Pasture formation and management are crucial to avoid yield reduction. This experiment aimed to examine the effects of tall fescue-centered mixed-seeding combinations on yield and vegetation changes in perennial pastures in the central region for two years, from September 2020 to October 2022. The treatments were arranged in three replications in a randomized block design: control (C), tall fescue-based mixture-1 (T-1), and tall fescue-based mixture-2 (T-2). The tall fescue (TF), orchard grass (OG), perennial ryegrass (PRG), Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), and white clover (WC) were used. The emergency rate of grasses (70.0 to 73.3%) did not differ among mixed seeding combinations. Overwintering rates (81.7 to 83.3%) were similar among treatments. The plant height of grasses was similar at each harvest date, with the highest height (86.2 cm) recorded in the second harvest of the first year, followed by that (58.4 cm) in the third harvest of the first year; it was least (38.9 cm) in the fourth harvest of the second year. There was no significant difference in the dry matter yield of grasses among the mixed seeding combination treatments in the first, third, or fourth harvests of the first year (p>0.05). For second-year grasses, dry matter yield was not significantly different in harvest date among the treatments (p>0.05). Based on mixed seeding ratio, orchard grass showed the highest yield at 70% in the C treatment, followed by tall fescue at 80% and 60% in the T-1 and T-2 treatments, respectively, in the first harvest after seeding. There was no significant difference in feed value between treatments (p>0.05), but a significant difference was observed between the third and fourth harvest (p<0.05). Therefore, it indicated that it is important to create perennial pastures in the central region through mixed seeding combinations centered on tall fescue.

Alfalfa is one of the most useful forage crops worldwide, containing a high level of amino acids that are essential to both human and animal health. However, amino acids and their concentrations may differ between plant parts. Hence, detecting amino acids in different plant parts would be useful in the development of diet supplements. The purpose of this study was to determine the amino acid content in alfalfa leaves, stems, and inflorescences using an amino acid analyzer. Asparagine and glutamic acid were the most abundant amino acids found in stems, leaves, and inflorescences than other amino acids. All parts of alfalfa had low concentrations of cysteine and methionine. All amino acids except asparagine were present in the highest concentration in leaves followed by inflorescences. Leaf had a rich amino acid content, namely asparagine, glutamic acid, leucine, proline, and lysine. However, the stem had a lower amino acid composition than the leaf or inflorescence. Overall, the data showed determining the amino acid content of forages provides a good approach to making animal feed with essential and specific amino acids and preventing excessive inclusion of amino acids.

In the current study, lactic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus were used as a mixed additive for the production of Orchardgrass silage by ensiled method and nutritional change fermentation ability and microbial content of experimental silages. The addition of LAB to Orchardgrass during ensiling process rapidly reduced the pH of the silages than the non-inoculated silages. In addition, the lactic and acetic acid content of silage was increased by LAB strains than the non-inoculated silages whereas butyric acid content was reduced in silage treated with LAB. A microbiological study revealed that higher LAB but lower yeast counts were observed in inoculated silages compared to non-inoculated silage. Overall data suggested that the addition of LAB stains could have ability to induce the fermentation process and improve the silage quality via increasing lactic acid and decreasing undesirable microbes.

Ensiling is the most preferred technology to preserve the silage quality with high nutrients by the presence of lactic acid bacteria. In this study, lactic acid bacteria RJ1 and S22 were used to make the silages from different leguminous plants such as alfalfa, hairy vetch and red clover. Experimental groups were divided into control and LAB inoculated groups. LAB inoculated group; all legumes treated with a mixture of RJ1 and S22 and made an anaerobic condition for 45d. Without the addition of LAB considered the control group. The results showed that the lactic acid content was higher in all silages in response to LAB treatment and acetic acid content was slightly increased except red clover by LAB compared to control silages. A poor silage quality marker butyric acid was reduced all legume silages in response to LAB inoculation than control silages. The organic acid is closely associated with microbial population experimental silages. We noted that higher LAB and lower yeast were found in the silage in response to LAB treatment. The contents of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) were not altered significantly between control and LAB treated silages. Overall data suggested that the inclusion of additional LAB potentially enhance the silage quality and preserved the nutrients for long period.

