Yellow-fleshed "Sweet Gold" kiwifruit on Jeju Island were studied to examine how irrigation and soil moisture control affected changes in photosynthetic traits and fruit quality during fruit maturation (120 to 170 days after full bloom). Concerning photosynthetic characteristics, the photosynthetic rate decreased by 10-19%, stomatal conductance by 24-47%, and transpiration rate by 8-25%, when compared to conventional irrigation, as irrigation was reduced and soil moisture content decreased. Fruit weight showed a tendency to increase until harvest, and while a lower soil moisture content led to a less pronounced increase in fruit weight, this difference was not statistically significant. The dry matter rate exhibited a similar trend to the change in fruit weight. Sugar content demonstrated a continuous increase after 130 days, with lower irrigation amounts resulting in higher levels of sugar content due to decreased soil moisture. The Hue value (h°) exhibited a continuous decrease after 140 days from full bloom, correlating with declining soil moisture content. After 130 days from full bloom, soluble sugar content increased rapidly while starch content gradually decreased after 150 days from full bloom. However, with conventional irrigation, the increase in soluble sugar content tended to be less noticeable. This study confirmed that in yellow-fleshed ‘Sweet Gold’ kiwifruit, managing irrigation and soil moisture reduction during the ripening period can lead to decreased fruit weight but increased dry matter, sugar content, and expression of flesh color, ultimately enhancing fruit quality and expediting ripening.

Synovial cysts of the temporomandibular joint are rare. They commonly occur in the wrist, knee and feet. The main symptoms of synovial cysts occurring in the temporomandibular joint include preauricular pain and swelling, and surgical removal is the gold-standard treatment. A 54-year-old woman who presented with swelling of the right temporomandibular joint visited Kyungpook National University Dental Hospital. She had undergone enhanced computed tomography from another hospital, which showed a 1.1 × 0.8 × 1 cm well-defined rounded cystic lesion on the lateral area of the right temporomandibular joint. A synovial or ganglion cyst was suspected. The cystic lesion was surgically removed under general anesthesia and was histopathologically diagnosed as a synovial cyst. Histopathological findings show a lumen surrounded by loose fibrous tissue, and the lining is in a folded form and is composed of synovial cells.

판형 열교환기는 1920년대부터 본격적으로 상업화되었으며, 이후 판형 열교환기의 기본 컨셉은 지금까지도 거의 변화가 없었지만 고온, 고압 그리고 대용량 열교환에 적용되기 위해 설계 및 제작 방법들이 혁신적으로 발전하여 지금에 이르게 되었다. 판형 열교환기의 개발 트렌드는 전열 효율이 좋으면서 압 력강하가 낮고 또한 유체 분배가 잘되는 전열판의 개발과 일치한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 트렌드를 만족 시키는 선박용 중속엔진 오일 냉각용 판형 쿨러 개발과 관련된 주요 과정들을 소개하고, 또한 개발된 판형 오일쿨러의 전열성능을 실험적으로 분석하여 이에 대한 결과를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구에서 판형 쿨러는 구조적 특징으로 인해 직접 판벽 온도를 측정할 수 없어 수정된 Wilson Plot 방법을 응용하여 열전달계수를 구하였다. 오일-물 실험 전에 물-물 실험을 통해 우선 물측의 열전달계수와 압력강하량을 구하였고, 그 결과를 바탕으로 오일측의 열전달계수를 구하였다. 양측 모두 유량 증가에 따라 열전달 성능은 증가하였지 만, 압력강하량도 동시에 증가하였다. 그리고 실험을 통해 본 연구에서 개발된 판형 오일쿨러가 개발목표치를 성공적으로 달성하였음을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to experimentally figure out thermal performances of a newly developed wavy patterned heat plates(first heat plates) which are known to have better thermal performances than the conventional heat plates. Three types of products were made with high and low chevron angled plates. The test results show that overall heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops increased with flow rates and chevron angles just like other studies. Another purpose of this study is to find a way to reduce pressure drops while maintaining or even improving the heat transfer characteristics of the first heat plates. Research on optimization of the distribution area on the heat plate to achieve the even fluid distribution was conducted, and then the second heat plates were developed to reflect the research results. Another new three types of products with the second heat plates were manufactured and tested, too. The test results of the second heat plates were compared with those of the first heat plates to find out how the distribution area contributed to the thermal performances of the heat plates. The comparison showed that distribution area optimization could affect thermal performances of the high chevron angled plate positively, but the low chevron angled plate had little effect from the optimization. This is considered to be because the low chevron angled plate itself has a characteristic that the pressure drop is small.

A gasketed plate heat exchanger(GPHE) requires a much smaller installation space than a shell & tube heat exchanger because of its compact and good thermal performances. However, GPHEs have a disadvantage of being relatively vulnerable to high temperature and pressure due to rubber gaskets. To overcome a GPHEs’ disadvantage, Welded Block type Plate Heat Exchangers(WBPHE) have been developed. The flow pattern and heat transfer principle of WBPHE are very similar to GPHEs, so they are very compact and can be applied to high temperature and pressure. In this study, the structure and characteristics of WBPHE are briefly introduced, and its thermal performances were conducted experimentally using hot and cold water in the Reynolds number’s range from 5,500 to 10,000. Test results were compared with the experimental correlations of other researchers, which shows that significant deviations were noticed in the heat transfer coefficient predictions with a deviation range from 31% to 85%. The previous friction factor correlations also predicted the current results with big errors from 25% to 45%. These deviations are expected to be due to different chevron angles between previous studies and the current study, and also the end-plate effect is expected to be one of the potential causes that led to these deviations.

