This study was carried out to extract ginsenosides in by-products from honeyed red ginseng. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Based on D-optimal design, independent variables were ethanol (extraction solvent) concentration (30-90%, v/v), extraction temperature (25-70oC), and extraction time (5-11 h). Extraction yield (Y1) and total ginsenosides (Y2) in the extract were analyzed as dependent variables. Results found that extraction yield increased with increasing extraction temperature and time, whereas it was decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. Similar trends were found for the content of ginsenosides in the extracts, except for ethanol concentration, which was increased with increasing ethanol concentration. Regression equations derived from RSM were suggested to coincide well with the results from the experiments. The optimal extraction conditions for extraction yield and total ginsenosides were an extraction temperature of 56.94oC, ethanol concentration of 57.90%, and extraction time of 11 h. Under these conditions, extraction yield and total ginsenoside contents were predicted to be 84.52% and 9.54 mg/g, respectively.

The present study was conducted on 200 food handlers employed at restaurants with open-kitchens in Seoul to evaluate their food sanitation knowledge levels and practices. A majority of participants (88%) replied that open-kitchens are more hygienic than common kitchens due to the sanitary cooking process. The correct answer rate was 94.3% for sanitation of instruments and utensils and environmental sanitation, whereas food handling sanitation (66.8%) was ranked at the bottom among food sanitation knowledge. Total scores of food sanitation knowledge were significantly influenced by education level and ages of food handlers (p<0.001). Personal hygiene knowledge level of food handlers regarding institutional food service was higher than that of food handlers at restaurants and bakeries (p<0.001). Food sanitation practices scores showed significant differences in personal hygiene (p<0.001) and environmental sanitation (p<0.05) according to certificate possession. As the result of correlation analysis between food sanitation knowledge and practices, there was no significantly positive correlation, whereas a significant positive correlation was observed between knowledge of food handling and personal hygiene practices (p<0.05). The results show need for improvement in both knowledge and practice levels of open-kitchen food handlers. Consistent and customized food sanitation education program should be developed to protect against food poisoning at open-kitchen restaurants.

With an effort to verify the involvement load hypothesis, this study investigates the effects of three different vocabulary learning tasks - reading, filling in blanks, and sentence writing - on learners' short and long term memory when they are provided with the theoretically identical level of involvement tasks. It is also to examine whether there are any differences of learning effects between input and output vocabulary learning tasks. The experiments were conducted with 86 Korean middle school students grouped by three different task types. Pre-/post-tests and delayed tests were administered and analyzed. It was found that three vocabulary tasks with theoretically identical levels of involvement do not have the same learning effects: the involvement load hypothesis was not completely proved in the case of Korean students' vocabulary learning. The findings implied that (i) the difference of vocabulary learning tasks should be considered even though they have the same involvement load; (ii) given that EFL students learn new words in a limited amount of time in class, the reading task using a dictionary is found to be very helpful; and (iii) it is important to study target vocabulary repeatedly during class and to expose the vocabulary with different tasks to enhance students' retention of the newly learned vocabulary.

Objective : This study examined the impact of a sixteen-week time-use intervention perio on the depression and rehabilitation motivation of stroke patients with psychological difficulties.Methods : Ten stroke patients who were divided into an experimental group and a control group participated in this study from May 2014 to August 2014. Depression changes were measured using a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and their rehabilitation motivation was evaluated using the Rehabilitation Motivation Scale.Results : The results of the present study showed that the experimental group and control group presented significant differences before and after intervention in terms of their depression and rehabilitation motivation. However, after intervention, the depression and rehabilitation motivation did not differ between the two groups.Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that time-use intervention was effective in improving the depression and rehabilitation motivation of stroke patients, and therefore time-use intervention with occupational therapy will be useful as a clinical method for improving their level of depression and rehabilitation motivation.

In this study, the eating out behavior and recognition of salinity in restaurant food in Jecheon area were examined. Demographic characteristics of the subjects, eating out behavior and perception of salinity in food purchased in restaurants were surveyed. Also salinity of the high Na-containing menus were measured using salimeter. Exactly 51.6% of the study subjects usually ate out more than one to two times per week. A large percentage (88.6%) of the subjects mentioned that they ate more than half the amount of liquid in their dishes. The study participants recognized that the salt concentrations of stews, soups and noodles in their orders were high. JJamppong was recognized as the most salty among nine kinds of eating out menus, whereas mulnaengmyeon was the least. Although the recognized salt concentration of mulnaengmyeon was relatively low, this dish had the highest salinity out of nine eating out menus. Relative salinities of eating out menus were higher than absolute salinity mostly except yukgaejang. It is necessary to supply exact nutrition information and widely implement nutrition labeling. Furthermore, consumers should personally be careful to limit consuming food with high sodium levels when dining at restaurants and eat less liquid in dishes.

