Bacterial phytopathogen Pectobacterium causes soft rot disease in several vegetable crops globally, resulting in heavy agricultural losses at both the pre and postharvest stages. The present work was carried out to screen Kimchi cabbage genetic resources conserved at the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea, for resistance against the soft rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum KACC 21701 over a period of three years (from 2020 to 2022). Infection of the phytopathogen was carried out at four-leaf stage and for each accession, twenty-five plants per germplasm were infected with KACC 21701. Kimchi cabbage cultivars Wangmatbaechu, Seoulbaechu, and CR Kiyoshi were used as control. Seven-days post-infection, the Disease Index (DI) values were manually recorded from zero to four, zero matched perfectly heathy plants and four completely dead plants. The 682 accessions of Kimchi cabbage exhibited varying degrees of disease resistance to KACC 21701 and thirty accessions, exhibiting a DI≤2, were considered for replication studies. During the replication studies, four landrace germplasms (IT102883, IT120036, IT120044, and IT120048) and one cultivar (IT187919) were confirmed to be moderately susceptible to KACC 21701. Results of the preliminary screening as well as replication studies were documented for the all the 682 germplasms. Addition of such information to the passport data of stored germplasms might serve as potential bio-resource for future breeders and researchers to develop resistant varieties or study the mechanisms involved in resistance of plants to such phytopathogen.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of high-oleate and normal-oleate peanut consumption on adipose mass and serum lipids in obese-induced C57BL/6J mice. After four weeks of the high-fat diet, mice were randomly divided into six groups: normal control (NC) diet, high-fat control (HFC) diet, high-oleate peanut-seed (HOPS) diet, normal-oleate peanut-seed (NOPS) diet, high-oleate peanut-oil (HOPO) diet, and olive-oil (OO) diet. After four weeks, all four experimental diet groups showed significantly lower body weight and epididymal fat weight than HFC group. In four experimental diet groups, serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly lower, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly higher than HFC group. TG was significantly decreased in HOPS group (92.1±1.2 mg/dL) than NOPS group (101.7±5.3 mg/dL, p<0.05). Similarly, LDL-C was significantly lower in HOPS group (66.1±2.8 mg/dL) than NOPS (76.9±1.5 mg/dL, p<0.05), on the other hand, HDL-C indicated a significant elevation in HOPS (50.5±2.1 mg/dL) than NOPS group (45.2±1.6 mg/dL, p<0.05). This result suggests that the consumption of high-oleate peanut has a favorable effect on the plasma lipid profile.

One hundred seventy two accessions of safflower, collected in four countries were investigated for their morphological and biochemical characters in 2014. The accessions were categorized into two groups; South-Central (S-C) Asia and South-West (S-W) Asia, and each group was represented the accessions of two countries. Variation in morphological and biochemical characters was observed between two groups of accessions. The average value of seed weight and range of variability were higher in S-C Asia accessions while S-W accessions exhibited the variation in plant height, leaf length and days to flowering. The average value of oleic and total oil content were higher in S-C Asia accessions, and the values were 19.8%, and 231.4 mg.g-1, respectively, while the range of variability for total oil content was higher in S-W accessions. Plant height exhibited a significant positive correlation with days to flowering (r = 0.625**). Palmitic acid had positively correlated with stearic acid (r = 0.282**) and linoleic acid (r = 0.444**). Oleic and linoleic acid showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.977**). The first three principal components explained 57% of the total variation. Morphological and biochemical variation exist in different groups of accessions could be useful to breeder for developing new safflower cultivars with high oil quantity and quality.

