Monodisperse polymer particles have many industrial applications such as surface coatings for metal panels, chromatographic media, spacers for liquid crystal display panel, and fillers for cosmetics, etc.. Micron-size monodispersed poly(methyl methacrylate) particles were prepared by dispersion polymerization in methanol medium in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) as steric stabilizer and initiator, respectively. Effects of polymerization parameters, such as monomer and initiator concentration, stabilizer type and concentration, solvent composition on average particle size and size distribution were studied.

본 연구에서는 화상 시뮬레이터 상에서 저속 (40km/h) 주행과 고속 (160km/h) 주행으로 지루감 및 긴장감을 유발시킨 후, 100%의 Jasmine abs와 Lavender oil france (KIMEX Co. Ltd)의 향 자극이 지루함 및 긴장감의 증감에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 건강과 피험자 10명을 대상으로 심전도, 피부온도, 맥파의 자율신경계 반응을 측정하였다. 또한 각 실험 전후에 Simulator Sickness를 측정하여 Simulator Sickness가 실험 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 지루한 저속 주행 시 향자극이 없을 때에 비해 각 향을 제시하였을 때 각성 효과가 발생하여 교감 신경계가 활성화됨을 자율신경계 반응으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 두 가지 향에 따라 큰 차이는 발생하지 않았다. 본 연구로부터 일정하고 느린 주행으로 유발되는 신체의 이완 현상 또는 졸리움 현상이 향 자극에 의해 감소되는 경향을 자율 신경계의 반응을 통해 관찰할 수 있었다. 고속 주행 시에는 향을 제시하지 않았을 때보다 두 가지 향을 제시하였을 때 긴장감이 모두 이완되는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 고속 주행으로 유발되는 신체의 긴장감이 향 자극으로 인해 감소된다는 사실을 자율신경계의 반응을 통해 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러므로 본 연구로부터 지루한 저속 주행으로 유발된 신체의 이완감과 고속 주행으로 유발된 신체의 긴장감은 각 향 자극에 의해 이완감의 감소와 긴장감의 감소를 유발하였다는 사실을 관찰할 수 있었고, 두 향의 차이는 관찰할 수 없었다.

접촉분해 경유에 함유된 유용 방향족 성분(나프탈렌류 성분:탄소수 10-12)의 분리법으로서 추출법과 액막법을 분리성능 면에서 비교했다. 추출법의 용매로서는 dimethylsulfoxide수용액을, 액막법의 막상으로서는 dimethylsulfoxide와 saponin의 혼합수용액을 각각 사용했다. 추출법에서 얻어진 노르말-노난을 기준 성분으로한 나프탈렌류 성분의 선택도는 온도가 낮아짐에 따라 급격히 증가했으나, 액막법에서 얻어진 선택도는 온도에 무관한 경향을 나타내어, 실온에서의 추출법에 의한 나프탈렌류 성분의 선택도는 액막법에서 얻어진 선택도는 온도에 무관한 경향을 나타내어, 실온에서의 추출법에 의한 나프탈렌류 성분의 선택도는 액막법에 비해 컸다. 또, 회분 교반조를 사용하여 두 분리법으로 부터 나프탈렌류 성분의 물질이동속도를 측정한 결과, 추출법의 연속상측 물질이동계수는 액막법의 막상측 투과계수에 비해 약 280배 컸다.

