To investigate the characteristics of seasonal environment and phytoplankton community structure in the coastal area of Dokdo, a survey of Dokdo around waters was conducted during the four seasons. Phytoplankton of 4 phylum 72 species in four seasons were collected in Dokdo around water. The seasonal mean abundance of phytoplankton were 3.32×104 cells L-1 in winter, 1.04×104 cells L-1 in spring, 0.28×104 cells L-1 in summer, and 4.86×104 cells L-1 in autumn in Dokdo around water. During winter, the diatoms Chaetoceros spp. had dominated. During spring, when the nutrients in the euphotic layer were depleted, the nano-flagellates and Cryptomonas appeared at surface layer. In summer, the abundance of phytoplankton was relatively low, which lead to occurrence of diatoms such as genus of Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, and Skeletonema. In autumn, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was the most dominant species and tropical species such as Amphisolenia sp. and Ornithocercus magnificus were observed, implying that they may have introduced within warm water current such as Kurosiwo Current. Therefore, although natural phytoplankton communities in the vicinity water of Dokdo are mainly influenced by Tsushima Warm Current branched Kurosiwo Current, their population dynamics was affected on the spatio-temporal change of physicochemical factors by short-term wind events, namely “island effect”. Long-term survey research is needed to facilitate food-web response in marine ecosystem associated with phytoplankton biomass and physicochemical factors including the warm water current in oligotrophic offshore water of Dokdo, which may have significant role for sustainable use of Dokdo.

To ensure the safety and functionality of a railroad bridge, maintaining the integrity of the bridge via continuous structural health monitoring is important. However, most structural integrity monitoring methods proposed to date are based on modal responses which require the extracting process and have limited availability. In this paper, the applicability of the existing damage identification method based on free-vibration reponses to time-domain deflection shapes due to moving train load is investigated. Since the proposed method directly utilizes the time-domain responses of the structure due to the moving vehicles, the extracting process for modal responses can be avoided, and the applicability of structural health evaluation can be enhanced. The feasibility of the presented method is verified via a numerical example of a simple plate girder bridge.

Environmental treatment residues become valuable waste byproducts like biomass when an environmental infrastructure necessary for recycling is effectively developed. In this study, an environmentally friendly sewage sludge sorbent was developed in a sewage treatment plant by carefully processing the sewage sludge generated from sewage treatment plants. In order to increase the adsorption efficiency, coffee ground waste was added to the adsorbent as an additive and the adsorbate used in the adsorption experiments was acetaldehyde as organic waste. It could be found from the experiment that the adsorbent of the sewage sludge was adsorbed more easily at the carbonization temperature of 600℃. In addition, adsorption experiments showed that the breakthrough time reached to 85, 110, and 130 minutes at 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3, respectively, depending on the content ratio of the sewage sludge and coffee waste. Therefore, the amount of acetaldehyde adsorption increased with the increase in the amount of coffee grounds in the mixture. It could be also be found that the addition of the coffee grounds as an additive to increase the adsorption capacity of the sewage sludge adsorbent is advantageous for adsorption.

본 연구 결과, 숙성처리는 지황의 비소화성 당류의 분해로 환원당이 증가하고, 쓴 맛의 원인인 카탈폴을 감소시킴으로서 지황의 소화성과 단맛의 증가에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 비소화성 당류로부터의 환원당 증가와 카탈폴 감소를 위한 최적 온도는 각각 50℃와 30~40℃이었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제안하는 숙성처리가 낮은 소화성과 쓴맛으로 인해 활용성이 낮은 지황의 소화성과 관능적 품질 개선에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

미리찌 증후군은 담낭결석증의 드문 합병증으로, 담낭 경부나 담낭관의 결석에 의한 압박으로 인해 총간관의 폐쇄가 발생하게 된다. 미리찌 증후군은 수술적 치료를 하게 되며 그 방법은 질환의 세부 분류에 따라 다양하다. 미리찌 증후군의 외과적 치료 후 발생한 담관 협착은 드문 합병증이며 담도-장 문합술을 시행한 환자에서 이를 내시경적으로 치료하는 것은 불가능하다. 본 증례는 미리찌 증후군의 수술적 치료 후 발생한 담관 문합부 협착을 장기간 경피경간 담도배액술로 치료하여 이를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