사우디아라비아 북부지역에서 수집된 홍화 총 100자원에 대 한 총폴리페놀 함량 및 항산화 활성을 평가하여 항산화활성이 높은 홍화자원을 선발하고자 연구를 수행하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 총 100자원의 홍화유전자원에 대한 총폴리페놀 함량은 14.2 ± 0.41 μg GAE mg−1dw에서 81.6 ± 1.56μg GAEmg−1dw 까지 분포하였다. DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 1.6 ± 0.07 μg ASC mg−1 dw에서 14.1 ± 0.23 μg ASCmg−1 dw까지 활성을 나 타냈다. ABTS 활성은 34.5 ± 0.70 μg Trolox mg−1 dw에서 156.5 ± 3.06 μg Trolox mg−1 dw까지 평가되었다. 항산화활성 을 측정한 DPPH와 ABTS 활성간에는 상당한 유의성(r = 0.954**)을 보였다. 2. 홍화자원 100자원의 총폴리페놀 함량 및 항산화활성 결 과값에 대한 상호관계를 분석하여 활성이 높은 그룹(Group1)을 얻었다. Group1에 포함된 8개의 홍화자원은 나머지 그룹에 속한 자원들에 비해 항산화활성이 높았으며, 이중 K185841, K185879, K185863은 Group1내의 다른 자원들보다도 항산화 활성이 상당히 높아 홍화육종이나 기능성물질연구에 좋은 소 재가 될 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of the present study is to provide exercises, together with music, that are helpful for elderly people’s balancing ability, and to determine their effects in order to provide data for the promotion of elderly persons’health. Thirty elderly persons were randomly assigned to a balance training group(BTG) of 15 subjects, or a music and balance training group (music therapy + balance training [MTBTG]) of 15 subjects; intervention was implemented three times per week for six weeks. To measure the changes in their balancing ability before and after the experiment, the limit of stability, the“Timed Up and Go”(TUG) test, and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were measured. Changes in the limit of stability before and after the experiment were shown to be significant in both the BTG and the MTBTG. Changes in the limit of stability of the right side before and after the experiment showed statistically significant differences between the BTG and the MTBTG. Changes in the TUG test and the BBS before and after the experiment were shown to be statistically significant in both the BTG and the MTBTG. The application of music during balance training thus is considered to have a positive effect on elderly persons’balancing ability.

본 연구는 필리핀의 생물자원 및 농업에 이용되어지는 식물자원과 그 근연종의 다양성 및 관리 현황에 대한 최근 정보를 공유함으로써, 유용 유전자원의 확보와 유전자원 관련 국제기술 협력사업의 효율을 높이기 위한 기초자료를 제공코자 하며, 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 필리핀은 7,107개의 크고 작은 섬들로 구성되어 있는 300,000 km2의 면적을 보유하고 있으며, 식물보유종으로 세계 5위를 차지할 정도로 다양성이 높은 국가이다. 2. 전 국토의 32% 정도의 면적이 경작지로 이용되고 있으며, 주요작물로는 벼, 옥수수, 코코넛, 사탕수수, 바나나, 마닐라삼, 망고 등이고, 벼멸구 내성을 지닌 O. offininalis 등 주요작물의 야생종 및 야생근연종들이 다수 분포하고 있다. 3. 필리핀 농업자원의 현지내 보존은 농가 보존형태이며, 야생종 보호를 위해 NIPAS 65개 구역을 지정하여 운영하고 있으나 작물연계한 생물다양성이나 생태시스템 관리 등 종합적인 프로그램은 부족하다. 4. 총 173,205점의 자원들이 현지외 보존되고 있으며, 이중형태특성평가는 40%, 생화학평가는 7%, 분자학적 평가는 3%, 병충해나 생산성 등 평가는 60%가량 수행되었다. 5. 식물자원의 보존과 관리를 위한 정부연구기관 및 네트워크가 설립되어 있으며, 식물유전자원에 관한 연구는 DA, DENR, 그리고 DOST 등의 국가적 조직들과 협력하여 수행하고 있다. 6. 공화국법령 8435 등 식물자원의 보존과 이용을 위한 상세한 내용의 필리핀 국내법이 마련되어 있다.