빵의 저장성을 증진시키기 위한 종균배양 방법을 개발하였다. Propionibacterium freudenreichii와 혼합 배양하여 사용하는 유산 생선 박테리아로 Lactobacillus plantarum과 Bifidobacterium longum을 선정하였다. 1. 총산은 B. longum이 1.926 %, 2.597 %, L. plantarum이 1.674 %, 1.755 %을 생성하였으며, pH는 둘 다 3.9 정도로 L. brevis에 비해 매우 낮은 pH을 보였다. 2. 16일 배양 후 L. plantarum은 프로피온산을 14∼16mg/ml 생성하였고 유산도 상당량 생성하였다. B. longum도 비슷한 결과를 나타냈다. 3. 발효액 첨가 빵의 pH는 B. longum발효액을 첨가 한 것은 4.83, L.plantarum 발효액을 첨가한 것은 4.89로서 대조구의 5.75보다 훨씬 낮았다. B. longum의 경우 10일간 저장하여도 곰팡이는 생성되지 않아 대조구나 L. plantarum보다 곰팡이의 생성이 억제된 것으로 나타났다. 4. 산생성 최적 조건은 5ℓ발효조로 발효량을 증가시켰을 때, 최소로 교반하면서 37℃로 유지시키고 생성산에 의해 낮아진 pH를 NaOH로 중화하여 pH를 6.0으로 유지하는 것이 propionibacterium의 성장에 가장 좋은 조건으로 가장 많은 산이 생성되었다.

Through psychological evaluation, this study attempted to verify the effect of quality of life improvements from gardening activities in apartment landscaping spaces. The study was conducted on 32 mothers raising children. Psychological valuation was conducted using world Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire(WHOQOL-Bref), the Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS), the Life Satisfaction Experience Scale(LSES), and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised(SCL-90-R). The psychological analysis results showed that, engaging in gardening activities for two weeks had, a positive effect on mothers’ environmental of quality of life evaluation. The LSES indicates that satisfaction with oneself significantly increased after starting the gardening activities. The activity resulted in a positive change in attitude toward life. The SCL-90-R results showed changes in the mother’s psychological state. There was a significant amelioration of obesessive-compulsive behaviors, hostility, and phobic anxiety. In conclusion, this study was found that, for mothers in apartments, outdoor gardening activities can significantly affect their quality of life. Moreover, it can help prevent mental health deterioration, Further study should be conducted on the beneficial effects of gardening on the variety of age groups and activities.

Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum), ‘Duke’, ‘Bluecrop’, and ‘Elliott’, were applied with ground cover mulch systems to evaluate bush growth and fruit characteristics. Soil temperature variation was lower in the woodchip mulching plot. Therefore, CEC, soil pH, phosphate, mineral ions were not significantly different among mulching materials. The number of main stem was higher in woodchip > sawdust > rice husk > plastic film mulching plot, respectively. Total shoot number was also higher in organic mulching plots than in plastic film plot. However, total shoot number was not significantly different among the organic mulching plots. Fruit weight was the highest in the woodchip mulching plot of all blueberry cultivars, however, soluble sugar content, organic acidity, fruit firmness were not significantly different in mulching materials. Yield was higher in organic mulching plots than in plastic film plot in all blueberry cultivars. Especially, yield per shrub of woodchip plots was the highest about 3.6 kg in ‘Duke’, 2.7 kg in ‘Bluecrop’, and 2.6 kg in ‘Elliott’. Furthermore, correlation of main stem number and yield was highly significant (r2 = 0.8413). Therefore, woodchip mulching is expected to be an eco-friendly method to increase the number of stems and the yield of blueberries.

국내에서 유망 소과류 및 베리류로 농가에 보급되고 있는 과종 및 품종들을 대상으로 각 과실들 간의 안토시아닌, 폴리페놀 함량, 각 구성성분 및 항산화활성을 분석하였다. 총 안토시아닌 및 폴리페놀 함량을 분석한 결과, 같은 과종에서도 품종에 따라 안토시아닌과 폴리페놀 함량의 차이가 나타났으며, 총 안토시 아닌은 블랙 쵸크베리가 가장 많았으며(927.9~1,149.1 ㎎･100 g-1, F.W.), 총 폴리페놀 함량도 블랙 쵸크베리(502.2~530.5 ㎎･100 g-1, F.W.)에서 가장 많았다. DPPH 항산화활성에서도 블랙 쵸크베리가 가장 높은 것으로 나타나 안토시아닌, 페놀 함 량과 항산화활성과 고도의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 주요 폴리페놀 구성 성분을 조사한 결과 모든 과종에서 quercetin, catechin, epicatechin 함량이 높게 나타났다. 블루베리와 블랙 커런트의 주요 안토시아닌은 delphinidin-3-glucoside로 사스카툰 베리와 블랙 쵸크베리의 주요 안토시아닌은 cyanidin-3- galactoside였다.