The aging treatment was applied to Rehmannia glutinosa rhizome (RGR) to improve the digestibility by the enzymatic hydrolysis of undigestible sugars. However, RGR spoils easily during the aging treatment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ethanol addition as preservatives on sugars and microbial growth of aged RGR. The RGR was treated with the addition of ethanol (0~10%) at 55℃ for eight days. Reducing, free sugars, and total bacterial counts of RGR with ethanol concentrations were analyzed during the aging periods. The aged RGR with 0-2% ethanol appeared spoiled in appearance, and total bacterial counts of these samples increased from 1.1×105 to 2.2×107 CFU and then decreased again. When treated with 4~10% ethanol, the total bacterial counts of aged RGR decreased by more than 99.9% at eight days. In all samples, reducing and digestible sugars increased, and stachyose decreased by the aging treatment. Sucrose content was highest in the 6% ethanol sample (18.2% at six days). These results indicate that the ethanol addition can be applied to the aging treatment of the RGR for improving qualities (sweetness, digestibility, and microbial growth), and can be considered for the stable production of high quality aged RGR.

Background: Atractylodes radix is a well-known medicinal crop having many physiological effects. This study was conducted to select useful Atractylodes japonica × Atractylodes macrocephala (AJM) cultivars by comparing anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory efficacies. Methods and Results: Seven extracts from AJM cultivars were used to treat lipopolysacchride (LPS)-treated BV2 cells, and the effects on cell viability and inhibition on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were analyzed. In vitro scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and peroxynitrite (NOO−) radicals were also investigated. Contents of total phenol, atractylenolide I, and atractylenolide III in the AJM extracts were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or spectrophotometry. The experiments show that none of the seven extracts was cytotoxic above 89.2% at 20 - 250㎍/㎖. Extracts of Gowon, Dawon, Sangchul, and Huchul inhibited ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner, and Sangchul extract showed the highest inhibition on ROS production. All the AJM extracts showed effective inhibitory activity after on NO release in the LPS-treated BV2 cells, and Sangchul extract showed the highest activity. Sangchul extract had the most potent scavenging activities for NOO− and had some DPPH radical scavenging effect. Sangchul extract also had the highest content at total phenol and atractylenolide I content. Atractylenolide III was not detected in the AJM extracts. Conclusions: The results suggested that Sangchul was the most useful anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory resource among the AJM cultivars.

Background : Medicinal wild vegetables refer to wild medicinal plants whose aerial parts are edible. Recent researches for developing a functional food product from medicinal wild vegetables have been actively reported. The objective of this study is to test anti-diabetic activity of 2 medicinal wild vegetables, Allium victorialis and Aster koraiensis. Methods and Results : The medicinal wild vegetables were extracted using water and ethanol. Several medicinal wild vegetables were screened for anti-diabetic activity using α-glucosidase inhibitor screening test (colorimetric). It utilizes the ability of an active α-glucosidase to cleave a synthetic substrate and releasing a chromophore (OD 410 ㎚). In the presence of an α-glucosidase specific inhibitor, the enzymatic activity is greatly reduced which is detected by a decrease of absorbance readings. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of acarbose was compared with wild vegetables extracts at 1 ㎎/㎖. And A. victorialis and A. koraiensis extracts were selected. α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of A. victorialis and A. koraiensis extracts were confirmed in various concentration. Conclusion : These results suggest that A. victorialis and A. koraiensis could be good candidates for anti-diabetic material.

Background : It is known that Platycodon grandiflorum has anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory macrophages. But the change of bioactivity of platycodon grandiflorum according to steaming is not well known. In this study, We investigated the effects of steaming on anti-inflammatory activity of 70% ethanol extracts of platycodon grandiflorum. Methods and Result : The cytotoxicity of RAW264.7 cells treated with platycodon grandiflorum extracts was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the concentration of NO in culture supernatants were determined using nitric oxide (NO) assay. And western blotting was performed to quantify the expression of iNOS, a protein related to NO production. As a results, it was confirmed that no cytotoxicity was observed at 25, 50 and 100 ㎍/㎖ platycodon grandiflorum extracts in RAW264.7 cells. The production of NO and the expression of iNOS were induced by LPS and suppressed by all platycodon grandiflorum extracts in proportion to the number of steaming in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that a steaming process can increase anti-inflammatory activity of platycodon grandiflorum extracts.

Background : The health-promoting effects of green tea are mainly attributed to its polyphenol content, particularly flavanols and flavonols, which account for 30% of a fresh leaf’s dry weight, but the ingredients of the polyphenol content vary depending on the species. This study was conducted to select some candidates with superior anti-oxidative and anti-allergy effects from among seven cultivars of green tea. Methods and Results : Green tea extracts were prepared by extraction with ethanol and by evaporation of the solvent at low pressure. To evaluate their anti-allergy effect and cell viability, the samples were tested for ß-hexosaminidase inhibitory activity and MTT assay of the RBL-2H3 cells, respectively. The anti-oxidation effects of the samples were analyzed with a DPPH radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the experiment, four extracts including Camelia sinensis var. Kemsull, C. sinensis var. Beachwisull, C. sinensis var. Chamnok and C. sinensis var. Fushun showed effective ß-hexosaminidase inhibitory activity at 12.5, 25, 50, 100 ㎍/㎖. At 50 ㎍/㎖, C. sinensis var. Saemidori had the highest cell viability as 86.1%, and all of the samples showed cell proliferation above 70% at 25 ㎍/㎖. The extract of C. sinensis var. Kemsull showed a 60 - 70% inhibitory effect on the DPPH radical at all of the tested concentrations, whereas the extracts of C. sinensis var. Ryohu, C. sinensis var. Saemidori, C. sinensis var. Yabukita showed lower DPPH inhibition effects at around 10 - 30%. Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that the extracts of C. sinensis var. Kemsull, C. sinensis var. Beachwisull, and C. sinensis var. Chamnok have more prominent anti-oxidation and anti-allergy effects than other cultivars, and thus could be utilized as resources for improving health.