본 연구는 이란 등 5개국에서 수집한 홍화자원을 대상으로 하여 천연항산화제로써 홍화종자의 항산화 활성을 평가하고, 세로토닌 유도체인N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin과N-feruloylserotonin의 함량을 측정하여 항산화 활성과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 총폴리페놀함량은 28.25 ~ 90.53 ㎍ GAE/㎎ DE의 범위를 나타내었고, 색소화합물인 DPPH 라디칼과ABTS+을 이용한 유리라디칼소거능을 측정하는 DPPH assay와 ABTS assay 의 값은 18.76 ~ 93.98 및 48.91 ~ 163.73 ㎍ ASCE/㎎ DE의 범위를 나타내었다. 시료의 환원능을 측정하는 방법인 FRAP assay 과 RP assay는 3.80 ~ 132.29 및 26.32 ~ 80.08 ㎍ ASCE/㎎ DE의 범위로 나타내었다. UHPLC를 이용하여 CS와 FS를 분석한 결과, CS 함량은 2.56 ~ 64.99 ㎎/g DE이고, FS 함량값은 1.92 ~ 65.36 ㎎/g DE이었다. 5개국 중 이란 원산종은 다른 나라에 비해 세로토닌 유도체 함량과 항산화 활성의 평균값이 높게 측정되었다. 항산화 활성과 세로토닌 유도체 함량 간의 상관관계 분석 결과, CS는 TPC와 ABTS, DPPH와 높은 상관성을 보였고(r = 0.673, 0.727, 0.820), FS는 DPPH와 높은 상관성을 보였다(r = 0.740). RACI를 통하여 선발된 IT321214과 IT321215는 항산화 활성이 높은 자원으로 천연항 산화제 소재 탐색 및 개발에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Background : The purpose of this study is to select potential genetic resources from safflower germplasm collected from India based on their oil compositions and agronomic characteristics. Methods and Results : The agronomic characteristics were measured during the growing period of the safflower. Total oil contents were recovered by Soxhlet extraction and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by using gas chromatography. The mean of plant height, leaf length and leaf width were 100.19 ㎝, 20.49 ㎝, and 7.29 ㎝, respectively. The percentage of leaf margin with serration was 95%, and 2% of the total resources didn’t have spines on the involucral bract. K185681 had no spines on the involucral bract and the plant height was the smallest. 73% of the flower of safflower was yellow. 68% of safflower germplasm changed flower color from yellow to red. Total oil contents of 267 safflower accessions showed a significant variability among the entire domain of collections and ranged from 5.81 to 38.91%. Palmitic and stearic acid were ranged from 4.98 to 6.65%, and 1.82 to 2.73%, respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid showed a wide variation which ranged from 10.53 to 22.27%, and 69.46 to 81.26%, respectively. Linolenic acid was ranged from 0.06 to 0.13%. K185639 and K185639 had the highest total oil contents and linoleic acid, respectively. Cluster analysis based on oil composition and agronomic characteristics data divided the germplasm collections into three groups. Group Ⅲ having 114 accessions contained accessions with taller plant height than the other groups. Group Ⅱ having 68 accessions, the main color of flower was white but the other groups were yellow. Oleic acid showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.9691**) with linoleic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the oil compositions and agronomic characteristics data revealed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) together explained 36.28% total variation. Conclusion : These results showed that K185681, K185639 and K185639 could be useful to develop breeding and functional food.

Background : To select potential plant resources as natural antioxidants and functional materials, e valuation of N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS) in 43 safflower accessions collected from South Asia was conducted. Method and Results : CS and FS were analyzed by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). The mean CS content was 32.74 ㎎/g dried extract (DE) with a range from 3.44 to 83.30 ㎎/g DE, and the FS content ranged from 1.43 to 34.53 ㎎/g·DE with a mean of 12.69 ㎎/g DE. The mean of TPC of 43 safflower accessions was 55.22 ㎍ GAE/㎎·DE. The average values of antioxidant activities based on DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP assay showed 48.77 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, 97.62 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, 70.22 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, and 50.01 ㎍ ASC eq/㎎ DE, respectively. The 43 safflower accessions were classified into two groups based on the complete linkage cluster analysis using their CS, FS, TPC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP. Group Ⅱ showed higher CS, FS and antioxidant activity than Group Ⅰ (p < 0.05). K185245 and K185247 were included in Group Ⅱ, K185245 had the highest CS and FS, and K185247 was the highest in TPC, DPPH, and ABTS. CS had significant positive correlation with FS (r = 0.849**). Significantly high correlation coefficients were recorded between TPC and antioxidant assays including DPPH, ABTS, and RP. The first two principal components had accounted for the 80.46 % of the total variance. Conclusion : These results showed that K185245 and K185247 could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials and could be useful to develop new functional materials.

