The present study prepared molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), the most important intermediate of molybdenum metal, by using a fluidized bed reactor for the thermal decomposition of ammonium molybdate (AM) in the presence of an air flow. During the process of fluidizing the sample inside the reactor, the reaction time and temperature were optimized with a close analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In particular, the temperature level, at which the AM decomposition is completed, is very important as a primary operating parameter. The analysis of the XRD and TGA data showed that the AM decomposition is almost completed at ~350 oC with a reaction time of 30 min. A shorter reaction time of 10 min. required a higher reaction temperature of ~500 oC with the same air flow rate to complete the AM decomposition. A sharp rise in the decomposition efficiency at a temperature ranging between 320 and 350 oC indicated a threshold for the AM decomposition. The operating conditions determined in this study can be used for future scale-ups of the process.

Grapholita molesta occur four times a year and Carposina sasakii occur twice a year, and both pests do damage on stone fruits such as peach, apple, plum, apricot, etc. Grapholita molesta is worldwide distributed in temperate and subtropical areas including South Korea. But, Carposina sasakii distributed in South Korea, Japan, China and Asia, and has been managed as an important import quarantine pest by the authorities of United States, Canada and Taiwan. Forecasting of both pests in Korea is currently done through the investigation of 1,000 fruits per 10 trees (100 fruits / tree) in designated peach orchard. However, this method is very difficult to observe the pest by bagging of peach and require too much time and labor. Therefore, we tried to carry out a new forecasting method by using of sex pheromone traps for newly standardized method as an alternative. Using sex pheromone trap, attractiveness of G. molesta was proved to be 2.5 > 1.5 > 0.5 m by the height and the border => outside > center by the position. Attractiveness of C. sasakii made no difference in height, but, more trapped at the center and border than outside in position at peach orchard.

Insect is an important player in the ecosystem as a prey for animals. Moreover, they are a valuable candidate food source for rearing animal. Tenebrio molitor (Coeloptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae are known as a good food source with high protein, unsaturated fatty acid, minerals. Therefore, it has strong potential to substitute the conventional meat consumption. To utilize T. molitor as a feed, the standard mass-rearing protocol is required. To make standard mass-rearing protocol, we tested different temperature(17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C) conditions for egg, larvae, pupae and adult T. molitor to identify the optimal rearing condition. Hatching was occurred within 15~32.5°C range. However, 17.5~27.5°C was required to get more than 70 % hatching rete. When the eggs were treated in 22.5~27.5°C, all eggs were hatched within 10 days. As larval development, shorter developmental period, higher pupation and eclosion rates were observed within 25~27.5°C temperature range. In addition, we compared the number of egg, oviposition duration and time required to start egg-laying. The minimum egg-laying(258.40±10.86) was observed at 17.5°C, but the maximum(749.10±7.45) was at 27.5°C. The maximum oviposition duration (137.00±12.73 day (mean±S.D.)) was achieved at 27.5°C, but the minimum (87.50±3.54 day (mean±S.D.)) was at 30°C. The time required to start egg-laying was less than 10 days at 17.5, 27.5, and 30°C. To consider all the factors, we concluded that the optimal temperature is 27.5 °C.

The spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), originally distributed across a few Asian countries, including South Korea, has invaded North America and Europe, but is absent from Australia. In order to export the South Korean grape cultivar Campbell Early to Australia, its potential to serve as oviposition and development medium for SWD must first be determined. In this study, we determined the oviposition and development potential of SWD on Campbell Early, after elucidating the SWD life cycle and establishing an artificial diet-based mass-culturing system. An investigation of the life cycle under five temperature regimes (16, 19, 22, 25, and 28°C) showed that the durations of the egg, larval, and adult stages were shorten when temperature was increased from 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28°C, but pupal duration was shortest at 25°C and extended again at 28°C. A test of oviposition and development potential of SWD on Campbell Early grape clusters showed oviposition of 30.8 ± 6.8 eggs per cluster of injured grapes and 157.7 ± 16.2 eggs on a culture dish of artificial diet. However, in a similar experiment using uninjured grape clusters, only a single egg was deposited on the grape skin, which soon dried. In light of these results, newly harvested grapes left at vineyards during daily harvests are unlikely to serve as an oviposition and development medium for SWD, as long as the grapes remain uninjured.

