This study explored a method to enhance the drying process usability of local mangoes by producing foam-mat dried powder under varying drying temperatures (50, 60, 70°C) and foam thicknesses (3, 6, 9 mm). The drying process period ranged from 60 to 390 minutes based on the set conditions, with higher temperatures and thinner foams accelerating drying. Powder chromaticity (L*, a*, and b*) demonstrated a declining trend with increasing drying temperature and foam thickness, exhibiting notable variance in chroma values. The water absorption index varied significantly, between 3.08 to 4.24, under different drying conditions, although the water solubility index remained consistent across foam-dried samples. Powder moisture content ranged from 2.53% to 3.83%, with hygroscopicity escalating with temperature and foam thickness. Vitamin C structure was compromised during the hot air drying process, especially at temperatures above 60°C. Electronic nose analysis distinguished foam-dried powder from freeze-dried powder; however, a thicker foam yielded a scent profile closer to that of freeze-dried powder. The findings provide fundamental data on mango foam drying, which is expected to improve processing and storage tech for local mangoes.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the rice protein extracted using a response surface methodology. The experiment was designed based on a CCD (Central Composite Design), and the independent variables were the high pressure (X1, 0-400 MPa) and processing time (X2, 0-10 minutes). The results of the extraction content (Y1), residue content (Y2), and recovery yield (Y3) were fitted to a response surface methodology model (R2= 0.92, 0.92, and 0.93, respectively). Increasing the pressure and processing time has a positive effect on the extraction content (Y1), residue content (Y2), and recovery yield (Y3). Therefore, these high-pressure conditions (independent variables) can significantly affect the improvement in rice protein extraction efficiency. Thus, the optimal conditions of X1 and X2 were 400 MPa and 10 min., respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted values of Y1, Y2, and Y3 were 62.93, 57.53 mg/g, and 91.76%, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the mandarin dry chip manufacturing using a response surface methodology. The experiment was designed based on a CCD (Central Composite Design), and the independent variables were the drying temperature (X1, 50-90oC), drying time (X2, 12-36 hours), and microwave pretreat time (X3, 0-4 minutes). The results of appearance (Y5), color (Y6), taste (Y8) and overall acceptance (Y10) were fitted to the response surface methodology model (R2=0.86, 0.88, 0.89, and 0.84, respectively). Increasing the drying temperature and microwave treatment time were negatively evaluated for consumer acceptance. On the other hand, a high value of consumer acceptance was evaluated when the drying time was more than 24 hr. Therefore, the optimal conditions of X1, X2, and X3 were 52.989oC, 24 hr, and 1 min, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted values of Y5, Y6, Y8, and Y10 were 5.066, 5.338, 5.063, and 5.339, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to develop a peach spread premix to increase the usability of peaches with low storage stability. We analyzed the effect of adding different ratio of peach powder (0, 5, 10, 15%) on the physicochemical and sensory quality characteristics of peach spread premix. The result showed that the pH of the spread premix significantly decreased with the addition of greater amounts of peach powder (p<0.05). The total titratable acidity (TTA) and sweetness of the peach spread premix were significantly increased as the amount of added peach powder increased (p<0.05). The redness (a-value) and yellowness (b-value) increased with an increase of the peach powder ratio; however, the lightness (Lvalue) decreased (p<0.05). The water activity and viscosity of the spread decreased with an increased amount of added peach powder. The results of the sensory test with spread premix prepared with 10% peach powder had the highest score for color, taste, texture, stickiness, and overall acceptability (p<0.05). We suggested that the peach spread premix made with 10% peach powder may be the most desirable for manufacturing spread premix and for improving sensory preference.

In this study, the effects of different varieties and particle sizes of dry milled rice flour on Jeolpyeon quality were investigated. Classify particle size of dry milled rice flour according to rice variety into 50, 100, and 150 μm. A particle size of 50 μm in the varieties Boramchan and Hanareum resulted in the highest damaged starch contents (p<0.05). Additionally, the Boramchan and Hanareum varieties had the highest water absorption index (WAI) values (p<0.05). Analysis of the gelatinization characteristics of dry milled rice flour according to varieties revealed the peak viscosity of Dasan and Hanareum was high (p<0.05), regardless of particle size, while the breakdown was highest for Hanareum at all particle sizes (p<0.05). The moisture content of Jeolpyeon made with Boramchan varied between 48.83 and 53.64% among particle sizes, with no significant differences relative to the control. The hardness of the control was 3.15 kg, while the hardness of Jeolpyeon made with Boramchan decreased significantly 2.60-2.63 kg (p<0.05).

