By increasing awareness of product offers and availability in the consumer’s proximity, Location Based Marketing (LBM) increases relevance of placed advertisements. However, depending on how it is executed, such advertising can also be perceived as intrusive, irritating, or even violating consumer’s privacy. Existing knowledge does not offer clear directions for retailers, who are keen to know of LBM’s effectiveness on sales. In this paper, authors investigate the effects of LBM on application (app) driven revenues of 116 major mobile retailers from around the globe. In particular, we examine the contingency effects of the roles of device as well as privacy needs of the brand audience. Findings reveal that effects of LBM on app-based revenues vary by tactic (inbound vs. outbound), type of device (Tablet vs. Phone), and user type based on brand of app (Android vs. Apple). Overall, this research identifies critical factors for retailers to consider, in order to best monetize their location based efforts. Contributions of the analysis and managerial implications are discussed.

Black Friday (BF) is the day after Thanksgiving when U.S. retailers offer “doorbuster” promotions. BF shopping has become a tradition for 48.5% of U.S. shoppers and their families (NRF, 2015). However, BF has a dark side gaining notoriety as shoppers compete for bargains, even at others’ expense. Many incidents of consumer misbehavior (CMB) have been reported: fighting, pepper-spraying, and throwing oneself on desired products to keep other shoppers at bay (Black Friday violence, 2011; Lisa, 2015). BF promotions have expanded outside the U.S. to the U.K.; related CMB (e.g., fighting) was reported in several U.K. locations (“Black Friday,” 2014). Using an online experiment, this study investigated antecedents to CMB from a psychological perspective. Specifically this study examined (1) how positive and negative emotion evoked on BF as a result of varying levels of goal blockage impacts CMB; (2) how personality traits such as self-control and public self-consciousness impact and moderate the relationship between negative emotions evoked on BF and CMB; and (3) how women and men differ in terms of antecedents driving BF CMB and the role personality traits play in impacting CMB. 576 BF shoppers completed the experiment; 411 (M=129, F=282) had shopped in stores on BF were included in analyses. Mean age was 25.8 (SD=8.2) and over half had shopped in stores and online on BF. All scales had adequate reliabilities and EFA confirmed the dimensionality of the original scales. Two emotion factors were named anger and thrill. To assess CMB, shoppers indicated the extent to which they engaged in a series of misbehaviors on BF. A second measure of misbehavior, dysfunctional severity of one’s behavior, evaluated the extent to which one’s own behavior on BF was unacceptable and inappropriate. Multi-group path analysis was used to analyze the data. Results found a significant difference between the sexes (Δdf= 8, Δχ2=32.48, p < .0001), suggesting that women and men do differ in the personality traits impacting CMB. To determine specific paths that differ between the sexes, a series of the χ2 difference tests were performed by imposing equality constraints on each of the path coefficients. The χ2 difference tests showed that women and men significantly differed in four paths; (1) how anger impacted dysfunctional severity (2) how self-control moderated the relationship between anger and CMB, (3) how public self-consciousness moderated the relationship between anger and CMB and (4) how public self-consciousness impacted CMB. For both sexes, both negative emotion such as anger and positive emotion such as thrill led to CMB. Additionally, dysfunctional severity had a positive influence on CMB for both women and men. However different personality traits moderated how anger impacted CMB. For women, public self-consciousness had a direct positive and moderating effect on CMB. When women experienced a mild level of anger, public self-consciousness appears to suppress CMB. However contrary to common beliefs that public self-consciousness may help manage behavior in public, after a certain threshold in terms of the intensity of anger, public self-consciousness had an opposite effect in women. High public women exhibited more CMB than low public women. Public self-consciousness had no direct or moderating effect on men. For men, self-control had a direct, indirect and moderating effect on CMB. In the context of intense anger, men with higher self-control exhibited less CMB than those with low self-control. Self-control also had an indirect effect on CMB by mitigating dysfunctional severity. For women, self-control had no impact on CMB. BF is part of the U.S. Thanksgiving tradition and has been adopted in other countries to kick off the holiday shopping season. Extreme deals (doorbusters) and heightened consumer anticipation as a result