Background : Carotenoids are pigments that are found in plants, fruits, bacteria, and fungi. β -carotene and canthaxanthin are orange pigments among thousands of carotenoids that possess potent antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to determine β-carotene and cantaxanthin in 55 Kimchi cabbage germplasm using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Method and Results : 55 Kimchi cabbage accessions were sown in plug trays in the end of August, 2016. All the tissue samples were freeze-dried for 1 week and ground into fine powder and stored at -20℃ until analysis. Crude carotenoids from freeze-dried materials (100 mg) were extracted using 1 ㎖ of 100% (v/v) hexane in 10 minutes by using sonication bath followed by centrifugation. The average β-carotene contents was 1.43 ㎎·㎏-1 and ranged from 0.76 (IT 120045) to 2.25 ㎎·㎏-1 (IT 100378). The average canthaxanthin content in the entire domain of sample was 0.59 ㎎·㎏-1 with a range between 0.36 (IT 32746) and 1.08 ㎎․㎏-1 (IT 100386). Canthaxanthin content was significantly positively correlated with β-carotene (r = 0.65**) and leaf length (r = 0.63**). However, canthaxanthin was negatively correlated with cotyledon color (r = -0.41**). Principal component analysis results of the first two components (PC1 and PC2) explained 44.53% of the point variability. Conclusion : The resources with the highest β-carotene and canthaxanthin content are IT 100378, 100386, 100391, and 110828. This study could be useful to select a potential sources of health beneficial carotenoids (β-carotene and canthaxanthin) in Kimchi cabbage germplasm in nutraceutical formulations and for further applications as a breeding material and other research activities.

Background : Alpha-linolenic acid is a type of omega-3 fatty acid and has been reported to be found at a remarkably high content in seeds of perilla (Perilla frutescens). The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid compositions in 45 perilla accessions collected from Russia and recommend the potential genetic resources related to their fatty acid compositions. Methods and Results : The 45 accessions of perilla seeds which were collected from Russia were used for the study. Perilla seed oil was recovered using hexane in a soxhlet extraction method. The fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography. The total oil content was ranged between 28.39 and 46.89%. The compositions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid ranged from 5.57 to 7.09%, 1.16 to 2.27%, 11.83 to 19.55%, 11.92 to 16.71%, and 59.19 to 67.28%, respectively. Cultivars 'Dayu', 'Daeyu' and 'Anyu' showed lower linolenic acid composition compared to the average value of linoleic acid in perilla germplasms collected from Russia. Cluster analysis based on the fatty acid composition of the 45 perilla accessions segregated into three groups. Group Ⅰ characterized as higher palmitic, stearic and oleic acid compositions compared to other groups. Group Ⅱ which contained 12 accessions had high total oil and linoleic acid composition. Group Ⅲ characterized as a higher linolenic acid composition compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Oleic acid showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.825) with linolenic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 74.4% total variation. Conclusion : Our results indicated that accessions IT235818, IT235820, IT226739 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition could be useful to develop new functional vegetable oil materials.