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of peach jelly following the addition of various gelling agents (locust bean gum, carrageenan, xanthan gum). The various gelling agents were added to peach jelly at five levels (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%), after which their effects on physicochemical properties, textural properties and sensory qualities were investigated. The total titratable acidity (TTA) of peach jelly was decreased with increases in gelling agent. Additionally, the sweetness and pH of peach jelly increased significantly as the amount of various gelling agents increased. Moreover, the lightness (L-value), redness (a-value) and yellowness (b-value) of peach jelly was decreased as the amount of gelling agent. Furthermore, the hardness, gumminess and chewiness of the peach jelly increased as the amount of gelling agent increased. Finally, the overall acceptance was higher for jelly containing 2.0% added gelling agent than for other samples. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that mixed gelling agents be added to peach jelly at 2.0%.

In this study, we investigated the effects of different pre-treatment conditions such as blanching and drying process to improve its quality. Bracken samples were treated by drying (70°C for 40 min), blanching (100°C for 2 min) or mixed (blanched and dried [BD]), respectively. These treated samples were analyzed for their physicochemical properties such as pH, color and microbial growth. The pH of bracken increased from 6.6 to above 6.9 through all treatment. From color observation, the L* and b* values increased after drying process, whereas, the a* values decreased. Water contents of bracken decreased by about 80% from 93% through drying process. After samples treated by pre-treatments, hardness increased, especially after drying process. For the microbial study, raw bracken had 5.6 log CFU/g of aerobic bacteria and 2.8 log CFU/g of total coliform. Blanched and BD samples had about 2 log CFU/g of aerobic bacteria and 1.8 log CFU/g of total coliform, acceptable for food. From our results, it is concluded that the properties of blanched samples had similar to raw samples to guarantee for microbial safety. From the obtained results, the blanching process without drying process is necessary to apply freezing process as pretreatments.

The aim of this study is to assess the replacement effect of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) used in red-pepper paste seasoning with vinegar. Red-pepper paste seasoning with aronia and vinegar was prepared by mixing red pepper paste, aronia juice or vinegar, sugar and honey, and then aronia juice (J) was added to 0% (C), 50% (A1) and 100% (A2) by replacing the vinegar. As a result, the brightness of the prepared gochujang was decreased with increasing the level of the aronia juice. Total sugar and salinity of C, A1, and A2 showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in compared with that of aronia juice, 24.42 mg/mL and 1.11%, respectively. Also, pH level showed significantly increase with increasing the content of the juice (p<0.05). However, total acidity was decreased with increasing the level of the juice (p<0.05) and A2 (6.55%) especially was lower than the juice, 8.06%. Meanwhile, the total polyphenols were increased with increasing the content of the juice at gochujang samples (p<0.05) and the polyphenols content of the aronia juice was the highest at all samples (p<0.05). The total anthocyanins were also increased with increasing the level of the juice (p<0.05). Antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate was the highest at the aronia juice (p<0.05). Consequently, the result of antioxidant activity of red-pepper paste seasoning with aronia suggested that aronia can be used as a substitute of vinegar in red-pepper paste seasoning with vinegar.

Isomaltooligosaccharides were prepared from puffed rice flour by a One-step processing method under different conditions, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. Sample was prepared by allowing puffed rice flour to pass through a 50 mesh standard sieve and segregated into experimental groups (PR15-60, PR20-60, PR15-65, and PR20-65) according to the substrate concentrations (15%, 20% w/v) and reaction temperatures (60 , 65 ). Enzyme reaction of puffed rice flour and water mixture was performed for 0, 1, 6, 24, and 48 h using commercial enzymes (Maltogenic amylase, Promozyme D2 and Transglucosidase; amount: 0.5% (w/v) to obtain the corresponding isomaltooligosaccharides. The reducing sugar content, dextrose equivalent, and total soluble solids of the reactants increased with increasing reaction time. The carbohydrate composition and amount of isomaltooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization (DP) 2 to DP 7 in the rice flour were examined by HPLC with an evaporative light scattering detector. Because of the high carbohydrate composition, the PR20-65 group showed the highest isomaltooligosaccharide content after 6 h of reation (138.47 mg/mL). After 24 h of reaction, the amount of isomaltooligosaccharides (DP2-DP7) and the isomaltooligosaccharides/total carbohydrate ratio in this group were 135.00 mg/mL and 68.04%, respectively.