of such promotions have led to incidents CMB on BF (Lisa, 2015). With observations of CMB on BF across different countries and extant research findings about the role of emotion on CMB (Bedi & Schat, 2007), this study revealed (1) emotion as a motivator for CMB, (2) that personality traits moderated the impact of emotion on CMB, and (3) differences exist in these relationships between women and men. Both negative (anger) and positive emotion (thrill) led both sexes to misbehave on BF. Whereas most media highlight how angry customers misbehave on BF, positive emotion also contributes to CMB on BF. How personality traits moderated the relationship between anger and CMB significantly differed between the sexes. For women, public self-consciousness mattered, whereas self-control mattered to men in moderating the effect of anger on CMB. The findings of this research shed new light on CMB on BF and also give new insights into the CMB literature. Prior CMB research often assumed that the sexes behave similarly. This research provides empirical evidence that women and men are indeed different in how personality moderates the effect of anger on CMB. Future research is needed to determine the level of anger and public self-consciousness that lead to CMB for women.

Introduction Shorter innovation cycles, the huge cost of R&D and dearth of resources compel firms to search for new innovation sources (Gassmann and Enkel 2004). Current research argues that firms need to open up their solid boundaries and seek valuable knowledge from external partners so that firms can extend the innovation function beyond their four walls (Chesbrough 2003). In this context past research has identified universities, or higher education institutions (HEIs) as an important source of innovation (e.g., Lambert 2003). Indeed, universities undertake a “third mission” in addition to their core mission of research and teaching, by focusing on “technology transfer” that engages in the process of the commercialization of science (Etzkowitz et al. 2000). Thus, firms can take huge advantages through the collaboration with universities. While relationships between firms have the risk of opportunism embedded in them, support provided by universities are hard to imitate by competitors due to the novelty and uniqueness in the ideas they provide their partner firms. Despite this important role that universities play, no systematic theoretical treatment has been attempted in academia. Ironically, university and industry links have been studied much less frequently and have been valued lesser than other sources (e.g., suppliers and customers) in terms of knowledge transfer for firm innovation (Hughes 2011). Extant research examines collaborations between universities and firms using simple descriptive analysis (e.g., Laursen and Salter 2004) and illustrates the relationship with anecdotal evidence (e.g., Cosh and Hughes 2010). Thus, extant literature provides little-to-no empirical evidence regarding firm performance, such as a firm’s innovation outcomes, when the firms are supported by universities. Our broad-based investigation makes several key contributions. First, our study is the first to demonstrate empirically what types of HEIs’ activities enhance a firm’s innovation outcomes. Because the two different types of HEI activities have different features, it helps us get a more precise understanding of which specific type of HEI-supported activity influences which firm innovation outcome. Second, our research finds that a firm’s absorptive capacity influences the relationship between HEI-supported activities and a firm’s innovation outcomes. This finding helps to identify how firm capability to absorb outside knowledge influences the relationship of HEIs’ involvement on a firm’s innovation outcomes. Conceptual Framework The most frequent form of a firm’s interaction with universities is people-based activities (Hughes 2011). Universities transfer knowledge through people-related activities such as conferences, special lectures, education programs, and social networks supporting firm innovation. Such people-based activities can influence firm innovation performance. People-based activities involve the activities conducting by firms to increase their business competitiveness. Since a firm’s employees are key to discovering new products and processes, special training programs provided by universities will help supplementing knowledge towards specific firm innovation outcomes. Additionally, other people-related activities such as placing university staff on a firm’s board of directors can also encourage exchange of knowledge and information resulting in cutting-edge new product and process innovation. Tether and Tajar (2008) found that firms that have participated in professional meetings or conferences held by HEIs have a better chance of surpassing their current innovation performance. A firm can improve its innovation