Based on the research finding, the conclusions are as follows: 1. According to the result of questionnaire survey, at present the apron material that chef wear does not have fire retardant function, chef expect apron material can add this function, they think apron material adding this function can protect physiological health, proving the necessity for developing fire retardant apron. 2. This study use the result of chef’s need expectation, and combine ergonomics data to adjust existing apron structure design, then this study use fire retardant cloth to develop fire retardant apron to meet chef’s need expectation. 3. Through the sensibility evaluation test of fire retardant apron developed by this study, those who exposed to higher temperature fry stove fire, charcoal fire or caldron cook in specific kitchen infield for a long period of time have higher preference and feeling.

Proper oral hygiene is required to maintain oral health and prevent oral disease. Toothbrushing is central to proper oral hygiene. Mechanical tooth cleaning is the mainstay of plaque control. A variety of toothbrushing techniques have been developed and evaluated for their efficacy. However, these evaluations are subjective. To adequately evaluate toothbrushing objectively, a novel toothbrushing monitoring system was developed. The system involves user-monitored brushing patterns including toothbrush motions using a 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis magnetic sensor, one load-cell and Bluetooth devices. To confirm the efficacy of this toothbrushing monitoring system, eight periodontist performed tooth brushing in a dental model, and their brushing motion was monitored and recorded, and evaluated by statistical means. The proposed monitoring system can be used to aid dental care personnel in toothbrushing instruction.

Recently an outbreaked pest belongs to Hemiptera: Recaniidae, Ricanula sp. is greatly concerned about the outspreading throughout the South of Korea by wide range of host, including Cornelian cherry, Jujube, and peach trees. In Chungbuk province, this pest was first occurred at Jincheon and Okcheon in 2012, Cheongju in 2013 and now found out at Eumseong and Goesan in 2015. Ricanula sp. was oviposited directly into one-year twig, did damages on fruit-bearing formation and finally withered the host. This study was performed to understand the ovipositional characteristics and to develop the standardized forecasting method. Oviposition by Ricanula sp. was abundant in tree than in bush, adult laid eggs on new inner twigs and then covered with wax compound. Total no. of oviposited egg-mass was 10 to 318, and that of on new twig was 5 to 185 per tree, with different to host trees. Thickness of oviposited twigs were done within 2 ~ 5.5 mm and the height was mostly founded with range of 1 to 2 m, founded with highest height over 3 m. Oviposited no. of egg-mass within 30 cm twig was appeared differently from 2 to 7 every host. From based on this investigated result, we provide this for standardized forecasting method. This pest will need to control when egg-mass will occur over 2 at new twig, within 30 cm from the tip, set as total 25 point/ 5 plants (5 point per plant).

Flowering responses under night interruption (NI) condition were determined in Doritaenopsis ‘Fuller’s Sunset ’, ‘Green Beer’, ‘Little Gem Stripes’, and ‘Queen Beer’ during their reproductive stages. Plants were grown under 10/14 h ambient light/dark (control), 10 h ambient light with night interruption (22 : 00-02 : 00 HR) at low light intensity of 3-7 μmol • m−2 • s−1 (LNI) and 10 h ambient light with NI at high light intensity of 120 μmol • m−2 • s−1 (HNI) conditions after flower spike emergence. Time to visible bud and flowering decreased more in the plants grown under HNI than those grown under LNI or control conditions. The number of buds or flowers increased in the plants grown under both LNI and HNI conditions compared to those grown under control condition for all cultivars. The tallest plants at flowering were in the HNI group in ‘Queen Beer’, ‘Green Beer’, and ‘Fuller’s Sunset’, however, the plant height was not significantly different among the treatments in ‘Little Gem Stripes’. NI with low light intensity or high light intensity can be used effectively to promote flower opening, but not with low light intensity at flower development stage. To obtain early flowering with high quality plants using NI treatment during their reproductive stage, high light intensity strategies could be suggested in Doritaenopsis cultivation.

The aim of this study was to carry out the comparative analysis of the brushing force following various brushing techniques bytoothbrush mounted pressure sensing unit. The study group consisted of 10 dental hygienist participants. The brushing forces (on buccal area of each first molar) were monitored on 8 different kinds of brushing techniques; Fones, Bass, Rolling, Scrub, Charters, stillman, Modified bass and Modified stillman. In Bass, Charters, Fones and Scrub method, force distributions showed a small gap of maximum and minimum value (Max/Min) while a big difference was noted in Modified bass, Modified stillman, Rolling and Stillman methods. Especially, the biggest difference of Max/Min value was observed in the area of lower left first molar. In conclusion, highly delicate manual skill is needed in showing big error range of force distribution. It means that careful force needs to be focused during toothbrushing instruction when a delicate manual skill was carried out.

The spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), was originally observed in a few Asian countries, but is now found even in North America and Europe. Genetic information on geographic variation and relationship may broaden our understanding of origin and migration. As a first step, in this study, a portion of mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced to understand genetic relationship and diversity in Korea. Sequencing of 104 individuals provided 57 haplotypes, with the maximum sequence divergence of 1.5%, suggesting high haplotype diversity and moderate sequence divergence. Comparison to GenBankregistered D. suzukii haplotypes (possibly from Spain, Portugal, USA) has shown 100% sequence identity to most of the haplotypes found in this study, but two USA sequences were found to be independent haplotypes, with the sequence divergence ranging from 0.5% ~ 1.4% from our samples in the 553-bp comparison. Phylogenetically, no separable group was found, but, population genetically, the only Chinese population, Sandong, was significantly differentiated (p < 0.05) from all Korean populations, without sharing any haplotype. Among 28 pairwise comparisons of Korean populations only two comparisons showed a significant genetic differentiation, indicating that no population in Korea is completely isolated. Geographically, one haplotype (SWDBA06) was relatively widespread (five among nine localities) and a few haplotypes were found in more than one locality, but most haplotypes were restricted in a locality as a single individual. Overall, high rate of per generation female migration (Nm = 0.75 ~ infinite) and low level of geographic separation (FST=0~0.40) among localities were characteristic. Current data is limited mainly to Korean localities, thus, an expanded study may provide further scrutinized analysis for the fly.

Calla lily is a mainstream floricultural crop but itscommercial success is limited by severe susceptibility to softrot. This disease can be controlled to some extent by imple-menting appropriate cultural practices but developing resis-tant cultivars against this pathogen is the most promisinglong-term strategy. The purpose of this work was to developnew cultivars resistant to this bacterial disease by initiatingan appropriate breeding programme. Field observations of120 resistant lines selected by a leaf-disk susceptibility testwere carried out and survival rates were measured. Twolines were selected after further evaluation of resistancelevel, flowering characteristics and following guidelines forconduct of tests for distinctness, homogeneity, and stability.Further preference testing of the selected lines by growers,consumers, researchers and agricultural advisors was car-ried out with excellent results. The selected new lines are‘Silky White’ and ‘Mont Blanc’ which emerge as the first,soft-rot resistant calla lily cultivars from our breeding program.

깽깽이풀은 관상적인 가치가 뛰어난 다년생 초화류이다.깽깽이풀의 재배 기간 단축을 위해, 양액의 농도에 따른깽깽이풀의 생장 효과를 구명하였다. 첫 번째 실험은 양액의 유무가 식물생리적 반응에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위해 수행하였다. 분화 전용 양액(Technigro 20N-9P-20K Plus fertilizer)을 사용하여 전기전도도 0(대조구)과1.0dS•m−1으로 저면관수 처리하였다. 엽수, 초장, 엽면적,건물중은 양액 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한양액 처리구에서 Fv/Fm값과 SPAD값이 대조구에 비해 높은 수치를 보였다. 두 번째 실험은 1, 2년생 식물체를4가지 다른 수준의 Sonneveld 양액 농도(0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0배액; EC는 각각 0.2, 1.2, 1.9, 3.7dS•m−1)에서 각각재배하였다. 건물중과 양액농도와의 관계를 2차식으로 표현하였다. 포물선 식에 따르면 최대 건물중을 획득하는 양액의 농도는 1년생에서는 0.76배액, 2년생에서는 1.06배액이었다. 이와 같이 깽깽이풀 재배에는 1년생의 경우에는 EC 1.29dS•m−1 정도로 하고 생장이 진전될수록 EC를 1.9dS•m−1까지 높여주는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단되었다