Headwater streams provide various microhabitats, resulting in high diversity of macroinvertebrate community. In this study, we compared the differences of communities between two adjacent headwater streams (Jangjeon stream (GRJ; GRJ1-GRJ5) and Haanmi stream (GRH; GRH1-GRH3)) in Jungwang and Gariwang mountains, Gangwon-do and evaluated the effects of habitat condition to the macroinvertebrates community composition. In order to characterize the macroinvertebrate communities and extract influential environmental factors, we applied to Cluster analysis (CA), Indicator species analysis and Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Total 33,613 individuals in 3 phyla, 5 classes, 13 orders, 51 families, and 114 taxa (genera or species) were collected. Gammarus sp. was dominant at the upper stream of GRJ, whereas Chironomidae spp. was abundant at GRH and the downstream of GRJ. The CA classified samples into six clusters (1-6) reflecting spatial and temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was significantly different between two adjacent streams. Sweltsa sp. 1, Psilotreta kisoensis, Rhyacophila shikotsuensis and Serratella setigera were identified as representative indicator species for clusters 1, 2, 3 and 5, respectively. Similar to CA results, NMDS revealed the spatial and temporal differences of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, indicating the difference of community composition as well as microhabitat condition. Forest composition, proportion of boulders (>256 mm), and water velocity were main factors affecting the macroinvertebrate community composition.

Stone pagoda structures have continued to be aged due to the combination of various damage factors. However, some studies on nonstructural damage have been carried out, but assessment studies on structural damage have not been done in various ways. Therefore, in this study, structural and nonstructural influencing factors according to the damage types are classified and the damage assessment according to the structural influencing factors affecting the behavior of the stone pagoda structure is performed. In addition, the damage rating classification criteria for each type of structural damages or damage locations are presented, and the damage index is calculated by providing the criteria for the classification of damage according to the degree of damage to which the damage is caused. Therefore, this study can evaluate quantitatively the damage status of stone pagoda structures.

We synthesized the poly(4-vinylbenzyltributylammonium hexanesulfonate) P[VBTBA][HS] which was obtained via anion exchange with hexanesulfonate after acquiring monomer [VBTBA][Cl] by Menshutkin reaction to investigate its feasibility as draw solute for forward osmosis process. P[VBTBA][HS] shows lower critical solution temperature (LCST) property at about 21℃, while LCST property of [VBTBA][Cl] and P[VBTBA][Cl] was not confirmed. This result suggests that P[VBTBA][HS] can be recovered from solution by heating them to above LCST. In AL-FS mode with solution of 20 wt% P[VBTBA][HS] at 15℃, water flux and reverse solute flux were found to be about 6.43 LMH and 0.59 gMH. This study can provide an understanding of new way of proceeding draw solute and information for the potential design and synthesis of thermo-responsive organic material.

Beam bracing is applied to prevent the relative displacement of the top and bottom flanges or to effectively control the twisting of the section, and the lateral stability of the beams are provided by lateral bracing, torsional bracing or a combination of both. Modular steel I-girders are laterally interconnected by torsional bracings that are installed to increase the resistance to lateral torsional buckling. In this paper, numerical parametric study was carried out by varying the crossbeam web height to examine the effects of the web torsional stiffness. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS was obtained for the parametric numerical analyses of a series of feasible two-girder models, and the failure mode, lateral-torsional buckling strength and the moment-displacement behavior of the main girders was determined.

Phosphorus is one of the limiting nutrients for the growth of phytoplankton and algae and is therefore one of leading causes of eutrophication. Most phosphorous in water is present in the form of phosphates. Different technologies have been applied for phosphate removal from wastewater, such as physical, chemical precipitation by using ferric, calcium or aluminum salts, biological, and adsorption. Adsorption is one of efficient method to remove phosphates in wastewater. To find the optimal media for phosphate removal, physical characteristics of media was analysed, and the phosphate removal efficiency of media (silica sand, slag, zeolite, activated carbon) was also investigated in this study. Silica sand showed highest relative density and wear rate, and phosphate removal efficiency. Silica sand removed about 36% of phosphate. To improve the phosphate removal efficiency of silica sand, Fe coating was conducted. Fe coated silica sand showed 3 times higher removal efficiency than non-coated one.

