The impact of midlatitude synoptic system (upper-level trough) on typhoon intensity change was investigated by analyzing the spatial and temporal characteristics of vertical wind shear (VWS), relative eddy momentum flux convergence (REFC), and potential vorticity (PV). These variables were computed over the radial mean 300~1,000 km from the typhoon center by using GDAPS (Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System) data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The selected cases in this study are typhoons Rusa (0215) and Maemi (0314), causing much damage in life and property in Korea. Results show that the threshold value of VWS indicating typhoon intensity change (typhoon to severe tropical storm) is approximately 15 m/s and of REFC ranges 6 to 6.5 ms-1day-1 in both cases, respectively. During the period with the intensity of typhoon class, PVs with 3 to 3.5 PVU are present in 360K surface-PV field in the cases. In addition, there is a time-lag of 24 hours between central pressure of typhoon and minimum value of VWS, meaning that the midlatitude upper-level trough interacts with the edge of typhoon with a horizontal distance less than 2,000 km between trough and typhoon. That is, strong midlatitude upper-level divergence above the edge of the typhoon provides a good condition for strengthening the vertical circulation associated with the typhoons. In particular, when the distance between typhoon and midlatitude upper-level trough is less than 1,000 km, the typhoons tend to weaken to STS (Severe Tropical Storm). It might be mentioned that midlatitude synoptic system affects the intensity change of typhoons Rusa (0215) and Maemi (0314) while they moves northward. Thus, these variables are useful for diagnosing the intensity change of typhoon approaching to the Korean peninsula.

We have investigated coarse wind sectors in Busan metropolitan area and simulated detailed wind field using local atmospheric circulation model, RAMS in preceding studies (Part I, Part II). In this study, we divided and analyzed local wind sector in Busan according to the preceding results. We found that Busan metropolitan area is divided into 2 or 3 local wind sector in each coarse wind sector. The 9 coarse wind sectors were classified into 20 local wind sectors in total. But three local wind sectors were finally excluded because of these sectors were located on the complex hill area and the sea. Local wind sectors, therefore, in Busan metropolitan area were defined as 17 regimes. We assessed the location of air quality monitoring sites at Busan metropolitan area using the information of these wind sectors. Most of these were located at proper points, but 6 sites were placed at 3 local wind sectors as a couple and no site was set up at 3 other sectors. Hence the location of these sites was in need of rearrange.

The cluster analysis of diurnal precipitation patterns is performed by using daily precipitation of 59 stations in South Korea from 1973 to 1996 in four seasons of each year. Four seasons are shifted forward by 15 days compared to the general ones. Number of clusters are 15 in winter, 16 in spring and autumn, and 26 in summer, respectively. One of the classes is the totally dry day in each season, indicating that precipitation is never observed at any station. This is treated separately in this study. Distribution of the days among the clusters is rather uneven with rather low area-mean precipitation occurring most frequently. These 4 (seasons) × 2 (wet and dry days) classes represent more than the half (59 %) of all days of the year. On the other hand, even the smallest seasonal clusters show at least 5∼9 members in the 24 years (1973-1996) period of classification. The cluster analysis is directly performed for the major 5∼8 non-correlated coefficients of the diurnal precipitation patterns obtained by factor analysis In order to consider the spatial correlation. More specifically, hierarchical clustering based on Euclidean distance and Ward's method of agglomeration is applied. The relative variance explained by the clustering is as high as average (63%) with better capability in spring (66%) and winter (69 %), but lower than average in autumn (60%) and summer (59%). Through applying weighted relative variances, i.e. dividing the squared deviations by the cluster averages, we obtain even better values, i.e 78 % in average, compared to the same index without clustering. This means that the highest variance remains in the clusters with more precipitation. Besides all statistics necessary for the validation of the final classification, 4 cluster centers are mapped for each season to illustrate the range of typical extremities, paired according to their area mean precipitation or negative pattern correlation. Possible alternatives of the performed classification and reasons for their rejection are also discussed with inclusion of a wide spectrum of recommended applications.

It is very difficult to forecast accurately a damage from the natural disasters which occurs frequently. If the significant weather event was forecasted one or two days ago, we will be able to minimize a damage from the severe weather event through the suitable prevention activities. It said that 2000's our country's total damages from the meteorological disasters was several trillion won(Park et al, a, b, 2005). Therefore, we analyzed the Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA) and television broadcasting's reports, information contents, and transmission system, an ex post facto valuation about typhoon Nabi which struck the Korean peninsula from September 5 to 7, 2005. Through these investigations, we want to present the basic data to rises the application effect of disaster prevention meteorological information. We think KMA must present many information report to promote a citizen's understanding about the meteorological information and the serious disaster situation. And also we think the KMA and television broadcasting must present an advisable reports, the contents which is suitable to disaster response stages. And we must grasp the problem of disaster prevention meteorological information through an ex post facto examination, improve it effectively .