The purpose of this study is to provide the demand information about services (S/W) and infrastructure (H/W) for rural welfare and culture. The survey was conducted on the overall satisfaction level, the condition change, the importance-satisfaction level of each field and the top priority items for administrative agencies and rural residents. In the overall satisfaction level, administrative agencies responded more than 'normal' to all fields, but the overall satisfaction level was lower than 'normal' in the fields excluding the healthcare field in the case of rural residents. In terms of condition changes compared to the past five years, both administrative institutions and local residents evaluated the improvement. IPA analysis was conducted to identify the priority ranking of each field and it was found that emergency medical facilities in the healthcare field, infant day care facilities in the social welfare field, movie theaters in the culture field, lifelong education institutions and academy facilities in the education field and private sports facilities in the leisure and sports field were most needed, respectively. The results of this study are expected to be helpful in increasing the efficiency and presenting the improvement direction about the development policy of the rural culture and welfare.

This study developed diagnostic system to understand the level of welfare cultural service and infrastructure in rural areas. The applicability was reviewed through the Delphi survey and the sample survey of 60 villages. The diagnostic indicators consist of three areas: the demand area, supply area, and delivery area. The demand area consists of 8 indicators, 25 indicators for welfare services and infrastructure (healthcare, social welfare) and 32 indicators for cultural services and infrastructure (culture, education, leisure sports). The service delivery area was divided into service supply area access and traffic accessibility (public transport use status and rural transport model status) by each indicator. A diagnostic system was applied to 60 villages. Services and infrastructure for rural welfare and culture were supplied more in the Si area than Gun area. The delivery area was easier to access the Gun area than Si area. In the case of traffic access, public transportation was more frequently used in the Si area than Gun area, and the rural transportation model was found to have a relatively large amount in the Gun area compared to Si area. The diagnosis system about services and infrastructure for rural welfare and culture will provide information necessary for establishment and decision making of regional development policy taking into account characteristics of rural areas in the future.

Background : The objective of this study was to make colloidal dispersion of the active compound was characterized nano-composite from radix of Angelica gigas Nakai using hot melt extrusion (HME). Therefore, food grade hydrophilic polymer matrices was used to disperse compound in aqueous media. Methods and Results : Extrudate solid formulations (ESFs) mediated various HPMCs (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) and Na-Alg polymer from ultrafine powder of radix of Angelica gigas Nakai was developed through physical crosslink method (HME) with ionization agent (treatment of acetic acid) and food grade polymer [HPMCs such as HP55, CN40H, AN6 and sodium alignate (Na-Alg)]. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the amorphization of crystal compounds in extrudate solid formulations mediated HP55 (HP55-ESF). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated a lower enthalpy (ΔH = 10.62 J/g) of glass transition temperature (Tg) in HP55-ESF. Infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveled new functional groups produced in HP55-ESF. Phenolic compound, flavonoid (including decursin and decursinol angelate) and antioxidant activity increased at 5, 10 and 2 times in HP55-ESF. Water solubility (61.5%) nano size (323 ㎚) particle was achieved in the HP55-ESF. Conclusion : Nano-composites have been developed utilizing melt-extruded solid dispersions technology by food grade polymer enhanced nano dispersion (< 500 ㎚) of active compound from radix of Angelica gigas Nakai with enhanced solubility and bioavailability. This nano-composites of radix of Angelica gigas Nakai developmental and marketed products to enable therapeutic performance.