performance by making human assets supported by its partners. As partners work together, this helps increasing work efficiency by improving communication, knowledge sharing, and their relative capacity to absorb knowledge for innovation. Research suggests that universities may have lower barriers to engagement with firms by removing bureaucracy, lowering transaction costs and speeding up reaction times (Mateos-Garcia and Sapsed 2011). Therefore, universities have an important role in transferring new knowledge through people-based activities, resulting in new products and processes for the firm. Thus, we hypothesize as follows: Hypothesis 1A (H1A). A firm’s people-based activities with HEIs are positively related to the introduction of new products in the firm. Hypothesis 1B (H1B). A firm’s people-based activities with HEIs are positively related to the introduction of new processes in the firm. Universities have a distinct role in affecting a firm’s innovation performance through problem-solving activities. Firms that acquire knowledge from universities improve their competitive position that helps firm acquire a competitive advantage over other firms that do not collaborate with universities (Gassmann and Enkel 2004). Universities provide problem-solving activities such as joint research, contract research, consulting services, informal advice and provision of access to specialized instrumentation, equipment or materials and of product prototyping. For example, in 2009, US firms sponsored more than $4 billion worth of university research (Kurman 2011), as a result of which U.S. universities own nearly one-quarter of new U.S. patents in the fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology. Thus, firms that collaborate with universities can achieve cutting-edge product and process innovation (Kurman 2011). Hosting workshops and performing joint research with universities are core problem-solving activities. For example, IBM, one of the most successful and established enterprises in the IT market, hosted 350 workshops per year and has had 50-100 ongoing research projects with universities, helping IBM to successfully launch new products into the market (Gassmann and Enkel 2004). Further, firms can also integrate partners (i.e., HEIs) to combine their different competencies to enrich their own innovation process (Gassmann and Enkel 2004). Based on the above, we hypothesize as follows:Hypothesis 2A (H2A). A firm’s problem-solving activities with HEIs are positively related to the introduction of new products. Hypothesis 2B (H2B). A firm’s problem-solving activities with HEIs are positively related to the introduction of new processes. Shorter time-to-market strategies, increasing R&D costs and a dearth of resources cause firms to search for new innovation strategies. This phenomenon is reinforced by a rapid churn in technology and customer demands. In this competitive environment, HEIs’ involvement is increasingly important for a firm’s innovation success because integrating external sources of knowledge from HEIs can result in major advantages for firms (Rappert et al. 1999). Further, people-based and problem-solving activities supported by HEIs do not replace a firm’s internal innovation activities and, as a result, the firm undertakes a great deal of its own innovation activities. Also, scholars argue that collaboration with other partners does not always provide better innovation performance because of the lack of a firm’s capability to processing valuable knowledge from the outside partners (Cohen and Levinthal 1990). This indicates that the mere acquisition and exploitation of knowledge from universities do not guarantee successful firm innovation outcomes. To create successful firm innovation, the firm should possess absorptive capacity, which is the learning capability to processing knowledge acquired from the HEIs into their internal work. Thus, firms can be expected to invest in their absorptive capacity in this situation (Tether and Tajar 2008). Further, Keller (1996) argues that successful R&D spillover (i.e., absorptive capacity) effects are dependent on the activities of human capital (i.e., people-based activities). Also, Cohen and Levinthal (1990) argue that firms can increase their absorptive capacity directly, as when they send personnel for advance technical training (i.e., people-based activities). Further, Kim (1998) argues that absorptive capacity is the major factor in developing problem-solving skills that allow a firm to create new knowledge that influences firm innovation performance. As such, absorptive capacity stresses the internal capability to acquire and assimilate outside knowledge into a firm while HEIs’ involvement is a resource that is created by external source enhancing a firm’s innovation outcomes. Therefore, identifying the role of absorptive capacity is a useful tool to explain the relationship of HEIs’ people-based activities