Tactile sensation is one of the most important sensory functions for human perception of objects. Recently, there have been many technical challenges in the field of tactile display as well as tactile sensing. In this paper, we propose an innovative tactile display device based on soft actuator technology with ElectroActive Polymer(EAP). This device offers advantageous features over existing devices with respect to intrinsic flexibility, softness, ease of fabrication and miniaturization, high power density, and cost effectiveness. In particular, it can be adapted to various geometric configurations because it possesses structural flexibility, so it can be worn on any part of the human body such as finger, palm, and arm etc. It can be extensively applied as a wearable tactile display, a Braille device for the visually disabled, and a human interface in the future. A new design of the flexible actuator is proposed and its basic operational principles are discussed. In addition, a wearable tactile display device with 4x5 actuator array(20 actuator cells) is developed and its effectiveness is confirmed

A case of air pollution study of estimation of emission rate for source to railroad rolling stock and emissive character about is unusual. Recent emission rate of railroad rolling stock was estimated with emission factor of EPA in three region(Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggido). But this EPA factor could be incorrect because Korea and America have a different railroad environment in the variety of fuel and character of railroad rolling stock. In this study, emission rate of each line, car and region(district) with emission factor of Korean case(National Railroad Administration, 1997) was estimated. In Busan Metropolitan City, railroad rolling stocks were divided accoding to, each line, car and service. Particularly, the idle fuel rate omitted in the preceding study was included in calculation fuel rate. Total emission rate of Busan Metropolitan City was 887.41t/year. Each emission rates of Kyeongbu line, Donghaenambu line, Gaya line, Uam line, Bujeon line, and idle was 489.15t, 196.46t, 33.94t, 12.66t, 6.47t, and 148.72t, respectively.

Dustfall particles were collected by the modified American dust jar (wide inlet bottle type) at 6 sampling sites in Pusan area from March, 1999 to February, 2000. Thirteen chemical species (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) were analyzed by AAS and ICP. The purposes of this study were to estimate qualitatively various bulk deposition flux of dustfall and insoluble components by applying regional and seasonal distribution. Dustfall amount of regional variations were found in order of coastal zone, industrial zone, commercial zone, agricultural zone and residential zone, and seasonal total dustfall had higher concentrations during spring for 6.741 ton/㎢/season, lower concentrations during summer for 1.989 ton/㎢/season, and annual total concentration was 17.742 ton/㎢/year. The regional distributions of enrichment factor show well-defined anthropogenic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) at industrial and agricultural zone, and contribution rate of soil particles were found in order of summer, fall, winter and spring. Factor loading effects of chemical composition of dustfall were found in order of road traffic emission source and combustion processed source, industrial activity source, soil source and marine source.

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of acidity in the precipitation and weather patterns that were influenced it at Kimhae area from March, 1992 to June, 1994. The range of pH value in the precipitation at Kimhae is 3.45 to 6.80 and the average is pH 4.62, and the major anion components associated with acidity in the precipitation are Cl-, SO42- , NO3-. These distributions are to be expected the influence of industrialization such as, urbanization and construction of industrial complex at Kimhae area and the long range transporting of air pollutants from China. The weather patterns governing the acid rain at Kimhae were classified broadly into four types(Cyclone(type I-a, type I-b), Migratory Anticyclone(type Ⅱ), Tropical Cyclone(type Ⅲ), Siberia High(type Ⅳ)) and weather pattern which had the most occurrence frequency of acid rain was type I-a and the average pH value of precipitation in this pattern was 4.45, and we are found that the source area of air mass which was accompanied with high acidic precipitation in Kimhae was the central China include with Peking through the analysis of surface weather maps, 850 hPa wind fields, and the streamline analyses.