Background : Sclerotinia rot, caused by a fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the serious and unpredictable yield losses in perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaf production in Korea. Screening disease resistant genetic resources is necessary to develop disease-resistant cultivars and conduct related research. Methods and Results : A Total of 150 perilla accessions, including 123 Korean landraces and 27 cultivars developed in Korea, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) using detached leaf inoculation technique. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate KACC40457 was inoculated at the seedling stage (five to six leaves). For detached leaf method, a mycelial plug was placed fungus-side down on the main leaf vain and incubated at 22 ± 1℃ on moistened paper towel in a plastic box. Three Korean landraces, including IT117036, IT117106, and IT117110, and cultivar IT229431 showed 100% of resistance ratio (no. of plants showed below 1 ㎝ of lesion size/total evaluated plants × 100). Seven accessions including five landraces, IT117080, IT117107, IT117048, 117042, 117029, and two cultivaers, IT276225 and IT213781, showed high level of resistance that is higher than 80% of resistance ratio Conclusion : 11 accessions which showed strong and moderate level of resistance to Sclerotinia rot could be possibly used by breeders, farmers, and researchers to produce new disease resistant cultivars and use them commercially. However, research related to the exploration of appropriate materials (accessions) for breeding cultivars with good quality, high functional components, high consumer acceptability, etc. should be continued, considering pathogenicity test was conducted in young stage.

Background : Recently there has been an increasing demand for well-being and health food products. Foreign special and medicinal crops which were not cultivated in Korea before are widely introduced and cultivated in Korea. Therefore, in order to provide the basic information necessary for stable cultivation of the introduced crops, we conducted a survey on the actual condition of cultivation of farms and sought to suggest future work. Methods and Results : The survey was conducted in cooperation with the Rural Development Administration and local rural organizations in the year 2015 based on cultivation area, number of farms, and cultivation scale. In thes case of Lepdium meyenii and Asimina triloba, we surveyed the status of management technology by stage of cultivation through the field case study of farms. As a result, 14 crops were cultivated in 1,015 farms in 329.9 ha area including, Allium hookeri, Amaranthus blitum, Annona muricata, Asimina triloba, Chenopodium quinoa, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Gynura procumbens, Lepdium meyenii, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum americanum, Psidium guajava, Silybum marianum, and Stachys japonica. The cultivation scale decreased in the order of C. longa, G. uralensis, A. hookeri, P. guajava, L. meyenii, M. oleifera, and A. triloba. Generally, L. meyenii seeds were sown generally in September and the roots were harvested from mid April to early May in the following year after wintering. A. triloba was cultivated using emerged seedlings or grafted seedlings. The emerged seedlings were more 5 years, and the grafted seedlings were more 4 years so that the fruit can be harvested. Conclusion : In order to stabilize the cultivation of special and medicinal crops introduced from foreign countries, it should be safe and economical in terms of cultivation environment based on domestic cultivation adaptability test, and the use of products and sales channels should be established first. Also, national support and countermeasures for benefit sharing under the Nagoya protocol are needed.

Background : Perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil is known to contain high omega-3 fatty acid than other plant oils. This study was aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition in seeds of 255 perilla accessions from South Korea and recommend the potential genetic resources rel ated to their fatty acid composition. Method and Results : Total oil was extracted by soxhlet extraction apparatus and the fatty acid compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GCMS QP2010 ULTRA, SHIMADZU, JP). Total oil contents ranged from 22.41 and 47.62% with an average content of 34.20%. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid contributed 4.46 to 7.67%, 1.64 to 4.11%, 9.15 to 26.39%, 11.89 to 28.76%, and 50.24 to 64.16% to the total oil content, respectively. Seeds from Jeollabuk-do showed the highest average total oil content (41.14%) compared to other regions (p < 0.05), while the linolenic acid composition was the highest in the samples from Chungcheongnam-do (59.48%) (p < 0.05). The cluster analysis segregated the perilla seed accessions into two major clusters. ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (p < 0.05). Group Ⅰ (86 accessions) characterized as higher palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linolenic acid compositions than group Ⅱ (169 accessions). The highest content of linolenic acid were recorded in accessions K126190, K135903, and IT283646 from group Ⅰ, and accessions IT108680, IT208894, and IT111050 from group Ⅱ had high total oil content. Linoleic acid content showed a strong negative correlation with palmitic acid (r = -0.726*) and oleic acid (r = -0.678*) content. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 68.75% total variation. Conclusion : Our results showed that accessions K126190, K135903, IT283646 which exhibited high linolenic acid composition and accessions IT108680, IT208894, IT111050 which exhibited high total oil composition, could be useful to develop new functional oil materials.

