In the current study, a total of 102 common Todarodes pacificus squid caught in the East Sea were investigated for parasitological research. The results revealed that 33 (32.35%) out of 102 squid were infected by Nybelinia surmenicola, the mean intensity was 5.58 parasites per squid, and the maximum abundance was 11. Morphological analysis using a field emission scanning electron microscope showed the characteristic features of N. surmenicola. Molecular identification based on the 28S rRNA gene confirmed the isolated parasite as N. surmenicola, while phylogenetic analysis revealed that N. surmenicola isolated in this study was clustered with N. surmenicola isolated from Japan. This is the first report of phylogenetic characterization of N. surmenicola isolated from Korea.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypobarichypoxic training program on competitive performance. This was done by observing their conditioning and measuring their blood constituents before and after a multi-staged intermittent training program, over 2 weeks. Three national handicapped cyclists were placed in a multi-leveled hypobaric-hypoxic (flat–4000 meter (m) high elevation) environment with consistent temperature and humidity (23 ± 2℃, 50 ± 5%) for 2 weeks. After the training, the blood constituents and average heart rate (HR) were measured and the following results were obtained. In all three athletes, there were no unique changes in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, while there was a rise in the reticulocyte count. Observations of the difference in average HR during exercise at varying altitudes showed that athlete A had an average increase in the HR for the first 5 days at 2000 m. For athlete B, the comparison of the first and last training sessions at an altitude of 2000 m showed an HR increase of approximately 17%. For athlete C, there was a steady increase in the HR until day 7 of the training. As such, hypobarichypoxic training suggested that improvement of aerobic exercise performance in these athletes and it is recommended that there be a development for future training programs at high altitude, geared towards handicapped athletes of various disciplines.

Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the potential pests of various species of pines. To investigate the effects of thinning on I. acuminatus and Stigmatium pilosellum (Coleoptera: Cleridae), known as a natural enemy of bark beetles, were examined in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest in Chuncheon, South Korea in 2014. Three study site were selected - two sites (western slope and southern slope) that thinning was conducted in early spring 2014 and a site without thinning within 5 years. I. acuminatus and S. pilosellum were collected every week or fortnightly using the 12-unit Lindgren multi-funnel traps with pheromone lure (Ipsdienol +50/-50 40mg, Ipsenol +50/-50 40mg) from May to early October. The densities of I. acuminatus, the dominant species of bark beetles, were maximum 8.4 ± 0.9 and 1.4 ± 0.4 individuals/trap/day at thinning site and non-thinning site, respectively. In case of S. pilosellum, the dominant species of Cleridae, its densities were 17.7 ± 2.4 and 2.6 ± 0.8 individuals/trap/day at thinning site and non-thinning site, respectively. I. acuminatus showed first emergence peak on June and second emergence peak on September, but S. pilosellum showed only one time emergence peak on June – the density of S. pilosellum increased along with the density of I. acuminatus (r = 0.66, p = 0.0365). Our results shows that thinning in Korean pine forest increases the densities of I. acuminatus and S. pilosellum, reflecting increase in their food resources available.

The newly developed green fashion product, Eco-friendly Faux Leather Apparel (E-FLA) helps minimize harmful environmental impact with a low carbon footprint utilizing the progression of Bio-based Polyurethane and Nanocellulose technique. This study investigates green product purchase intentions along with the best available socio-psychological determinants and product criteria of the consumer green product adoption that can assist to launch E-FLA products in both western (England and the US) and eastern (China and South Korea) marketplaces. A total of 1,202 female respondents between the ages of 20 and 50 from England (N=297), the US (N=305), China (N=300), and Korea (N=300) completed the online survey. ANOVA indicated significant difference in consumers’ socio-psychological characteristics (consumption values, ethical consumption beliefs, self-satisfaction of ethical consumption, perceived consumer effectiveness, and environmental knowledge) and product criteria (product attributes of E-FLA) across four countries. Purchase intention and willingness to pay a premium for E-FLA products were shown differently across four countries. Multiple regression analysis results demonstrated differences in consumers’ socio-psychological and product criteria determinants for the purchase intention of E-FLA products across countries. Evidence suggests that differentiated marketing strategies for E-FLA products are required when targeting global consumers. Practical implications and theoretical suggestions to understand consumer sustainable consumption attitudes are proposed.

School breakfast program in the U.S. has been started long time ago, since 1966. At present, participation in the School Breakfast Program in the U.S.A. grew to include approximately 85 percent of schools. The School Breakfast Program is a federally assisted program that provides cash assistance from government or states, according to family’s monthly income. Instead of receiving reimbursement (cash refund), in return, schools must serve breakfast that meet Dietary Guidelines for Americans. A persisting problem in the U.S. is the low participation rate of low income families. There are many reasons for this phenomenon and one of such reason is that participation is greatly affected by the type of school breakfast program offered. In this study, the school breakfast program in the U.S was reviewed and the contents of this study are followed below;1. History of US school breakfast program and current situation 2. SBP as a federally assisted meal program.3. Importance of school breakfast program 4. School breakfast menu planning 5. School breakfast service models

