-based therapies using MSCs have been increasing in the veterinary research and related fields. In this study, we investigated the cellular morphology, proliferating capacities, expression of cell surface markers such as CD13, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD90, and CD105, mesodermal differentiation potentials, and expression of senescence-related markers of p53, p21, and telomerase reverse transcriptase in equine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (eAD-MSCs) after cryopreservation. The eAD-MSCs were analyzed immediately and after being frozen in liquid nitrogen for 1 year (< 1 year, G1) and more than 3 years (> 3 years, G2), respectively. After cryopreservation for 1 - 3 years, G2 eAD-MSCs showed similar cellular morphology, proliferating capacities, and expression of cell surface markers when compared with G1 eAD-MSCs. Moreover, cryopreservation did not affect the adipogenic, chondrogenic, or osteogenic differentiation potentials of G1 and G2 eAD-MSCs. Collectively, cryopreservation for (or over) 3 years maintained the stem cell phenotype and differentiation potentials of eAD-MSCs. These results will be an advantage that can be effectively used for future development of cell-based therapies.

방울토마토의 수경재배 중 붕소+칼슘+규소 및 칼슘+규소의 복합 엽면시비가 수확 후 품질과 MAP 저장 중 저장성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 엽면시비한 방울 토마토(‘Unicorn’)는 반숙 과상태에서 수확하여 산소투과성 필름으로 포장한 5oC, 11oC, 그리고 24oC에서 25일, 15일, 10일간 저장하였다. 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리한 방울토마토가 3가지 저장온도 모두에서 호흡과 에틸렌 발생이 억제되어 MAP 저장중 가장 낮은 생체중 감소와 가장 높은 외관상 품질을 보였다. 수확 후 조사한 방울토마토의 경도, 산도, 비타민 C 함량은 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리에서 가장 높았으며, 3가지 온도 모두에서 MAP 저장 후에도 모두 높게 유지되었다. 그러나 과피색, 라이코펜 함량과 당도는 수확 후에는 엽면시비 처리로 차이가 없었으나, 3가지 온도 모두 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리에서 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리는 방울토마토의 수확후 생리 작용을 억제하고 경도, 산도, 비타민 C 함량을 높여 저장성을 향상시키는 것으로 판단되었다

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from adult cells. Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to form iPSCs by overexpressing transcription factors such as Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4. To maintain undifferentiated state of iPSCs in vitro, cells have traditionally been maintained on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeders and passaged by enzymatic or mechanical dissociation methods. In this study, we compared the morphology and pluripotency of porcine iPSCs (piPSCs) after subsequent passaging using enzymatic and mechanical dissociation methods. Enzymatically and mechanically passaged piPSCs showed embryonic stem cell-like morphologies with compact cell adhesion and clear colony borders. In addition, alkaline phosphatase staining was positive for both enzymatically and mechanically passaged piPSCs. However, visual observation revealed that some colonies of enzymatically passaged piPSCs were spontaneously differentiated more than those of piPSCs mechanically passaged from 5 passage. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that enzymatically and mechanically passaged piPSCs expressed pluripotent genes such as Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog well at early passage. Immunofluorescent staining also confirmed that pluripotent markers such as Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog were positively expressed at early passage. However, expression levels of pluripotent genes in mechanically passaged piPSCs were also higher than those in enzymatically passaged piPSCs at early passage. Collectively, we found that mechanical passage method was better than enzymatic passage in terms of morphology and pluripotency of piPSCs at early passage. Further studies are needed to compare these dissociation methods with those obtained after more passages of piPSCs.

Korea is the second largest coffee consuming country in Asia after the Philippines. For modern people, coffee has jumped over a favorite food and grown into a single culture. There are many processing ways to make coffee. In this study, we utilized magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and achieved to acquire images with an non-destructive and non-invasive way. The samples we used in the experiment were ‘Robusta’ coffee bean(Congo). Magnetic resonance(MR) image sets were acquired using a MRI system, installed at Institution for Agricultural Machinery & ICT Convergence at Chonbuk National University. From the raw phase(Green Bean stage) to the roasted phase, we obtained MR images from each phase to monitor the internal changes. We divided experiment into 5 stages, starting with ‘Green Bean’ phase to ‘Roasted’ phase. We obtained images every 6 hours during the ‘Fermentation’ phase and every 3 hours during the ‘Dry’ phase. In MRI, we used a gradient echo pulse sequence to scan fast and to take images right after each experiment stage ends. The direction of imaging plane was coronal 30 images with 64 mm x 64 mm field of view(FOV). As MRI uses the magnetic properties of nuclei which especially hydrogen nuclei from water molecules, images could see clearly with sufficient moisture, but in ‘Dry’ phase, images obtained with noise involved. These result suggested that MRI technique was an efficient method to monitor the moisture distribution changes inside the coffee beans.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have restricted life spans in vitro and can therefore only be expanded for a limited number of cell divisions before entering a senescent state and unequivocally stopping proliferation. Several types of cell culture systems have been used for large-scale expansion of MSCs. A recent trend in cell culture has been the change from serum-use to serum-supplement media. This study was conducted to investigate the proliferative effects of vegetable resources (VR) on equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (eAD-MSCs) in the absence of serum and their possible mechanisms of action. Regulation of cell cycling is a key process involved in the fate of stem cells, including renewal and differentiation. In this study, we observed that the viability of eAD-MSCs was increased significantly when treated with VR under serum-free conditions. We also observed that expression levels of cell cycling-related proteins such as p53 and p21 were decreased, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen increased significantly in response to treatment with VR in eAD-MSCs under serum-free conditions. Furthermore, expression levels of cell survival-related proteins were increased in response to treatment with VR in eAD-MSCs under serum-free conditions. Therefore, our results suggest that VR promotes proliferation of eAD-MSCs under serum-free conditions.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells able to differentiate into several cell lineages, which has implications for cell therapy and reproductive biotechnologies. Although MSCs have been isolated from many species, including humans and animals, there is limited data on MSCs from large ruminants, such as bovines. In this study, we tried to isolate and characterize bovine tongue tissue-derived MSCs (boT-MSCs) by investigating phenotype morphology, performing proliferation properties, and determining cell surface marker expression patterns, self-renewal, and differentiation potentials. As a result, the boT-MSCs were successfully isolated by collagenase digestion and maintained proliferative capacity until 20 passages. Moreover, the boT-MSCs expressed pluripotency markers (OCT3/4, SOX2, and NANOG) and MSC-specific surface markers including CD44, CD90, and CD105, but not CD45 and MHC-II. The boT-MSCs could also differentiate into mesodermal (adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte) cell lineages. Our results suggest that the tongues of bovines could be used as a source of MSCs.