본 연구는 244,443 도체로부터 얻은 도체특성(성별, 등지방두께 및 도체중), 사육환경(자돈의 성별 분리사육, 돈사의 온도관리 유무, 돈사의 형태, 환기방식, 급수원의 종류, 음수 개선시설의 유무, 돈사의 연간 소독횟수, 돈사의 바닥형태 및 평당 사육두수), 출하방법(선별출하, 출하일령, 등지방두께의 편차 및 도체중의 편차) 및 번식특성과 자돈관리(모돈의 산차, 이유일령, 정액의 분양처 및 자돈의 품종)등의 자료를 바탕으로 돼지의 도체가격에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 실시하였다. 도체특성 변수에서 암퇘지 및 거세돈이 숫퇘지보다 높은 가격을 형성하였으며(p<0.05), 등지방두께 15-29mm 및 도체중 91-95kg가 높은 도체가격을 보였다(p<0.05). 도체가격에 대한 등지방 두께 및 도체중은 도체가격 형성에 각각 90.75%와 90.23%를 차지하였다. 하지만, 사육환경, 출하방법, 번식관리는 각각의 방법별로 가격에 유의적인 차이를 보였으나, 도체가격형성에는 낮은 영향을 미쳤다. 이상의 결과 여러 가지 변수 중 등지방 두께 및 도체중이 도체가격에 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다.

DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) gene contains three different isoform transcripts, Dnmt1s, Dnmt1o, and Dnmt1p, are produced by alternative usage of multiple first exons. Dnmt1o is specific to oocytes and preimplantation embryos, whereas Dnmt1s is expressed in somatic cells. Here we determined that porcine Dnmt1o gene had differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in 5’-flanking region, while those were not found in the Dnmt1s promoter region. The methylation patterns of the porcine Dnmt1o/Dnmt1s DMRs were investigated using bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing analysis through all preimplantation stages from one cell to blastocyst stage in in vivo or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The Dnmt1o DMRs contained 8 CpG sites, which located in —640 bp to —30 bp upstream region from transcription start site of the Dnmt1o gene. The methylation status of 5 CpGs within the Dnmt1o DMRs were distinctively different at each stage from one-cell to blastocyst stage in the in vivo or SCNT, respectively. 55.62% methylation degree of the Dnmt1o DMRs in the in vivo was increased up to 84.38% in the SCNT embryo, moreover, de novo methylation and demethylation occurred during development of porcine embryos from the one-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. However, the DNA methylation states at CpG sites in the Dnmt1s promoter regions were hypomethylated, and dramatically not changed through one-cell to blastocyst stage in the in vivo or SCNT embryos. In the present study, we demonstrated that the DMRs in the promoter region of the porcine Dnmt1o was well conserved, contributing to establishment and maintenance of genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation in early embryonic development.

In the present study, we identified differentially methylated region (DMR) upstream of Dnmt1o and Dnmt1s gene in early porcine embryos. Porcine Dnmt1o had at least one DMR which was located between —530 bp to —30 bp upstream from transcription start site of the Dnmt1o gene. DNA methylation analyses of Dnmt1o revealed the DMR to be hypomethylated in oocytes, whereas it was highly methylated in sperm. Moreover, the DMR upstream of Dnmt1o was gradually hypermethylated from oocytes to two cells and dramatically changed in the methylation pattern from four cells to BL stages in an in vivo. In an IVF, the methylation status in the DMR upstream of Dnmt1o was hypermethylated from one cell to eight cells, but demethylated at the Morula and BL stages, indicating that the DNA methylation pattern in the Dnmt1o upstream ultimately changed from stage to stage before the implantation. Next, to elucidate whether DNA methylation status of Dnmt1s upstream is stage-by-stage changed in during porcine early development, we analyzed the dynamics of the DNA methylation status of the Dnmt1s locus in germ cell, or one cell to BL cells. The Dnmt1s upstream was highly methylated in one and eight cells, while less methylated in two, four, morula, and BL cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated that DNA methylation and demethylation events in upstream of Dnmt1o/Dnmt1s during early porcine embryos dramatically occurred, and this change may contribute to the maintenance of genomewide DNA methylation in early embryonic development.