We newly sequenced mitogenomes of five skippers belonging to Lepidoptera to obtain further insight into characteristics of butterfly mitogenomes and performed phylogenetic reconstruction using all available gene sequences (PCGs, rRNAs, and tRNAs) from 85 species in 19 families in eight superfamilies. The general genomic features found in the butterflies also were found in the five skippers: a high A/T composition (79.3% - 80.9%), dominant usage of TAA stop codon, similar skewness pattern in various levels, consistently long intergenic spacer sequence between tRNAGln - ND2 (64-87 bp), the ATACTAA motif betweent RNASer(UCN) and ND1, and characteristic features of the A+T-rich region (the motif ATAGA, varying length of poly-T stretch, and poly-A stretch). The start codon for COI was CGA in four skippers as typical, but Lobocla bifasciatus evidently possessed canonical ATG as start codon. Phylogenetic analyses mainly yielded the consensus superfamilial relationships ((((((Bombycoidea + Noctuoidea + Geometroidea) + Pyraloidea) + Papilionoidea) + Tortricoidea) + Yponomeutoidea) + Hepialoidea) with a high support for most nodes, confirming the validity of Macroheterocera and its sister relationship to Pyraloidea. Within Rhopalocera the familial relationships (Papilionidae + (Hesperiidae + (Pieridae + ((Lycaenidae + Riodinidae) + Nymphalidae))) were strongly supported, confirming invalidity of the superfamily Hesperioidea. On the other hand, superfamilial relationships among Noctuoidea, Geometroidea, and Bombycoidea and the familial relationships among Saturniidae, Sphingidae, and Bombycidae were dubious, requiring further representative taxon sampling.

처녀치마는 백합과에 속하는 숙근성 다년초로서 4월부터 아름다운 적자색의 꽃이 피기 시작하고 개화기간이 길며, 잎이 상록성이기 때 문에 분화용, 정원용 및 조경용 식물로서 유망한 특산식물이다. 따 라서 자생 처녀치마의 엽삽번식을 위한 실용적인 자료를 얻고자 잎 부위, 삽목용토가 발근에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 잎을 상 • 하로 1/2 절단하여 윗부분(Upper half)과 아랫부분(Lower half)을 이용 하였고, 전체 잎을 이용한 처리구(Vertical), 잎을 세로방향으로 1/2 절단하여 이용한 처리구(Half horizontal), 그리고 자르지 않고 전체 잎을 그대로 옆으로 식재한 처리구(Horizontal)로 구분하였다. 삽목용토 실험을 위해 원예용상토(Horticultural Media), 마사토(Decomposed granite), 버미큘라이트(Vermiculite), 피트모스(Peatmoss) 및 펄 라이트(Perlite)를 단용 처리하여 실험하였다. 삽수조제 방법에 따른 잎 부위별 실험에서, 전체 잎을 기부만 절단하여 이용한 처리구 (Vertical)와 잎을 자르지 않고 그대로 옆으로 눕혀서 식재한 처리구 (Horizontal)에서 각각 69%, 66%의 높은 발근율을 보였다. 이는 잎의 선단부위와 기부가 포함되었을 때 발근이 잘 된다는 것을 의 미한다. 삽목용토에 따른 발근효과를 알아보기 위한 실험에서, 버미큘라이트, 마사토 단용 처리구에서 각각 94%, 87%의 높은 발근율 을 보였고 뿌리생육도 좋았다. 또한 발근이 잘 된 처리구는 잎의 기부에서 신초가 형성되었다.

Bacterial soft rot is one of the major disease of Zantedeschia species (Calla lily) caused by Erwinia carotovora. The objectives of this study were i) to screen the most efficient method to determine resistance level against E. carotovora and ii) to evaluate the genetic variability in Zantedeschia genotypes by inoculation of Ecc NHRI-3 and PD 1784 isolates. Four screening tests i.e. leaf disk, petiole, tuber and tuber slice tests were used to determine the resistance level in calla lily. Eleven genotypes from section Zantedeschia were used for variation studies against E. carotovora by using the leaf disk test. It was observed that all genotypes showed variation in resistance level and could be categorized in 3 groups on the basis of their resistance level. Four of the genotypes were resistant against this pathogen whereas, 6 genotypes were moderately resistant and only one genotype was found susceptible. Within section Aestivae, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Florex Gold’, ‘Treasure’ and ‘Mango’ were found very susceptible cultivars, whereas ‘Coral Sunset’, ‘Hazel Marie’ and ‘Neroli’ were less susceptible genotypes. Most of the cultivars from section Aestivae were susceptible to bacterial soft rot and the cultivar ‘Florex Gold’ was identified as susceptible control. It is suggested to perform pre-screening through leaf disk method which proved to a non-destructive test. The pre-screening evaluation can discriminate susceptible cultivar and resistant cultivar. Tuber slice test is more useful in screening subsequent genotypes at a later growth stage in any breeding program.