This paper aims to describe the characteristics of air pollution using air pollutants concentration and meteorological data observed at Kimhae from December, 1996 to November, 1997. The results are as follows : The concentration distribution of sulfur dioxide(SO2), carbon monoxide(CO), particulate matter(PM-10), and nitrogen dioxide(NO2) is high during the late fall and winter and low during the summer, but ozone concentration is low during the winter season and high during summer season except Jangma period and these distributions appear to be closely connected with insolation and the number of clear day. Diurnal variation of concentrations for sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide are high during the rush hours and nighttime and low during the daytime and these variations are distinct toward the winter season. And diurnal variation of nitrogen dioxide concentration has also same pattern and these patterns are closely related to the increasing traffic volume at rush hours. Diurnal variation of ozone concentration is generally increase for daytime and decrease for the late afternoon and are closely related to the insolation and photochemical reaction. The 24 hour average concentrations of air pollutant observed at Kimhae represented a positive correlation and a negative correlation for O3 and also a negative correlation for the meteorological elements such as wind speed and cloud cover.

Four introduced forage rape (Brassica napus) cultivars, 'Akela', 'Ramon', 'Sparta', and 'Velox' and a leading rapeseed cultivar, 'Hallayuchae' were grown at nitrogen (N) rates of 0, 100, 250, 300, 350, and 400 kg/ha to (i) select forage rape cultivars adapted best to Cheju area, and (ii) determine the optimum N rate for the best cultivars. Days from seeding to flowering across the cultivars increased 190 to 195 days as N rate increased from 0 to 400 kg/ha. Average days to flowering of six cultivars ranged from 182 to 198 days. Plant height increased as N rate increased up to 300 kg/ha and then decreased with a further increase in N rate and ranged from 159 to 174 cm among the cultivars. The optimum N rate for the greatest dry matter yield of five cultivars ranged from 222 to 258 kg/ha. Sparta showed the greatest dry matter yield (35.79 Mg/ha), followed by Akela, Hallayuchae, Velox, and Ramon. As N rate increased, crude protein content linearly increased but crude fiber content declined curvilinearly. Akela and Sparta had higher protein content than the other cultivars did. The forage cultivars had lower crude fiber content than the oilseed cultivar Hallayuchae did. Our results demonstrated that Sparta was best adapted to Cheju area and the optimum N rate for Sparta was about 220kg/ha.

Four introduced forage rape cultivars 'Akela', 'Ramon', 'Sparta', and 'Velox' and a leading rapeseed cultivar Hall-ayuchae were seeded on 1 October 1994 on 20-cm rows at seeding rates of 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, and IS kg/ha to select the best adapted forage rape cultivars and to determine the optimum seeding rate in the Cheju area. Days to flowering of each cultivar was not significantly affected by seeding rate. Average plant height increased from 151 to 164 cm as seeding rate increased from 3 to 10 kg/ha and then decreased to 156 cm at 15 kg/ha. Stem diameter linearly decreased with increasing seeding rate. The optimum seeding rate for the greatest dry matter and protein yields of five cultivars ranged from 10.7 to 11.8 and 10.8 to 14.4 kg/ha, respectively. Dry matter yields of five cultivars ranged from 7.72 and 22.01 Mg/ha. Sparta produced the greatest dry matter yield, followed by Akela, Ramon, Hallayuchae, and Velox. Crude protein yields of five cultivars ranged from 0.29 to 1.08 Mg/ha. Sparta produced the greatest crude protein yield, followed by Akela, Ramon, Velox, and Hallayuchae. As seeding rate increased, crude protein content linearly increased but crude fiber content linearly decreased. The forage cultivars had higher crude protein and lower crude fiber than the oilseed cultivar Hallayuchae. Our results demonstrate that Sparta was the best adapted cultivar to Cheju area and the optimum seeding rate for Sparta was about 10 kg/ha.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are of concern for their potential chronic toxicity, their suspected role in the formation of smog, and their suspected role in destruction of stratospheric ozone. Present study evaluated the exposures to selected VOCs in three microenvironments: 2 chlorinated and 5 aromatic VOCs in the indoor and outdoor air, and 5 aromatic VOCs in the breathing zone air of gas-service station attendants. With permissible Quality Assurance and Quality Control performances VOC concentrations were measured 1) to be higher in indoor air than in outdoor air, 2) to be higher in two Taegu residential areas than in a residential area of Hayang, and 3) to be higher in the nighttime than in the daytime. Among five aromatics, Benzene and Toluene were two most highly measured VOCs in breathing zone air of service station attendants. Based on the sum of VOC concentrations, the VOC exposure during refueling was estimated to be about 10% of indoor and outdoor exposures. For Benzene only, the exposure during refueling was estimated to cause about 52% of indoor and outdoor exposure. The time used to calculate the exposures was 2 minutes for refueling and 24 hours for indoor and outdoor exposures.