본 연구는 완주에서 재배된 세계 주요 11개 적포도 품종으로 제조된 적포도주의 향기 성분을 headspace-solid phase microextraction 분석법으로 확인하였다. 향기성분은 총 75종이 확인되었다. 아로마화합물은 그들의 OAV 값에 의해 5 그룹으로 나뉘었다. 알콜, 알데하이드, 에스테르, C6 화합물이 11개 적포도주의 주요한 향기성분이었다. Isoamy alcohol 알콜과 phenylethyl 알콜은 11개 포도주에서 공통적으로 꽃향기, 달콤한 향을 나타내는데 중요한 물질이었다. Octanoic acid, ethyl ester, hexanoic acid ethylester은 모든 레드와인에서 과실향과 꽃향, 달콤한 향을 내는 중요한 성분이었다. 1-Hexanol은 모든 포도주에서 분석되었으나 풀향을 나타내는 향으로 나타났다. Chanceller, Malbec, marchel, Nsrsha, Pinot Meunier, Sangiovetto 포도주의 주요 향기성분은 과실 향인 것으로 나타났으며 Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Vert 포도주의 주요 향기성분은 풀향인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한, MBA와 Narsha 포도주의 경우 꽃향이 주요 향인 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 적포도주용 품종을 육성할 때 선발기준으로 향기성분 분석을 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

Astragalus membranaceus is a well known oriental medicinal herb. The polysaccharides of the aboveground parts (AMA) and the radix (AMR) of A. membranaceus are the most important functional constituents. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMA and AMR on the oxidative damage induced in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise groups; in the groups receiving the test compounds, AMA and AMR were administered orally for 30 days. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from each rat after running to exhaustion on a treadmill to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and the concentation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of skeletal muscle of AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and commercial sports drink (SPD)-treated groups in exhaustive exercise rats. In addition, MDA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of the AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control and SPD-treated groups. In the present study, the effects of AMA and AMR on exercise endurance capacity were also evaluated in mice subjected to a swimming exercise test. AMA and AMR supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice and enhanced exercise endurance capacity. AMA and AMR possess the ability to retard and lower the production of blood lactate, and prevent the decrease of serum blood glucose. Conclusions: These results showed that, AMR and AMA exerted beneficial effect in mice, increasing the activity of the antioxidant systems and inhibiting oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. The compounds improved exercise performance and showed anti-fatigue effects against exhaustive exercise.

최근 ｢녹색성장기본법｣과 RPS 제도 등의 시행으로 화석연료에 의존하는 기존의 에너지 시장이 신･재생에너지 시장으로 변화되어감에 따라 국내 신･재생에너지 시장의 확대가 이루어지고 있다. 또한 에너지 자립의 측면에서 국내･외적으로 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 각 정부부처는 유기성폐자원의 바이오가스화 처리의 확대를 추진 중에 있다. 하지만 다수의 자자체 및 단체에서 바이오 가스화 시설의 설치를 예정하고 있으나 설치 및 운영 인력들의 대한 바이오가스화 시설에 대한 전문성이 확보되지 않은 상태에서 설치 및 시설 운영으로 가동률 저하가 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화 부문 산업현황 조사와 바이오가스화 부문 업체 및 종사자 인원을 조사 및 전문인력 대상 설문조사를 통해 교육체계 개발의 타당성을 입증하였다. 또한 NCS 및 전문인력의 수행 및 요구 직무를 분석하여 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화 시설의 기획단계, 설계단계, 시공단계, 운영단계까지의 필요 교육내용과 교육체계를 단계별로 도출하였다. 유기성폐자원의 바이오가스화를 주도할 수 있는 전문인력을 양성하는 프로그램을 개발하는 것으로 목적으로 하고 있다. 현재 운영되고 있는 바이오가스 산업분야에 대한 현황을 조사, 분석하여 교육체계 프로그램을 개발하여 전문인력의 전문성 제고 방안을 마련하였다. 이로 인하여 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화 부문의 전문성이 확보되고 안정적인 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화 처리가 가능하여 바이오가스화 산업의 확대가 기대된다.

