인디카 벼는 일조시간이 짧은 열대지역에서 주로 재배하며, 자포니카 벼는 일조시간이 긴 한국, 일본, 및 중국(동북부 지역)을 포함하는 온대지역에서 재배한다. 최근 동남아 열대지역에서 자포니카 쌀에 대한 수요가 증가함에 따라 농촌진흥청은 필리핀 국제미작연구소(IRRI)와 공동으로 열대지역에 적응하는 다수성 온대 자포니카 벼 품종을 개발하고 있다. 일반적으로 자포니카 벼를 단일조건인 열대지역에 재배하면 이앙 후 바로 개화가 촉진되어 극조기 출수가 유도된다. 따라서 열대지역에 적응하는 자포니카 벼를 개발하기 위해서는 단일조건에서도 충분히 생장한 후 출수를 하는 특성이 우선적으로 필요하다. 본 연구는 국내 자포니카형 벼 품종인 ‘일품’과 미국에서 육성한 인디카형 벼인 ‘Zenith’를 교배한 F9 RIL 180 계통을 이용하여 필리핀의 단일조건하에서 재배하면서 출수기에 관련한 양적형질유전자좌(QTL) 분석을 수행한 바, 그 결과는 다음 과 같다. 1. 단일조건하에서 출수일수(파종~출수)에 관여하는 2종의 QTL(qHD6-SD와 qHD6-LD)을 탐색하였다. 2. 정밀지도제작 결과 qHD6-SD와 qHD6-LD은 모두 6번 염색체 Hd1 유전자를 포함하는 98 kb 영역에 존재하는 동일한 QTL인 것으로 나타났다 3. 시험계통을 필리핀 단일 조건에서 재배하였을 때 qHD6- SD 또는 qHD6-LD에서 Zenith allele형을 보유한 계통들은 일 품 allele형을 가진 계통들 보다 출수일수가 평균 8일 정도 길었다. 3. 시험계통을 한국의 장일 조건에서 재배하였을 때 qHD6- SD 또는 qHD6-LD에서 Zenith allele형을 보유한 계통들은 일품 allele형을 가진 계통들보다 출수일수가 평균 8일 정도 짧 았다. 4. 이러한 특성은 기존에 보고된 Hd1 유전자의 특성과 유사하여 qHD6-SD 및 qHD6-LD 은 Hd1 유전자일 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 본 시험에서 사용한 Zenith는 nonfunctional Hd1 allele을 보유하는 것으로 추정되었다. 5. 이러한 결과를 통해 열대지역에 적응하는 자포니카 벼 육종연구에서 극조기 출수를 방지하고 충분한 출수일수를 확보하여 수량을 높이기 위해서는 인디카 벼가 주로 보유하고 있는 non-functional Hd1 allele을 반드시 도입해야 함을 재확인 하였다.

아열대 지역 적응 자포니카 중간모본 밀양375의 주요 농업 적 특성 및 품질관련 특성을 분석한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 아열대지역인 국제미작연구소에서 밀양375는 파종 후 85 일에 출수하였다. MS11보다 11일정도 늦었고, 아열대지역의 표준품종인 IR64호와 비슷하였다. 2. 주요 농업적 특성 및 수량성을 분석한 결과는 밀양375의 간장은 74.9 cm로 자포니카 품종인 MS11보다 약 5.2 cm 정도 큰 편이였고, 쌀수량은 346 kg/10 a로 MS11의 수량 262 kg/10 a보다 32% 증수되었고, IR64의 수량 337 kg /10 a와 비숫하였다. 3. 주요 품질관련 특성을 분석한 결과, 밀양375는 장폭비 1.78정도의 단원립이면서, 단백질 함량이 낮고, 아밀로스 함량 이 낮아 찰기가 양호하며, 밥의 윤기가 높은 계통이였다. 4. 주요 농업적 특성의 상관분석 결과 쌀수량과 출수기 (0.899). 수당립수(0.851), 간장 (0.832) 및 수장(0.685) 순으로 정의 상관관계를 나타내었고, 수수와 천립중은 부의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 5. phylogenetic tree를 분석한 결과는 밀양375는 국내 육성 자포니카 중만생종과 같은 그룹으로 분류되었으며, 아열대 지역 적응 자포니카 품종인 MS11과 다른 그룹으로 분류되었다. 따라서, 아열대 지역 자포니카 품종 육성을 위한 새로운 중간 모본으로 활용성이 높은 것으로 판단된다.