본 연구에서는 광주시에 거주하는 344명의 성인 남자를 대상으로 한국인 고지혈증 치료지침위원회의 기준에 따라 고콜레스테롤혈증군, 경계역 고콜레스테롤혈증군 및 정상콜레스테롤혈증군으로 구분하여 혈장 총콜레스테롤 농도에 영향을 미치는 신체적 인자 즉, 체위, 신체둘레, 피하지방 두께 및 비만도와의 관련성을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 고콜레스테롤혈증군은 정상콜레스테롤군에 비하여 체위의 경우, 체중과 BMI가 유의적으로 높았고, 신장과 HWR은 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 신체둘레의 경우 허리둘레, WHR, WTR이 유의적으로 높았고, 상완, 엉덩이, 허벅지 둘레는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 피하지방 두께의 경우 이두근부, 삼두근부, 늑골하부, 복부 및 장골상부의 피하지방 두께가 유의적으로 높았으며, CSF와 PSF도 유의적으로 높았다. 체조성의 경우 체지방율과 체지방량이 유의적으로 높았고, 체지방조직은 유의적 차이가 없었다. 혈장 총콜레스테롤 농도는 허리둘레(r=0.1947, p<0.01), WHR(r=0.1274, p<0.05) 및 WTR(r=0.1651, p<0.01)과 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었으며, 이두박근부(r=0.1348, p<0.05), 삼두박근부(r=0.1799, p<0.01), 늑골하부(r=0.1704, p<0.01), 복부(r=0.2369, p<0.001), 장골상부(r=0.1845, p<0.01), CSF(r=0.2153, p<0.01) 및 PSF(r=0.1794, p<0.001)와 유의적인 양의 상관관계가 있었고, 체지방율(r=0.2254, p<0.001), 체지방량(r=0.2045, p<0.01)과 유의적인 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 고콜레스테롤혈증에 대한 상대적 위험비와 기여도는 각각 신체적 인자의 경우, 비만(BMI≥25)이 1.61과 0.17, 상체형 비만(WTR≥1.92)이 1.30과 0.11 및 중심부위형 비만(CSF≥95.7)이 1.54과 0.18이었다. 이러한 결과는 혈장 콜레스테롤 농도에 영향을 미치는 신체적 인자는 비만이며, 허리둘레와 복부의 피하지방 두께와의 관련성이 가장 크다는 점을 시사해 준다. 또한 비만의 형태에 있어서는 말초부위형보다는 중심부위형 비만이, 하체형보다는 상체형 비만이 더 크게 영향을 미침을 보여준다. 따라서 고콜레스테롤형증의 예방을 위해서는 상기 신체적 인자의 적절한 관리가 중요할 것으로 생각된다.

병원성 Pseudomonas에 유효한 항생물질을 생성하는 방선균 LAM 98-80을 분리하여 형태학적, 배양학적, 생리학적으로 동정한 결과 Streptomyces sp. LAM 98-80으로 동정·명명하였다. 이 균을 이용하여 병원선 Pseudomonas에 유효한 항생물질의 최적 생성 조건을 검토한 결과 탄소원으로 1.5%의 soluble starch, 질소원으로는 1.0%의 yeast extract가 가장 양호하였으며 무기염으로 Mn^2+을 0.04%을 첨가로 항생물질의 생성량을 80%나 증가시켰다. 배지의 초기 pH는 7.0, 최적 온도는 30℃ 그리고 배양일수는 5일만에 최고의 생육 및 생성을 나타내었다. 시험균으로 사용한 cephalosporins 내성 병원성 Pseudomonas는 cepha계 항생물질에 대하여 내성을 띠었으며 β-lactam계인 ampicillin, amoxicillin에 대해서는 민감하였다. 그리고 조정제한 항생물질의 열과 pH에 대한 안정성을 검토한 결과 70℃에서 1시간동안 안정하였고 pH 3에서 9까지 넓은 범위에서 안정하였다. 각 종균에 대한 항생작용은 그람 양성 및 음성균에 모두 효과적이었으며 진균인 효모와 곰팡이에는 효과가 없었다.

흡연 유무의 남성을 대상으로 뇌 회백질의 손상 유무를 파악 할 수 있는 확산텐서영상을 검사하여 영상을 획득 한 후 Tract-Based Spatial Statics(TBSS)방법으로 뇌 회백질 부위의 기저핵 신경섬유로의 비등방도 FA(fractional anisotropy)값을 측정 분석한 결과 모든 영역에서 흡연자가 비흡연자보다 비등방성 측정값이 낮게 관찰되었으며 FA값은 통계적으로 유의하였다. 본 연구의 측정한 FA결과 값으로 추측하자면 즉, 흡연이 뇌 회백질 기저핵의 모든 해부학적 미세 구조성 변화에 크게 영향을 미치며 신경 섬유로를 손상시키고 이와 관련된 기능적 이상에 영향을 준다고 할 수 있다.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as an acute form and a catastrophic manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence and incidence of myocardial infarction can be influenced by demographic, biological and psychosocial factors, and it is rare in childhood and adolescent years. Contrary to the elderly, where cardiac attack is mainly caused by CAD, exercise-induced cardiac attack is relatively more prevalent in a young adult. We report here on a case of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a young adult during vigorous physical activity and we review the relevant literatures.

버섯유래 생리활성물질을 탐색하고자, 젖버섯아재비 자실체로부터 각종 컬럼크로마토그래피 및 HPLC 등 기법에 의하여 4종의 azulene계 화합물을 순수히 분리정제 하였다. 분리된 화합물은 각종 물리화학적 특성 및 분광학적 분석자료에 의하여 1-formyl-4-methyl-7-isopropyl azulene (1), lactaroviolin (2), 4-methyl-7-isopropyl-azulene-1-carboxylic acid (3) 및 1-formyl-4-methyl-7-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl) azulene (4)로 동정되었다. 이들 화합물의 인터페론 감마 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 화합물 1과 4는 자연살해세포주(NK92 cell)에서 인터페론 감마 생성을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였으며, 400 μM농도에서 각각 101.3 %와 92.7 %, 100 μM농도에서 각각 11.9 %와 24.1 %의 높은 저해활성을 보였으며, 화합물 2와 3은 400 μM농도에서 45.9 %와 18.0 %의 다소 낮은 저해활성을 나타내었다.