Background : Acetylcholine is related with various functions, including cognition and behavior, and increased activity of cholinesterase has been reported in the brains of people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As such, the inhibition of cholinesterase activity could be a means of ameliorating neuronal degenerative diseases such as AD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause neuronal cell damage. The AchE inhibitory effects of Sorghum bicolor (SB) have been revealed by research. This study was conducted to compare the cholinesterase inhibitory effects and anti-oxidative effects of SB extracts according to their extraction conditions. Methods and results : Eight extracts were prepared from SB seed, which was extracted using three different methods including room temperature extraction, reflux extraction at 85℃, and accelerate solvent extraction (ASE) at 50℃ by using distilled water and/or ethanol as a solvent. AchE and BuchE inhibition activities of the extracts were measured in vitro, and their inhibitory activities on ROS, nitric oxide (NO) production and cell proliferation were analyzed in lipoppolysacchride–treated BV2 mouse microglia cells. According to the results of the experiments, the 50% ethanol extract obtained by room temperature extraction showed a BuchE inhibitory effect of 40% at the final concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖, while the other 50% ethanol extracts showed a BuchE inhibitory effect of around 20%. The 100% Ethanol extract obtained from reflux extraction at 50 ㎍/㎖ showed the highest inhibitory effect on NO generation as 58.3%, whereas the 50% ethanol extract obtained from ASE extraction at 50 ㎍/ ㎖ showed the highest inhibitory effect on ROS generation as 56.0%. Conclusion : The results of the experiments show that the 50% and 100% ethanol extracts prepared under different temperature, pressure and solvent conditions have more effective on strong cholinesterase inhibition, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects..

Background : Exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) causes oxidative stress, inflammation, pigmentation and severe skin damage. Astragalus membranaceus (AG) has been used as a traditional medicine and have been studied various physiological activities. During the roasting process, bioactive substances is change including antioxidant substances. The aim is study the antioxidant effects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitory effect of the roasted A. membranaceus (R-AG). on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. Methods and Results : To prepare of R-AG samples, roasting machine was used. AG and R-AG were extracted to water and 70% ethanol. AG samples were evaluated the antioxidant potential by measuring the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2`-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activities. Additionally, total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents was compared with antioxidant ingredients. AG and R-AGs were analyzed with HPLC determine the major compounds such as calycosin, mononetin and glycosides. The antioxidant activities of R-AG increased and changed in major compounds. In UVB exposed HDF cells, AGs did not affect cell viability and R-AG inhibited ROS more effectively than AG. Conclusion : From these results, R-AG can inhibit oxidative stress induced UVB in HDF cells.

Background : Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is important medicinal resource in korea. Gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) are major active compounds of G. elata, and ρ-cresol is major cause of off-odor like pig slurry from G. elata. The off-odor can decrease the quality of fresh G. elata as well as its products. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the influence of extraction temperature on bio-active and odorous compounds of G. elata extract. Methods and Results : G. elata was extracted with distilled water at 0, 30, 60, and 90℃ for 20, 40, 60, and 120 min. Gastrodin and 4-HBA contents were analyzed by using a HPLC-UVD, and ρ-cresol content was analyzed by using a SPME-GC-MS. Gastrodin content increased as increasing extraction temperature and time, and showed the highest value in extract at 90℃. 4-HBA content showed the highest value at 60℃, and increased as increasing extraction time. Total content of gastrodin and 4-HBA was higher in extract from G. elata at 60℃ for 120 min than other extracts. ρ-Cresol content was varied according to extraction temperature, and was lower in extract at 30 and 60℃ than 0 and 90℃. Conclusion : These results indicated that the extraction temperature can affect the bio-active components and off-odor of G. elata extract, and 60℃ is appropriate to improve the qualities including bio-active component and off-odor of G. elata extract and its products.