Glyphodes quadrimaculalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) feed on a root tuber of Cynanchum wilfordii (Asclepiadaceae) that is one of the most famous traditional medicines in Korea. The genus Glyphodes includes ~130 species distributed worldwide, so the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) would be helpful for bio-identification, biogeographic studies, and multigene-based phylogeny. The 15,255-bp long G. quadrimaculalis genome comprises 37 typical genes and one large non-coding region, with the typical arrangement found in Lepidoptera. Of the 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 12 begin with typical start codons found in insect mitochondrial PCGs, but the COI gene starts with atypical CGA. One of the noteworthy features of the genome includes the presence of a 51-bp long non-coding space sequence located between tRNAGln and ND2 that reveals high sequence homology (71.4%) to the neighboring ND2 gene, indicating the origin of the region by partial duplication of the ND2 gene.

Spider community was surveyed at Nakdonggang River which is the longest river (525 km and 23,384 km2) located East-south part of Korea. Nakdonggang river is developing for water management and environmental conservation including restoration of river ecosystem under “The Four-River Restoration Project”. Sampling was made 3 occasions from June to August in 2009. Eight survey sites were selected from both sides of river in Andong, Sangju, Gumi and Seongju prefectures. Spiders were collected with sweep net for on the plants above ground and pitfall traps for on the ground. A total of 94 species of 71 genera in 24 families were identified from 805 collected spiders. Species richness was high in Salticidae (18 species, 19.1%), Araneidae (12 species, 12.8%), Lycosidae (9 species, 9.6%) in order. Wandering spiders (55 species occupied 58.5%, 493 individuals occupied 61.2%) were higher than webbing spiders (39 species occupied 41.5%, 493 individuals occupied 61.2%) in species richness and abundance. Dominant species were Tetragnatha praedonia (Tetragnathidae) and Neoscona adianta (Araneidae) in webbing spiders, and Anahita fauna (Ctenidae), Pirata procurvus (Lycosidae) and Gnaphosa kompirensis (Gnaphosidae) in wandering spiders with abundance. Collectively, most spiders collected from this study were water preferring spiders and showed different community structure compared to other reports from terrestrial spider fauna. Present result will bevaluable to compare the effect of development on the arthropod fauna after completion of the project.

For more than two decades, the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique has been used as a valuable tool to provide opportunities for studying fertilization, treating human infertility, and producing transgenic animals. Not only in facilitating fertilization but also in propagating mammalian species, ICSI has enhanced the potential of assisted reproductive technologies in human. Polyspermic fertilization has been one of major problems in pig reproduction, but the ICSI helped to solve the problem, and used widely to generate transgenic piglets. Although the ICSI technique is considered to be a very useful tool in assisted reproductive technologies, including generation of transgenic animals, there are some disadvantages using the technique. In this review, we describe the ICSI technique and its application in animal production and human infertility, and discuss advantage and disadvantage of the technique in mammals.

Bladder cancer is a common cancer in smoking men and may correlate with mechanosensitive potassium channels because the urinary bladder is a stretch sensing organ. Two-pore K+ channels (K2P), such as TASK3 and TREK1, have recently been shown to play a critical role in both cell apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Of the channels, TREK1 can be activated by many physiological stimuli, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, and intracellular pH, hypoxia, and neurotransmitters. Here we attempted to determine whether TREK1 is functionally expressed in bladder cancer 253J cells. K2P channels, including TREK1, TREK2, TASK1, TASK3, and TWIK1, were quantified in cultured human bladder cancer 253J cells using real time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Among them, TREK1-like channel was recorded at a single channel level using the patch-clamp technique. The TREKl-like channel, with single-channel conductance of ~90 pS at −80 mV, was recorded in symmetrical 150 mM KCl using an excised inside-out patch configuration. The current- voltage relationships were linear and were insensitive to tetraethylammonium. The channel was activated by membrane stretch, free fatty acids, and intracellular acidosis. These results with electrophysiological properties resemble to those of K2P channel, for instance, TREK1. Therefore, we conclude that TREK1 channel is functionally present in bladder cancer 253J cells.