약호박을 페이스트로 소재로 활용하기 위한 가열조건을 확인하기 위하여 증숙 후 고압가열 처리 시간을 달리한 약호박 페이스트를 제조하여 색도, 가용성 고형분, 유리당, 유기산 및 관능적 특성을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 색도는 증숙처리 후 L, b 값이 유의적으로 증가하였으나, a 값은 증숙과 고압가열 시간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였으며 페이스트의 고압가열 시간이 증가함에 따라 L, a 및 b value 모두 유의적으로 감소하였다. 가용성 고형분은 증숙 처리 페이스트가 4.13 °Brix으로 생약호박 대비 유의적으로 증가하였으나, 고압가열 처리 시간이 증가함에 따라 3.97-3.80 °Brix으로 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 유리당은 증숙 처리 후 sucrose가 추가적으로 검출되었으며, HHP0 실험군의 fructose, glucose 및 sucrose 함량이 가열조건별 약호박 페이스트 중 유의적으로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었고(p<0.05), 고압가열시간이 증가함에 따라 fructose의 값은 유의적으로 감소하였고, glucose는 HHP40 실험군이 유의적으로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, sucrose는 HHP60 실험군이 유의적으로 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 총 유리당 함량은 HHP0 실험군이 1,413.36 mg/100 g으로 유의적으로 가장 높았으며, 고압가열처리가 40분 이상 지속 시, 총 유리당 함량이 1,068.89 mg/100 g으로 감소하였다. 비휘발성 유기산은, 증숙 및 고압가열 처리 시 succinic acid가검출되지 않았고, malic acid는 생약호박에 비해 유의적으로 증가하여 405.0-428.9 mg/100 g의 범위를 보인 반면 fumaric aicd는 큰 폭으로 감소했다. 총 유기산 함량은 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 증숙 처리에 의해 그 함량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 고압가열 처리에 따른 약호박 페이스트의 관능적 특성차이 검사 결과 40분간 고압가열 처리한 HHP40 실험군의 향, 단맛, 감칠맛 특성이 가장 높게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 없었고, 관능적 기호도 검사 결과 40분간 고압가열 처리한 HHP40 실험군의 향, 단맛, 감칠맛, 전반적기호도 점수가 가장 높았으나 모두 유의적인 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 위 모든 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 20분간 증숙 처리한 약호박 페이스트의 가용성 고형분, 총 유리당 함량, 총 유기산 함량이 가장 높았고, 고압가열 처리와 그 지속시간에 따른 관능적 특성이 크게 개선되지 않은 것으로 보아 약호박을 이용한 소재를 제조하기 위한 장시간의 고압가열 처리는 불필요할 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 약호박은 단호박과 달리 가용성 고형분이 낮고, 단맛 특성, 단맛 기호도 및 전반적 기호도 점수가 낮은 소재인 것으로 나타나, 기호도를 향상시키기 위해 감미료 등 부재료를 첨가하여 페이스트로 제조 및 이의 품질특성에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

본 연구에서는 부재료를 첨가하지 않는 건 블루베리를 제조기술을 확립하고자 건조 온도를 달리하여 건 블루베리의 품질변화와 항산화 특성을 조사하였다. 즉, 건 블루베리 제조는 건조 온도에 따라 A(40℃, 72시간), B(40℃, 48시간 및 50℃, 24시간), C(50℃, 72시간), D(60℃, 72시간)로 하였다. 건 블루베리의 수율을 측정한 결과 17.73~31.17%의 범위이었으며 건조 온도가 낮을수록 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). pH는 A가 가장 높았으며 가용성 고형분 함량은 건조 온도가 높을수록 유의적으로 높아지는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 수분함량 및 수분활성도는 건조 온도가 높을수록 낮아지는 경향으로 나타났다. 색도를 측정한 결과 L값은 건조 온도가 낮은 A가 높게 나타난 반면 a값 및 b값의 경우는 건조 온도가 높은 D가 높게 나타났다. 건조된 건 블루베리의 색도는 건조 온도가 높을수록 건조는 빨리 되었지만 육안으로 보았을 때 과피의 색이 주황색으로 변하여 상품으로 적절하지 않았다. 조직감 변화는 경도(hardness), 점성(gumminess) 및 씹힘성(chewiness)은 건조 온도가 높을수록 높은 값을 나타내었으며 탄력성(springiness)과 응집성(cohesiveness)은 비슷한 경향으로 건조 온도가 높을수록 약간 증가하는 경향이었지만 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p<0.05). 관능적 특성에서 전반적인 기호도는 B > A > C > D순으로 평가되었다. 항산화 특성으로 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH radical 소거능을 측정한 결과 건조 온도가 낮을수록 항산화 활성이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 건 블루베리 제조에 적당한 처리군은 B로 열풍건조 온도를 40℃로 하여 48시간 건조 후 온도를 50℃로 높여 24시간 동안 건조하는 것이 품질이 우수한 상품과 형성율을 높이는데 좋을 것으로 생각된다.