Rice production is largely affected by various environmental conditions such as cold, heat and flooding. Here, to identify cold tolerant QTLs at seedling stage in rice, we generated RIL population derived from a cross between Hanareum 2 and Unkwang which are a highly cold sensitive and cold tolerant, respectively. We observed cold phenotype of this population in the growth chamber conditions and natural field conditions. For observation of cold tolerant phenotype of RIL population in the growth chamber, we treated cold stress (5~13℃) for 14 days and recovery for 4 days. When we examined the phenotype of RIL in the field conditions, temperature range in the field conditions was about 6 to 25℃ in 2015~2016. We named QTLs as Seedling Cold Tolerant (SCT) in growth chamber and Cold induced Yellowing Tolerant (CYT) in the field, respectively. Three QTLs for SCT and 5 QTLs for CYT were detected on chromosome 1, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12. Among these QTLs, qSCT12 on chromosome 12 showed 26.3 LOD score with 25.5% of phenotypic variation. When qSCT11.1 and qSCT12 were combined, cold tolerant was most strongest in our experimental conditions. qCYT10 on chromosome 10 was identified in field experiment on both 2015 and 2016. These results may provide useful information for a marker-assisted breeding program to improve cold tolerance in rice.

This study was conducted in order to examine the effects of horticultural activities and flower tea drinking based on reminiscent storytelling on demented elders’ cognitive and emotional functions. For these an purposes, the program was executed 35 elders divided four groups at the elders institutionalized at B Facility through 10 sessions during the period from 10 March to 14 July in 2015. As a result first, in the test of pretreatment homogeneity among the groups, no significant difference was observed among the four groups, so they were considered homogeneous. As to difference between before and after the program, cognitive functions were improved significantly after the treatment in the experimental group with both horticultural activities and flower tea drinking (p=.039). Among the emotional functions, self‐esteem was significantly different in the experimental group with only horticultural activities (p=.040), the experimental group with only flower tea drinking (p=.005), and the experimental group with both horticultural activities and flower tea drinking (p=.024). Life satisfaction was significantly different only in the experimental group with both horticultural activities and flower tea drinking (p=.005). Ego integrity was significantly different in the experimental group with only horticultural activities (p=.011) and the experimental group with both horticultural activities and flower tea drinking (p=.005). Therefore, the experimental group with both horticultural activities and flower tea drinking were improved significant that all the items of cognitive and emotional functions.

To fit the market demands for functional rice such as black and red color rice, ‘Sugary’a high free sugar content line was backcrossed to the black rice ‘Milyang152. The pedigree method was adapted in selection and generation advance. A high polyphenol content line, YR19646-3-2-1-1-2-2 showing red pericarp was selected and designed as ‘Milyang234’ followed by variety name ‘Geonganghongmi’ in 2010. Heading date of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was Aug. 19, medium-late maturing cultivar. ‘Geonganghongmi’ showed resistance to leaf blast and rice stripe virus while susceptible to major diseases and insects. The total polyphenol content of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was high as much as 24.2mg/g compare to that of 4.9mg/g of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 17.2mg/g of a red pericarp rice ‘Jeogjinju’ at 70% ethanol extraction conditions. In local adaptability tests, yield of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was 4.5MT/ha about 86% of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 102% of ‘Jeogjinju’, respectively. ‘Geonganghongmi’ is suitable for southern and middle plain area of Korea.

Jungmo1019 early maturing rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of the Department of Southern Crop, NICS, RDA in 2011. This cultivar was derived from the cross Hwayeongbyeo//Hitomebore/Nampyeongbyeo made in 2005 and the production of doubled haploid rice plant from anther culture in F1 generation. Testing in the replicated yield trial in 2008, a promising line YR25312Acp62 was selected and it was designated as the Milyang246. The early traus plauting local adaptability test of Milyang246 was carried out at three location in 2011 and it was named as Jungmo1019 showing a high head rice ratio and early–maturity eco-type. Number of spikelet/panicle and 1,000 grain weight of brown rice was slightly lower than those of Jopyeongbyeo. This variety is resistant to bacterial blight, rice stripe virus disease but susceptible to major insect and pests. The milled rice yield of Jungmo1019 is 4.52MT per ha at the early transplanting of the local adaptability test. This line should serve as a useful source for improving head rice ratio at early transplanting cultivation in southern plain area.