Background : Perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens) are known to possess antioxidant activity and have long been used to treat a variety of health related issues. The present study was conduct ed to compare the antioxidant activity among perilla accessions collected from Russia. Method and Results : The leaves of a total of 46 accessions of perilla were collected from Russia. Crude extracts were obtained from 2 g of oven-dried perilla leaves using ASE-350 extractor. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (A BTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). TPC was ranged from 88.70 to 148.85 ㎍ gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /㎎ dried extract (DE). DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP were ranged from 59.49 to 94.80 ㎍ ascorbic acid equivalent (ASCE) /㎎ DE, 73.01 to 190.59 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, 98.73 to 326.39 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, 82.58 to 264.88 ㎍ ASCE /㎎ DE, respectively. Cluster analysis based on antioxidant assay results of 46 perilla accessions divided into three major groups. Group Ⅰ (9 accessions) characterized as higher antioxidant activity accessions than other group (p < 0.001). The correlations between antioxidant assays were strong and positive (r ≧ 0.78). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components together explained 92.96 % total variation. Conclusion : Among the perilla accessions collected from Russia, group accessions clustered in group Ⅱ showed high antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that accessions IT274300, IT226732 and IT274293 could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials.

Background : The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extracts using various solvents. Method and Results : The safflower seed extracts was obtained using methanol (50, 75, 100%), ethanol (50, 75, 100%) and water. Total phenolic content (TPC) w as determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities w ere estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP). Average TPC of safflower seed extracts were 72.03 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in methanol, 50.16 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in ethanol, and 28.47 ㎍·GAE·㎎-1 DE in water. TPC were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the solvents. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP a average activities of methanol extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity, with value of 62.95 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, 123.48 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, 171.68 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and 76.07 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, respectively. Values of Ethanol extracts showed DPPH 32.26 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, ABTS 81.02 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, FRAP 159.24 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and RP 34.83 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE. There was no significant difference between extracts of ethanol and methanol in FRAP value. The 75% ethanol extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than 50% and 100% ethanol extracts (p < 0.05). The 75% ethanol extracts had TPC 68.98 ㎍·GAE·eq/㎎ DE, DPPH 70.07 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, ABTS 166.59 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, FRAP 208.78 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE, and RP 82.16 ㎍·ASC·eq/㎎ DE. Conclusion : Although ethanol extracts had lower antioxidant activity compared to methanol, it was suggested to be more suitable for further studies as it is less toxic and a recommended food grade solvent. It is estimated that the bioactive substance is extracted extensively from 75% ethanol with high antioxidant activity.

Background: To obtain useful safflower resources for breeding and research of functional materials, the present study was conducted to determine fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities of 281 safflower accessions collected from East Asia including South Korea. Methods and Results: Lipid contents and fatty acids compositions were evaluated using soxhlet extraction and gas chromatography, respectively. A antioxidant activities were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. The evaluation range of safflower accessions showed very wide variation. In terms of lipid contents, the China accessions were higher than the collection from other regions, whereas antioxidant activities did not differ among regions. The result of the principal component analysis showed that the first and second principal component cumulatively explained 90.6% of the total variation. In clustering the safflower accessions, the tree showed four major clades. Group II (16 accessions) was high in lipid content, oleic acid and linoleic acid, whereas group III (50 accessions) exhibited higher antioxidant activities than other groups. Conclusions: It was recommended that the China collections be utilized as a useful resource for research on functional oil materials. These results provided valuable information for safflower breeders and researchers of functional food.