Background : Gastrodia elata (GE) is a perennial herb that belongs to the orchidaceae and is used as a medicinal or food material. Known pharmacological agents include gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. It is used as medicinal herb that is traditionally used for headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy and infant seizures. It is used for medicinal herbs such as sedation, hypnosis, epilepsy treatment, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, neuroprotection, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, Antioxidant, memory improvement, anti-aging, antiviral, anti-tumor. The purpose of this study was to find the extraction method with the highest oxidative stress inhibition and to optimize the pharmacological effect of the extract. Methods and Results : GE was freeze-dried to obtain 5 g, and then extracted into 50 ㎖ of water. Extraction temperature was 0, 30, 60 and 90℃ for 20, 40, 60 and 120 min, respectively. After centrifugation, the mixture was filtered through a 0.45 ㎛ filter. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability, total phenol content, neuronal cell line (PC12) cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress scavenging activity in neurons were measured by this extract. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability and total phenol content increased with increasing temperature and extraction time. However, at 60℃ and 90℃ extraction temperature, there was no significant difference. The cytotoxicity of 2 ㎎/㎖ of GE extract was significantly increased in the extract group of 90℃ after 20 hours. Conclusion : From the above results, the water extraction conditions to optimize the pharmacological activity of GE were 120 minutes at 60℃ or less.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa root (R. root) has been used as traditional medicine, and is important resource for natural medicines and functional foods. In Korea, various varieties of Rehmannia glutinosa have been developed, and these have various characteristics depending on the variety. Therefore, this study was performed to compare the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of R. root extracts with various varieties (Jihwang 1ho, Goryeo, Daegyeong, Gogang, Togang, Dagang, Wongang, Yeongang, Hwanggang, and Segang). Methods and Results : R. roots were extracted by reflux extraction method with 70% ethanol-water solution at 40℃, and their extracts were used for total phenolic contents, antioxidant and anti-aging activities. The total phenolic content, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were highest in Yeongang, and these values were 11.50 ㎎/g, 9.37 ㎍/g TEAC, and 7.13 ㎍/g TEAC, respectively. However, the anti-aging activity on human dermal fibroblast cells treated with doxorubicin was higher in Segang, Dagang, and Goryeo than other varieties, and their senescence ratios were measured at 50.66, 57.16, and 61.36% when treated at 200 ㎍/㎖, respectively. The total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were negatively correlated with anti-aging activity. Conclusion : These results indicated that the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of R. root extracts were differed according to variety of Rehmannia glutinosa, and positive correlation between anti-oxidant activities and anti-aging activity was not shown.

Background : Prepared Rehmanniae root (PRR) has been used as traditional medicine, and is one of the most important oriental herbal medicines. However, physical characteristics of PRR are not suitable for use in industry. This study was performed to suggest preparation method of PRR powder, and determine the physicochemical characteristics of PRR powder with different pre-freezing temperatures. Methods and Results : Moisture content, powder yield, particle size, bulk density, compressive stress, extraction yield, and 5-HMF content of PRR powders with different pre-freezing temperatures (-20℃, -40℃, -60℃, and -80℃) were analyzed, and correlation among these factors was determined. Powder yield increased and particle size decreased in a pre-freezing temperature-dependent manner from -20℃ to -60℃. Hausner ratio increased from 1.186 to 1.225 with decreasing temperature from -20℃ to -80℃, and compressive stress showed the opposite trend. Extraction yield and 5-HMF content were not significantly different between PRR and powder. Significant correlations were observed among pre-freezing temperature and physical characteristics (yield, particle size, hausner ratio, and compressive stress). Conclusion : These results suggest that pre-freezing temperature was important factors affecting physical characteristics of PRR powder, and the results of this study are industrially applicable to production of PRR powder.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa root (R. root) has been used as traditional medicine, and is important resource for natural medicines and functional foods. However, R. root have catalpol which have bitterness, and undigested sugars, including stachyose, raffinose, and verbascose as main compounds, and these compounds can cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the changes in reducing sugar producted from undigested sugars and catalpol contents as a bitter taste compound in R. root with aging treatment conditions. Methods and Results : R. root was treated at 10 - 70℃ for 0 - 48 h, and extracted with 50% ethanol solution. Their catalpol content was analyzed using HPLC-UVD, reducing sugar content generated from undigested sugars was measured by the Nelson-Somogyi methods, and these reaction rates were calculated from their variation according to aging time and temperature. During aging treatment, reducing sugar content increased and catalpol content decreased. Their formation and degradation rates were highest at 50℃ and 30 - 40℃, and their rates were 1.89 ㎎/g·h and 23.09 - 23.33%/h, respectively. Conclusion : These results indicated that aging treatment can positively affect the sweetness and digestibility of R. root slurry. Therefore, aging treatment could be considered for improving the sensory qualities and digestibility of R. root.