A numerical model has been developed to predict the deposition of air pollutants considering canopy effect. In this model, the deposition velocity is calculated using the deposition resistances(aerodynamic resistance, viscosity resistance, surface resistance). Using the results, a comparative study was made between the model calculation and observation results The calculated daily variation of deposition resistances and in daytime most of the model cases are well agreed with observation results, and a slight difference was found in nighttime. From the results, it is suggested that the present model is capable of estimating the deposition velocity of air pollutants considering characteristics of canopy layer.

This study was performed to evaluate the contents of heavy metals in water, sediment and soil of the 7 different sampling points along the West Nakdong river. The results were as follows: the concentrations of Zn, P, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu and As in the sediment were 197.48, 551.85, 67.01, 2.54, 491.39, 42.95 and 10.52ppm,respectively. The concentrations of Zn, F, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu and As in the soil was 83.32, 482.89, 17.15, 1.02, 226.02, 26.15 and 7.29ppm, respectively, The concentration ratios of heavy metals in the water to the sediment were 593 - 12700 (Cd >> Cu > Zn > Mn > As > Pb) and that of the water to the soil were 152 - 5100 (Cu > Cd > Zn > Mn > As >Pb). The correlation coefficients of Cu and Pb were high among the water, sediment and soil. Because the accumulation amounts of heavy metal in the sediment were high, the concentration of heavy metals in the sediment was higher than in soil. The correlation coefficient of heavy metals among water, sediment and soil was high (0.79 - 0.95).

A predictive modal is demonstrated for gas removal rates from the atmosphere by dry deposition. Typical deposition velocities are complex functions of surface types, atmospheric stabilities, friction velocities, air pollutants, and so on. In this paper we simulated the calculation of dry deposition velocities near the earth surfaces, simultaneously we estimated real dry deposition velocities using the previous simulation. The measurement taken over a deciduous forest by Padro et al.(1988) were used to verify this model. In the comparison of the value of deposition velocity between numerical computation and observation, there are partially overestimations and underestimations between them, but we can speak that they are in a good accordance.

The field observation was carried out to investigate the characteristics of surface inversion layer at Kimhae using the feild observed data and upper layer meteorological data during 4-5 February 1993. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: The maximum height of surface inversion layer observed at Kimhae is 194m and the height of upper level inversion layer ranges from 200m to 300m. The surface weather elements was influenced the formation of surface inversion layer. According to the pasquill stability and time variation of temperature with height, both the surface heating from insolation and the disturbance of upper level of inversion layer was influenced the disappearance of inversion layer. And the stability of surface temperature inversion layer generally belongs to the class of F, that of upper level temperature inversion layer commonly to the class of E.

When we conduct environmental impact assessment, main contents consist of summary, project outline, environmental conditions, environmental impacts due to the project, mitigation devices, and alternative measures of harmful impact on environment. In this paper, to understand how they really conduct air quality impact assessment and prediction and examine their effectiveness, we considered the provisions and actual case of environmental impact assessment in Korea with that in Japan. As a result, we propose a method of improving air quality impact assessment and prediction, such as reflection of the result in environmental impact assessment, detailed assessment focused on relatively important environmental impact elements, field measurement investigation over four season and seven sucessive days, the uniformity of units, the proper model development to predict environmental concentration and a biennial environmental impact assessment for ex post management.

This paper aims to know the characteristics of occurrence of the anomaly level and variability of the monthly precipitation in Kyeongnam, Korea. For this study, it was investigated the distribution of the annual and monthly mean precipitation, the precipitation variability and its annual change, and the characteristics of occurrence of the anomaly level in Kyeongnam area. The results were summarized as follows ; 1) The mean of annual total precipitation averaged over Kyeongnam area is 1433.3mm. The spatial distribution n of the annual total precipitation shows that in Kyeongnam area, the high rainfall area locates in the southwest area and south coast and the low rainfall area in an inland area 2) Monthly mean precipitation in Kyeongnam area was the highest in July(266.4㎜) followed by August(338.0㎜), June(210.2㎜) in descending order. In summer season, rainfall was concentrated and accounted for 49.9 percent of the annual total precipitation. Because convergence of the warm and humid southwest current which was influenced by Changma and typhoon took place well in this area. 3) The patterns of annual change of precipitaion variability can be divided into two types; One is a coast type and the other an inland type. The variability of precipitation generally appears low in spring and summer season and high in autumn and winter season. This is in accord with the large and small of precipitation. 4) The high frequency of anomaly level was N( Normal)-level and the next was LN( Low Normal)-level and ES(Extremely Subnormal)-level was not appeared in all stations. The occurrence frequency of N level was high in high rainfall area and distinguished in spring and summer season but the low rainfall area was not.