In order to investigate distribution of vascular plants along elevational gradient in the Nodong valley of Gyebangsan, vascular plants of eight sections with 100-meter-high were surveyed from the Auto-camping site (800 m) to the top of a mountain (1,577 m). There were a total of 382 taxa: 89 families, 234 genera, 339 species, 7 subspecies, 34 varieties, and 2 forms. As a result of analyzing the pattern of species richness, it showed a reversed hump-shaped with minimum richness at mid-high elevation. As a result of analyzing habitat affinity types, the proportion of forest species increased with increasing elevation. But, the ruderal species decreased with increasing elevation, and then increased at the top of a mountain. As for the proportion of life forms, the annual herbs gradually decreased with increasing elevation, but it did not appear between 1,300 m and 1,500 m and then increased at the top of a mountain. The trees gradually increased with elevation and decreased from 1,300~1,400 m. The vascular plants divided into four groups by using DCA. The arrangement of each stands was arranged in order from right to left on the Ⅰ axis according to the elevation. The distribution of vascular plants is determined by their own optimal ranges of vegetation. Also, rise in temperature due to climate change affects the distribution of vascular plants, composition, and diversity. Therefore, continuous monitoring is necessary to confirm ecological and environmental characteristics of vegetation, distribution ranges, changes of habitat. Furthermore, plans for conservation and management based on these data should be prepared according to climate change.

본고는 식당 종업원 호칭에 대한 선행연구의 조사자료 및 그들 간의 의미를 재고한 뒤, 그 것을 토대로, 한 중 교재 속에 반영된 일반 식당 상황 하의 호칭어 사용 양상을 양적인 측면 에서 고찰하고 교육적 함의를 찾는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해, 본고는 우선 선행연구의 설문 결과 중에서 “여/저기요”와 “帥哥/美女”를 중심으로 시간에 따른 사용 변화 양상을 메타적 관점에서 관찰한다. 관찰에는 시대 흐름별 차이와 더불어 격식 유무별 차이 등이 포함된다. 그 로부터 얻은 결과를 기초로, 한 중 교재 속 식당 장면에서 사용되는 호칭들이 선행연구에서 보여준 사용 결과와 부합하는지 그리고 그 점에서 한 중 교재 간에는 어떤 공통점과 차이점 이 있는지를 양적 측면에서 살펴본다.

This study was conducted to understand damage effects of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) on the seedlings of Evergreen Oak (Quercus acuta) with the cutting of main stems before planted at Jeju Experimental Forests. Six plots in size of 20 × 20 m had been setup from the middle to the end of March, 2007, and planting after cutting the main stems of seedlings had been conducted to increase survival rate of the seedlings, and we monitored experimental and control plots to know the damage effects of the deers. Experimental plots were designed at the width of 3 m fields after clear-cutting, and they was adjacent with the buffer zone in size of 2 m covered with vegetation covers. Seedlings were planted at interval of 1 x 1 m, they were at 8 rows and 20 lines per plot. Two rows among them had been treated as half cutting at main stems. Total 647 seedlings had been planted, 168 seedlings were belong to half cutting's plots and 479 were to control plots. As a result, half cutting did not increase the survival rate of seedlings, and it increases the ratio of deer damage. Damaged seedlings showed significantly the lower height than undamaged did. Therefore, it would indicate that planting the seedlings over 90 cm in height would decrease the damage from deer at study areas. And, we suggest the damage factors on Quercus acuta as apical bud grazing, bark rubbing, and leaf grazing, we made the flow chart to decide the damage factors in the field.

In recent years after the Sewol Sank, the surroundings of Fire have rapidly changed and citizens need for Fire have been demanding very high. Under these situations, in order for satisfaction to all these demands, Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters(SMFDH) have made improvements of Golden Time in the field of disaster as the leader of Fire Department in Korea. SMFDH has been practicing many kinds of plans, or projects to achieve Gold Time of 55 types of disaster. However, There have been questioning about all these projects if they are working for the achievement. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize current projects for Golden Time Targeting focused on Mapo fire fighters as first responders and to cope with how to make them better for Seoul Citizens’ safety by using SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Science) Statistics 24. The result of this study presents that how we can find to be all the project for Golden Time Targeting running well. And This study will be positively applied to Seoul fire policies or helped for setting them up better.

Due to economic feasibility and recycling policy of wastes, various types of residues have been studied particularly for high valued materials, such as gas adsorbents. In this study, the preparation of an adsorbent using the waste from coffee manufacturing process was attempted, and the removal efficiencies the odor and VOCs with acetaldehyde were quantitatively evaluated. The obtained coffee adsorbent had a specific surface area ranging from 400~1024 m2/g, the adsorption amount at the largest specific surface area was about 92.6 mg/g for acetaldehyde. The adsorption time by the characteristics of the adsorbents, such as pore, pore volume and the amount of adsorbent was also measured. This was to determine whether or not coffee adsorbents have any performance as adsorbent.