The amylose contents of rice determine eating quality which is one of the major traits in rice breeding program. To identify the low-amylose gene of the japonica rice cultivar Baegjinju, genetic analysis was conducted using 200 F2 population derived from a cross between the japonica cultivars, Saeilmi and Baegjinju. Individual F2 plants were classified as wild type (translucent grain) and mutant type (dull grain) based on the grain appearance of brown rice. Two hundred F2 plants were segregated into 155 wild type plants and 45 mutant type plants, which fit the 3:1 ratio (x2 = 0.667, df = 1, p = 0.414) and this result indicated the low-amylose gene of Baegjinju is a single recessive gene which controls the amylose contents. Linkage analysis was conducted to localize the low-amylose gene of Baegjinju and fine mapped within an 800-kb interval between 17.5 to 18.8Mb on short arm of chromosome 10. Co-segregated SSR marker, RM25648 was developed and it could be useful for marker-assisted selection and determination of the genetic resource related with amylose contents in rice breeding.

Four bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, pyramid elite japonica rice lines were developed for enhancing the resistance of rice against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Korea. Seven doubled haploid (RDL1-7) and ten F6 lines (RPL1-10) having Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 which were derived from the cross between Ilmi, high grain quality japonica rice cultivar carrying Xa1, and Iksan575, elite line carrying Xa3+xa5+Xa21, were developed using marker-assisted selection for resistance genes and phenotypic selection for bacterial blight resistance and agronomic traits. Among resistance genes combinations in F2 population, four resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, showed the highest resistance and conferred the enhanced resistance than three genes combination, Xa3+xa5+Xa21. Four genes pyramid lines (RDL and RPL) showed broad-spectrum resistant against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates and the yield and quality of the lines did not alter by the inoculation of K3a, the most virulent race in Korea. In addition, these lines had excellent plant type and exhibited more enhanced yield than previously developed resistant cultivars. Four bacterial blight resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, was efficient and promising combination and developed lines with four genes could be useful materials and will be applied to the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance of japonica rice against bacterial blight.

Bakanae (foolish seedling) disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi creates serious problems in the foremost rice growing countries. This study was conducted to identify new resistance genetic sources to Bakanae disease. Bioassay showed that 11 varieties including Gwangmyeongbyeo, Hawn, Wonseadaesoo, Erguailai etc. were resistant to bakanae disease among 254 rice germplasm. Mismatch ratio between phenotype on bakanae disease bioassay and allele type of RM9, a SSR marker closely linked the bakanae disease resistant QTL, qBK1, were 38.3%. These results suggest that RM9 might be used for selecting qBK1, but it cannot be used for wide range of rice germplasm. Resistant germplasm in this study might be have resistant genes different from qBK1. The eleven varieties resistant to selected in this study will be used to identify new resistant alleles or genes to improve bakanae disease resistance in rice.

Drought caused by global climate change is one of serious problems for rice cultivation. However, it was little reported the impact of drought on rice cultivation in Korea. In here, to assess impact of drought on rice varieties in Korean climate condition, growth characteristics and yield components of rice were compared on irrigated and partially irrigated rice paddy field. First, we have chosen 11 rice varieties including ‘Saeilmi’ and ‘Shindongjin’ which are widely cultivated in Korea. For partially irrigated rice paddy treatment, we have withheld irrigation from 25 days after transplanting and water supply was totally dependent on rainfall for rice cultivation. When we examined early plant height and tiller number of these varieties on partially irrigated rice paddy were reduced 1.6% to 18.4% and 10.4% to 33.1%, respectively, and these reduction rate were highly correlated with yield loss in our experimental conditions. Among rice yield components, panicle number was decreased 10.5% to 30.1% according to rice varieties and reduced panicle number was highly correlated with yield loss. Grain number per panicle, grain filling rate and 1,000 seeds weight did not have correlation with yield loss of rice varieties. These result means that growth stage, especially the tillering stage, is seriously affected by drought on rice cultivation in Korea. And we suggest that ‘Saeilmi’, ‘Ilmi’ and ‘Ilpum’ are good for rice cultivation on drought prone rice field in Korea.

저글루테린 및 저아밀로스 품종인 ‘건양2호’는 ‘중국173 호’와 ‘주남벼’를 각각 모본과 부본으로 인공교배 후 집단육 종법을 통하여 육성한 기능성 품종이다. ‘건양2호’의 출수기 는 영호남 및 중부평야지 보통기 보비재배에서 8월 10일로 ‘남평벼’보다 5일 빠른 중생종이다. 간장은 65 cm로 내도복 성이며, 불시출수와 수발아는 안되는 편이고 내냉성은 ‘남평 벼’와 비슷한 편이다. 잎도열병 밭못자리검정에서 중정도 저항성을 보였으며, 줄무늬잎마름병과 흰잎마름병(K1, K2, K3) 에는 저항성이다. ‘건양2호’의 아밀로스함량은 11.5%로 메벼 와 찹쌀의 중간형태로 불투명한 저아밀로스 품종이며, 단백질 함량은 6.0%로 ‘남평벼’보다 약간 낮으며 소화성 전분인 글 루테린 비율이 63.1%로 ‘남평벼’의 73.8%보다 낮다. ‘건양2 호’의 쌀 수량성은 4.61 MT/ha로 ‘남평벼’보다 9% 감수되었 고, 적응지역은 영호남 및 중부 평야 1모작지이다(품종 등록 번호: 제5105호).