and problem-solving activities on firm innovation performance. However, Nooteboom and colleagues (2007, pp. 1031) argue that “while there may be increasing returns in absorptive capacity, improving the general ability to understand and appreciate novelty value in collaboration, there are decreasing returns to knowledge in finding further novelty: the more one knows the further away one has to look for novelty.” This indicates that too much absorptive capacity in a firm negatively affects the impact of people-based activities on a firm’s innovation performance. While people attending conferences or lectures supported by universities may acquire novel knowledge that can influence a firm’s innovation performance, their activities may have negative impact on a firm’s innovation outcomes when a firm has greater absorptive capacity, due to diminishing impact of a firm’s absorptive capacity to create novel idea. Extant research suggests that the greater a firm’s absorptive capacity, the lesser the firm can find further novelty (Noteboom et al. 2007), which suggests that absorptive capacity makes firm innovation activities less efficient. Based on the above discussion, we hypothesize as follows:Hypothesis 3A (H3A). People-based activities with HEIs positively related to the introduction of new products and/or processes will become weaker at a higher level of absorptive capacity. Hypothesis 3B (H3B). People-based activities with HEIs positively related to new product radicalness will become weaker at a higher level of absorptive capacity. Hypothesis 4A (H4A). Problem-solving activities with HEIs positively related to the introduction of new products and/or processes will become stronger at a higher level of absorptive capacity. Hypothesis 4B (H4B). Problem-solving activities with HEIs positively related to new product radicalness will become stronger at a higher level of absorptive capacity. Methods We test the hypotheses presented across two studies. The purpose of Study 1 is to validate our prediction about how HEI activities affect firm innovation performance (H1A to H2B). Study 2 expands this initial research frame by validating the moderating effects of a firm’s absorptive capacity on firm innovation outcomes (H3A to H4B). Implications There is an argument to transfer knowledge from HEIs to firms due to the cultural differences between them (Lambert 2003). Nevertheless, universities are playing an increasingly strategic role in stimulating innovation in firms though the transfer of technology (Hughes 2011). Scholars have largely disregarded the more specific activities performed by HEIs such as people-based and problem-solving activities. Little attention has been paid to how people-based and problem-solving activities affect firm innovation performance. Further, firm innovation outcomes can be affected differently by some specific HEI activities because each activity supported by HEIs plays a different role in impacting certain types of firm innovation outcomes. Based on our results, problem-solving activities are related to new product innovation while people-based activities are related to new process innovation. Additionally, absorptive capacity had a negative moderating effect with people based activities and a positive moderating effect with problem solving activities on a firm’s innovation outcomes. This is important to theoretical and practical implications because a firm is able to know which activities are required to improve their new product or process innovation. This leads a firm to save huge costs to achieve successful innovation.

Peer pressure and popularity have always been important issues for teenagers, potentially impacting on teenagers’ attitudes towards luxury, social consumption motivation and their self-concept clarity (how clearly teens view themselves). We empirically investigate these relationships using data from a sample of Brazilian teens and find that self-concept clarity has a significant effect on peer pressure, popularity and social consumption motivation, which itself directly impacts attitudes towards luxury items. The total sample consisted of 558 teenagers between the ages of 12 and 19 (grades 7 through 12). Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling.

Thermal management technology is a critical element in all new chip generations, caused by a power multiplication combined with a size reduction. A heat sink, mounted on a base plate, requires the use of special materials possessing both high thermal conductivity (TC) and a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that matches semiconductor materials as well as certain packaging ceramics. In this study, nano tungsten coated copper powder has been developed with a wide range of compositions, 90W-10Cu to 10W-90Cu. Powder technologies were used to make samples to evaluate density, TC, and CTE. Measured TC lies among theoretical values predicted by several existing models.