Background : Schisandrae Fructus (Omija) has been widely used for medicinal herbs because it is known for its various medical functions and antimicrobial activities. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activities of extracts from Schisandrae Fructus against six foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and figured out the efficient extraction methods. Methods and Results : Traditionally, Schisandrae Fructus is soaked or boiled in water when people drink it like tea. In this study, we extracted Schisandrae Fructus by soaking in water and ethyl alcohol for 24 hours, ultrasonicating in methyl alcohol and water for 60 minutes, and boiling in water for 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes. Each extract used for paper disc test that estimates antimicrobial activities by measuring the inhibition zone. The blank discs that absorbed with extracts were placed on the agar plates that smeared with each foodborne pathogen, then incubated overnight at 37℃ incubator. Then, antibacterial extracts formed clear zones around the disc. In this study, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was the most sensitive to the all kinds of extracts and methyl alcohol extracts that were obtained by ultrasonicating showed the most strong antimicrobial activities against six foodborne pathogens (23, 12, 29, 18, 23, 28 ㎜). Hot water extracts and soaking extracts in water showed the similar results, and the extracts that was boiled for 60 minutes was the best results (13, 8, 21, 10, 13, 17 ㎜) against all the pathogens. Conclusion : The extracts from Schisandrae Fructus inhibited the growth of six foodborne pathogens. Soaking and boiling in water are good methods for drinking Schisandrae Fructus like tea because they showed antimicrobial activities in the paper disc test. According to this study, the best boiling time for effective antimicrobial activity is 60 minutes.

The study compared the juice and wine odorants of the Cheongsoo grape cultivar with those of Chardonnay and Reisling wines. The volatile compounds of the three grape varieties were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The most common volatile compounds in the juices from the three cultivars were terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, etones, alcohols, and aldehydes. Terpenes were established as the most abundant group of volatiles in Cheongsoo grape juice, where as aldehydes predominated in Chardonnay and Riesling juices. Forty-two volatile compounds (acids, alcohols, esters, and others) were detected in the three white wines. The concentration of esters was about four times higher in Cheongsoo wine than in Chardonnay and Riesling wines. Five esters found in the Cheongsoo wine, namely, isoamyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl decanoate, exhibited high odor activity values (OAV) of >1. Furthermore, only Cheongsoo wine had a high OAV for isoamyl acetate odorant, which is associated with banana and sweet aromas. Therefore, the abundant and varied esters are believed to be key volatile fruity/sweet odorants in Cheongsoo wine.

In this study, to evaluate the transboundary movement of magnetite waste, the treatment causing possible oxidation and reduction to the highly toxic Cr (VI), as well as other chromium ions must be considered. In this study, we tried to remove chromium using magnetite. The efficiency of chromium removal using magnetite, mixing time, mixing speed, and temperature was evaluated through a jar test. In case of magnetite, the total chromium and hexavalent chromium concentration were rapidly decreased to 0.7 g and 0.35 g, respectively. For mixing speed, the removal efficiency of total chromium was rapidly increased to 150 rpm, but that of hexavalent chromium was almost unchanged. For reaction time, the chromium concentration was almost identical. At 70℃, the removal efficiency of total and hexavalent chromium was 97.2% and 98.8%, respectively; therefore, application of magnetite to actual industrial sites where high-temperature industrial wastewater is generated can be considered.

자두와 살구의 종간 교잡 과종인 플럼코트 ‘Harmony’ 품종의 생산성 향상을 위해 재식거리 6×3 m 조건에서 덕이 없는 Y자 수형, Y자 팔메트 수형으로 재배하고 수체 생장, 과실 특성, 과실 수확량을 비교하였다. 재식 5년차의 조사 결과에 의하면, 덕이 없는 Y자 수형, Y자 팔메트 수형에서 수체 생장량은 유사하였으나 수관 점유율은 Y자 팔메트 수형에서 높았고, 주당 수확 과실수 및 수확량도 Y자 팔메트 수형에서 높았다. 과실의 과중과 가용성고형물 함량은 수형간에 차이가 미미하였으며 덕이 있는 Y자 수형에서 과실 낙과율이 낮은 경향이었다. 재식 4~5 년차의 결과로 보아 Y자 팔메트 수형은 덕이 없는 Y자 수형에 비해 수관점유율 확대가 빠르며, 과실 착과량이 증가하고, 과실 낙과율을 경감하여 수확량 증대에 기여할 것으로 예상된다.