2008년 제1차 해양쓰레기 관리기본계획이 수립된 이후, 해양쓰레기 발생을 억제하기 위한 정책은 어느 정도 성과를 나타냈으나, 해양쓰레기의 과학적 조사, 해양쓰레기 대응센터, 부처간 협력 등 관리기반 측면에서는 문제점을 나타냈다. 해양쓰레기가 하천을 통해 지속적으로 유입되고 있다는 점에서 부처간 협업적 거버넌스와 안정적 재원확보는 중요한 정책적 과제이다. 본 발표에서는 우리나라 해양쓰레기 관련 관리기반 현황을 살펴보고, 거버넌스 및 재원을 중심으로..

This study aimed to investigate the perception, consumption, and acceptability of convenience mealsin low-income female elderly attending a lunch program at a community well fare center. Using in-depth interviews, qualitative data were collected 11 elderly females (62.5±11.2y) living in Seoul. Participants tried to eat various foods in small-portionsat home, although they ate out what they were offered. Elderly females preferred lunch box-type meals containing a bowl of rice served with toppings, gruel, or Bibimbop due to the growing unavailability of cooking or preparing a meal. Side-dish type convenience mealswere also preferred among elderly females since boiled rice can be easily prepared according to individual preferences. In addition, participants preferred healthy foods. Convenience meal planning and production, appropriate kinds of foods, cooking methods, menus, and packaging should be selected based on the elderly's functional atrophy in chewing, swallowing,digestion, and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, food preferences and comfort foods among the elderlyneed to be identified and characterized. Therefore, more information, including bite size, cutting size, and food texture, should be provided to understand and develop convenience meals for the elderly.

This writing aims to observe Korean art through keywords such as culture, art and the everydayness and its relationship with mass culture, Korean art after the 1990s and its daily world. It was during the latter part of the 1980s that the Korean society entered mass society. The Asian Games of 1986 and the Seoul Olympic Games of 1988 accelerated the internationalization of Korean society and the local political scene was approaching the political democratization through the 6ㆍ29 Declaration of 1987. Outside Korea, the Soviet Union, which represented the communism block of the world, collapsed, leading to the dismantling of the ideological confrontation between communism and capitalism. The Western postmodernism also made its way to Korea affecting the social ambience and allowing various values to coexist beyond the ideological opposition of the left and the right. The reason why I intend to take the correlation between mass culture and Korean art as the main point of Korean art after the 1990s, is that the quotidian aspect began to be reflected in art due to the emergence of mass culture and the subsequent expansion of art into daily life. This thesis examines how the mass culture and daily element is rendered in Korean art after the 1990s through three categorical points of discussion: Text/comprehension that acts as a sign, Reciprocity/relationship that involves the active intervention of the audience, and Commonness (popular vein)/anti-elitism that reflects the mass sentiment. I paid attention to what happens on the surface of society and its certain regular signs, desires and the fixed ideas in the consumption of text/comprehension, the transgressing between art and life through the process of representation by sharing it with the other, and finally, how art tries to reveal mass sentiment or show a critical consciousness of art that is considered vacant because of its utilization of discarded materials once produced by modern society in commonness (popular vein)/anti-elitism. Such tendency disintegrates the classical norm of art that divides art and life and reflects the alienated quotidian life, ultimately making us re-think our conventional ideas and modes of action. This writing is an attempt to discern the point of change in the development of the Korean contemporary art.

Yaksun, a medicinal diet, has been traditionally prepared and applied (based on theories in oriental medicine) for the modulation of disease symptoms and signs. However, restaurants that serve and claim Yaksun mainly focus on stamina foods. A consistent definition of Yaksun has not been provided, which can confuse the public interpretation of Yaksun. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of Yaksun in Korean adults living in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Chungbuk regions. Among the participants (M=55, F=168, 25y), only 10.4% understood the definition of Yaksun (mainly through the broadcast media). The frequency of Yaksun consumed when eating out was 2~3 times per month in 50.2% of participants. The main reason for choosing a Yaksun menu (46.3% of participants) when eating out was for health. The mean satisfaction score of Yaksun was 3.5±0.8 on the five point Likert scale. Participants highly agreed (3.8±0.8) that Yaksun is composed of nutritious foods combined with oriental medicinal herbs for the treatment of disease, which was significantly higher in groups with learning experience on Yaksun (p〈0.05). Interestingly, participants showed neutral to the description, that a diet without oriental medicinal herbs is not Yaksun (3.1±1.0), which was significantly different between genders (p〈0.05). Men recognized more than women that Yaksun should be based on oriental medical theory (p〈0.05) and should be prepared for the prevention or treatment of diseases (p〈0.05). In conclusion, the concept and terminology of Yaksun need to be defined and publicized in modern diet.