Nano-structured tungsten carbide compacts with cobalt matrices (WC-Co) offer new opportunities for achieving superior hardness and toughness combinations. A unified modeling and simulation tool has been developed to produce maps of sintering pathways from nanocrystalline WC powder to sintered nano-structured WC-Co compacts. This tool includes (1) die compaction, (2) grain growth, (3) densification, (4) sensitivity analysis, and (5) optimization. All material parameters were obtained by curve fitting based on results with two WC-Co powders. Critical processing parameters are determined based on sensitivity analysis and are optimized to minimize grain size with high density.

We present a systematic study of the heating and pre-sintering behavior of porous copper powder metal compacts. We employ a TE102 single mode microwave system to position the samples in the separated electric field (E) or magnetic field (H) anti-node of the cavity. We observe significant differences in the heating, pre-sintering, and microstructure evolution of the samples due to the individual fields. We note that sample history (whether heated first in the E-field or H-field) greatly effects a difference in heating trends and subsequent heating behavior and does not appear to be solely a thermal process.

The purpose of the paper is to explore the country-of-origin (COO) influence on the buying decisions of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) consumers. The collected data from 370 consumers were summarized and coded by using Software R Studio and Microsoft Excel. The independent variables were analyzed and tested for their significant impact on the dependent variable, final buying decision of the product/ service based on its country of origin. The selected hypotheses tested by administering the Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) hypothesis testing technique. The researchers identified that UAE consumers buying decisions influenced mainly by the country of origin of the products and services. The demographic variables like age, education, country of origin influential factors, country of choice was not displaying any significant impact on the buying decisions of consumers. The survey is limited to cover the general consumers of the country who are randomly selected from Dubai and Sharjah emirates. The study is beneficial to all the types of marketers, including domestic and international companies, who have plans to know the exact influence on consumers’ buying decisions. The present research paper is original and provides empirical evidence on the country of origin’s impact on the buying decisions of different products/services in the UAE.

Culturally responsive leadership, derived from the concept of culturally responsive pedagogy, incorporates those leadership philosophies, practices, and policies that create inclusive schooling environments for students and families from ethnically and culturally diverse backgrounds. In this essay I extend the tenets of culturally responsive leadership beyond the school site to encompass community-based educational leadership that advocates for cultural recognition, revitalization, and community development. I provide historical examples of educational leaders from three global cities --New York City, London, and Toronto--and discuss how their actions as public intellectuals, “boundary spanners,” and advocacy leaders linked community activism with culture-based curriculum in three national contexts. In the end, I discuss the implications of this framework for leadership preparation.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the microclimate of wheat canopy, growth and yield characteristics of wheat under north-south and east-west row orientation. The variety used in this experiment was "AG South 2000", which was developed in USA. Solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and soil temperature were monitored by data logger from March to May in 2002, The ratio of light penetration to the bottom from the upper canopy was 36.8% in north-south and 21.4% in east-west row orientation. Temporal march of light penetration to the bottom from March to May decreased as wheat developed canopy structure and decreased a little from May as plant were matured. The highest light penetration to the bottom from upper canopy occurred at 13：00 in both north-south and east-west row orientations, respectively which were 36 times in north-south and 27 times in east-west row orientation, respectively. Daily maximum temperature at the bottom of canopy occurred at 14：00 with 29 times in north-south, while 19 times were obtained at 14：00 and 15：00, respectively in east-west row orientation. Relative humidity at the bottom of the canopy in east-west yow orientation showed higher than that of north-south row orientation. Occurrence of daily maximum soil temperature of north-south showed one hour later compared with east-west yow orientation. 1000 grain weight and test weight of north-south row orientation was higher than those of east-west vow orientation. Correlation coefficient between solar radiation of upper canopy and 1000 grain weight showed r=0.8132* , and between air temperature of upper canopy and number of spikes per ~textrmm2 and 1000 grain weight showed significant positive correlation with r=0.8139* , and r=0.8293* , respectively.