본 연구는 수박 접목묘의 활착에 미치는 상대습도의 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 2품종(‘스피드’, ‘삼복꿀’)의 수박(Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.)을 ‘RS-동장군’ 박 대목(Lagenaria siceraria Stanld.)에 접목하고, 접목묘는 주간 25oC/야간 18oC, 광주기는 1일 16시간 기준으로 몰리어다이어그램을 따라 3수준의 상대습도, 95-96%[1.1-0.8(주간) 또는 0.8-0.6(야간) g·m-3수분부족분(VPD)], 97-98%[0.7-0.4(주간) 또는 0.5-0.3(야간) g·m-3 VPD], 또는 99-100%[0.3-0.0(주간) 또는 0.2-0.0(야간) g·m-3 VPD]로 유지하였다. 상대습도 처리 중 97-98% 처리는 대목과 ‘스피드’ 접수의 생체중과 초장을 가장 크게 증가시키며 접목 2일 후에 접합부의 연결을 향상시켰다. 그러나 ‘삼복꿀’의 경우 상대습도 99-100% 처리에서 경경과 초장이 증가하였다. 또한 상대습도 95-96%와 97-98% 처리에서 재배한 2 품종 모두 과산화수소가 덜 발생하고 산화적 스트레스의 지표인 항산화 효소의 활성이 덜 나타났다. 따라서 이 연구의 결과는 수박묘의 접목활착에 가장 적절한 상대습도는 97-98%였다.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are primary candidates for cell therapy and tissue engineering applications. A two-dimensional (2D) culture system is typically used for cell growth, but that method affects the characteristics of stem cells. The physiological cell environment connects cells not only to each other, but also to the extracellular matrix providing mechanical support, exposing the entire cell surface, and opening signaling pathways. The hanging drop method is the most widely used 3D culture method for spheroid formation. In this study, we investigated the relationship between spheroid size and changes in gene expression to determine the optimum spheroid size for use in tissue engineering. The expression levels of stemness factors such as NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2, angiogenic factors such as VEGF and IL-8, and osteogenic factors such as COX2 and TGF-β1 increased with spheroid size in the respective spheroid formation groups unlike the responses in their monolayer groups. Therefore, our results indicate that spheroid formation through the hanging drop method can increase the efficiency of MSCs-based tissue engineering over that obtained via traditional 2D cell culture systems.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been researched for use in biomedical applications, particularly for cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine due to their self-renewing capacity and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types such as adipose, bone, and tendon tissues. Cryopreservation of MSCs is a common preservation method that is advantageous for cellular therapies in human and veterinary medicine. Adipose tissue-derived cells have been shown to maintain their properties after cryopreservation. In this study, we investigated the morphology, proliferation (cumulative population doubling level and doubling time), cell surface markers (CD34, CD90, and CD105), and ability to differentiate into adipose, bone, and cartilage tissues in vitro of equine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (eAD-MSCs) and miniature pig adipose tissue-derived MSCs (mpAD-MSCs) with and without long-term cryopreservation. The eAD-MSCs and mpAD-MSCs were analyzed immediately and after being frozen in liquid nitrogen for 3 years and 2 years, respectively. Cryopreserved eAD-MSCs maintained their morphology, proliferation rate, and cell surface markers compared with fresh cells. With the exception of proliferation rate, cryopreserved mpAD-MSCs also maintained their fresh cell characteristics. The proliferation rate of cryopreserved mpAD-MSCs was higher than that for fresh cells. Cryopreservation did not change the adipogenic, chondrogenic, or osteogenic differentiation potentials of eAD-MSCs and mpAD-MSCs. In summary, long-term cryopreservation maintains the cell phenotype and differentiation ability of eAD-MSCs and mpAD-MSCs. These results might be useful when developing veterinary medicine and clinical applications.