‘단미’는 국립식량과학원에서 1994년 당질미 유전자원인 ‘Sugary’를 모본으로 하고, 재배 안정성이 높은 ‘섬진벼’를 부본으로 인공교배하여 육성한 품종으로 현미의 유리당 함량 이 높으며 중부 및 영호남 내륙 평야 1모작지에 적응하는 중 만생 기능성 품종이다. ‘단미’의 간장은 86 cm로 ‘남평벼’보 다 12 cm 정도 큰 편이며, 이삭당 착립수가 적고 등숙비율 및 현미천립중은 각각 11.3% 및 16.1 g으로 매우 낮은 편이다. ‘단미’는 좌절중이 적고 3절 간장은 큰 편으로서 도복지수가 높으나 천립중이 가벼워 도복은 발생하지 않았으며 수발아는 약한 편이다. 내병충검정에서 도열병 및 흰잎마름병과 줄무늬 잎마름병, 오갈병 및 검은줄오갈병 등 바이러스 및 벼멸구와 애멸구 등 병해충에 대한 저항성은 없다. ‘단미’의 현미 유리당 함량은 Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, Maltose, 및 Raffinose 가 각각 1.16, 7.87, 9.69, 0.52, 및 2.13%로 ‘남평벼’의 총 유 리당 함량 3.33%에 비해 6.5배 정도 높은 21.73%의 총 유리 당 함량을 보였다. 수량성은 2006년부터 2008년 3개년간 실 시한 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배 6개소에서 현미 수량은 2.7 MT/ha로서 일반 메벼인 ‘남평벼’ 대비 약 52% 수준을 보였다(품종 등록번호: 01-0001-2010-6).

Seeds of colored rice generally have high anthocyanin and flavonoid content but some cultivars have low seed germination rate. This defect poses unstable seedling establishment in nursery bed. The seed gravity variations of 10 colored rice varieties and its effect on germination, seed soaking duration and their optimum seeding rates for seedling raising in machine transplanting were investigated in the experiment. Based on seed gravity distribution of the 7 black- and 3 red-colored rice varieties at three levels of seed gravity (1.0<, 1.0~1.06, 1.06>), the black colored seeds such as Josaengheugchal and Sinmyungheugchal had high amount of specific gravity of below 1.0 ranging from 86~ 96%, while they had only 3~13% of seeds in specific gravity above 1.06. Sintoheugmi, Heugjinju, Heugnam, Heugkwang had various mass of seeds, showing 29~44% for specific gravity of below 1.0, 24~39% for 1.0~1.06 and 25~45% for above 1.06. On the other hand, the red colored rice such as Hongjinju, Jeogjinju and Geonkanghongmi had high percentage of specific gravity of above 1.06 with 84~86% while they had only 9~12% of specific gravity below 1.0 similar to Ilmibyeo of noncolored rice. The black colored seed generally showed low germination percentage, slow germination speed and long mean germination time, and low water absorption rate as compared with seed of the red colored rice which was similar to those of Ilmibyeo used as a control cultivar. The black colored seeds took 2~4 days longer seed soaking duration than the red colored rice before germination. This was related to high seed amount of specific gravity below 1.0 in black colored rices. The high amount of seed gravity above 1.06 in the colored rice seeds was positively correlated with percentage of germination, germination speed and mean germination time, ripened grain ratio and water absorption. Seed gravity distribution effect were less pronounced between back- and red- colored seeds in seedling emergence. The black colored rice has slightly lower normal seedling emergence rate than the red colored rice and Ilmibyeo in the seedbed soil due to high percentage of ungerminated seed. Normal seedling emergence rate of the black colored rice in the seedbed was 75.2~82.2% for 10-day old seedling and 85.3~ 90.9% for 30-day old seedling which was lower by 4.5~ 8.0% and 0~3.3%, respectively, than the red colored rice. Based on the normal seedling number per tray of Ilmibyeo for seeding rate of 10-day and 30-day old seedlings, the recommended seeding rate of black colored rice is 200~ 220g seeds for the 10-day old seedling and 110~130g for the 30-day old seedling in transplanting rice while the seeding rate of the red colored rice was 220g seeds for the 10-day old seedling and 130g for the 30-day old seedling.