전산화단층촬영에서 선형 및 비선형변환방법을 이용하여 탐색밀도에 따른 압축률과 최대신호대 잡음 비를 구하여 의료영상 압축의 화질에 대하여 알고자 한다. 선형변환방법은 원 영상을 여러 개의 레인지블록으로 나눈 후 각각의 레인지블록에 대하여 영상내의 존재하는 최적의 도메인블록을 찾는 부분변환시스템을 사용하여 닮은 블록을 찾아서 압축율과 화질의 성능을 조정가능 하므로 비선형변환방법은 8개의 셔플변환 중에서 회전변환만을 이용하는데, 한정된 도메인블록에서만 탐색이 이루어지므로 영상내의 임의의 블록에 대하여 도메인블록을 탐색하는 선형변환방법보다는 부호화 시간이 빠르나 실제 영상에서 레인지블록에 대한 최적의 도메인블록을 선택할 수 없기 때문에 성능은 다른 방법에서 보다 떨어질 수 있어서 비선형변환방법은 최적의 도메인블록을 선택하는 대신 밝기 계수 변환의 근사화 정도를 높여서 성능을 개선하고, 블록의 크기가 작을수록 최대신호대 잡음비 (PSNR;peak signal to noise ratio)값은 높아지며 블록의 크기가 클수록 압축비가 높아지므로 최적으로 영상을 부호화하기 위해 퀴드트리 블록분할을 하였다.

의료영상의 프랙탈 부호화 방법은 영상을 반복 변환시스템인 IFS(iterated function system)를 구성해야하고, 이를 위해 영상영역을 레인지 영역으로 분할하고 각 레인지블록에 대해 탐색하게 될 도메인 블록에서 가장 닮은 최적의 블록을 찾는다. 이때, 결정되는 변환계수 값과 좌표의 정보를 프랙탈 계수로 전송한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 프랙탈 계수들을 확률분포를 추출할 수 있는 양자화기를 통해 양자화 하여 비트를 할당하였다. IFS를 구성하는 부호화과정에서 가변크기 블록방법을 사용하여 부호화시간을 단축하고 압축 률을 향상시키는 방법을 제시하였다. 추후 프랙탈 부호화과정에서 화질을 최상으로 유지하면서 부호화시간을 단축시키고 압축률을 높이는 연구가 더 진행되어야 할 것 으로 본다.

기존의 프랙탈 압축 방법은 전체 영상을 도메인 영역으로 하여 몇 개의 레인지블록으로 재분할하여 하 나의 도메인 블록에 자신의 부분영역들을 근사화 시키므로 인공적인 형상을 만들어 내는 데는 효과적이나 컴퓨터 구현이 어렵다, 본 연구에서는 전산화단층촬영의 선형변환을 통하여 탐색밀도에 따른 부호화시간, 부호화 바이트, 압축률 및 PSNR를 구하고, 에러 판정 허용오차 임계치를 크게 하면 압축률은 더 높일 수 있으나 화질에 영향을 준다. 즉 화질보다 압축률에 비중이 큰 영상은 에러 판정 허용 오차 임계치를 크게 하여 에러 블록을 줄여 부호화하면 된다. 닮은 블록의 조합을 찾기 위한 탐색 작업시 계산량이 많으므로 부호화시간이 많이 걸리는 점이 생겨서 추후 블록을 근사시키기 위해 아핀변환과 같은 크기가 크고 복잡 한 블록을 근사화 시키기는 어려워서 이에 대한 연구가 더 진행되어야 할 것으로 본다.

본 논문에서는 프랙탈 부호화시 변환식의 계수를 찾는 과정에서 블럭의 탐색 영역을 줄이기 위해 탐색 영역인 도메인블록의 특성을 화소의 밝기의 평균에 의한 클래스와 분산에 의한 클래스로 분류하여 리스트를 구성한 후 레인지블록과 같은 클래스를 가지는 도메인블록만 검색하도록 하면서 도메인블럭 탐색시 1 차 허용 오차 한계값을 제어하여 부호화 시간을 향상시켰다. 또한 쿼드트리분할법으로 레인지블록의 크기를 가변시켜 변환( w i )의 수를 줄임으로서 압축효율을 높이고 레인지블록의 크기에 따라 탐색 영역의 탐색 밀도를 변화시켜 화질 개선을 시도하였으며 이러한 영상 기법을 24-bpp 컬러 영상 압축에 적용하였다. 먼저 RGB표색계를 휘도신호와 채도신호를 가지는 YIQ표색계로 변환한 후 영상 정보의 일부분만 차지하고 있는 색의 정보를 나타내는 I,Q신호는 공간평균을 취하여 1/4로 축소하여 부호화하고 복원시에 선형 보간법을 이용하여 다시 원 영상으로 확대하였다. 그 결과 영상의 화질에는 거의 손실이 생기지 않았고 서로 독립성이 강한

Germination characteristics and alterations in soluble sugar-starch transition and phytic acid during germination were studied in rice seeds under saline conditions. NaCl significantly reduced the speed of germination. Also, the radicle growth out of seeds was severely inhibited by the exposure to NaCl solution, thus, seeds were almost impossible to grow to seedlings. Soluble sugar was remarkably accumulated, whereas starch was decomposed stepwise during seed germination. The metabolism of soluble sugar and starch in germinating seeds showed a distinct difference. The level of phytic acid in seeds decreased in all NaCl treatments during germination, but the level was affected differently by NaCl concentration in the two varieties. Overall, our results suggest that salt stress retard the radicle growth of rice seeds, and affect the starch-to-sugar conversion and the decomposition of phytic acid differently in two varieties.