본 연구는 제주도 연안의 해역별 해조류 분포특성을 비교하기 위하여 2018년 5월부터 12월까지 제주도 본섬 4개 정점과 유인도서 2개 정점의 마을어장에서 수행되었다. 해조류는 총 101종으로 녹조류 13종(12.9%), 갈조류 24종 (23.8%) 그리고 홍조류 64종(63.4%)이 출현하였다. 계절별로는 5월에 가장 많은 해조류가 출현하고, 10월에 가장 적게 출현하는 전형적인 온대해역의 특징을 나타냈다. 수심별 해조류 출현 종수는 5m와 8m에서는 66종과 65종으로 유사하였으며, 12m에서는 74종으로 최대였다. 해역별로는 도서해역인 우도에서 66종으로 가장 많은 해조류가 출현하 였고, 본섬의 동부 표선에서 27종으로 가장 적게 출현하였다. 출현종 가운데 중요도가 높은 해조류는 감태(Ecklonia cava)와 둘레혹산호말(Corallina crassissima)로 각각 21.1%와 20.3%를 나타냈으며, 방황혹산호말(Corallina aberrans) 9.2%, 에페드라게발(Amphiroa ephedraea) 6.2% 그리고 큰열매모자반(Sargassum macrocarpum) 4.4%의 중요도를 나타냈다. 해조류 중 산호말류는 평균 11.2종이 출현하였고, 각 해역의 산호말류 중요도는 평균 32.6%로 우도에서 14.7%로 가장 낮았고, 표선에서 가장 높은 41.0%를 차지하였다. 해조류 군락의 생태학적 평가지수(EEI)는 2.1∼10.0으로 표선의 5월과 6월 12m에서 가장 낮았고, 그 밖의 다른 해역에서는 평균 7.3이상으로 좋은 상태를 나타냈다. 본 조사에서 설정한 생태등급기준 Ⅰ등급은 우도와 추자도의 수심 12m이었으며, Ⅱ등급은 사계와 추자도의 수심 5 m와 8 m가 해당되었다. Ⅲ등급은 표선과 귀덕2의 수심 5m와 12m, 평대의 수심 5m와 8m가 해당되었으며, Ⅳ등급은 귀덕2의 수심 8m가 해당되었다.

In this study, the energy use of buildings was compared and analyzed by using weather data predicted with machine running techniques. Python was used as a predictive program to predict weather data and TRNSYS was used to simulate the energy usage of buildings. For weather forecasting, weather data from 1 August to 7 August were studied to forecast ambient air temperature and solar radiation. The lowest error came in seven days, with the outside air temperature standing at 1.8 percent and the solar radiation at 2.4 percent. The energy use of the building was simulated by using weather data predicted through the 7 days learning data with the lowest error. As a result , the error rate of cooling energy use was 1.92%, the sum of cooling energy and lighting energy use was 1.79%, and the building control by using predicted weather data didn’t show a big difference with just control.

In this study, an algorithm for control of SPD(Suspended Particles Display) on Smart Skin was proposed. The office with SPD located in Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do was modeled and simulated using TRNSYS18. Through simulation, the energy and lighting consumption of building were analyzed The two kinds of control algorithm(SPD and dimming control method for cool energy and lighting energy saving(CASE 1) and improved control method(CASE 2)) were compared. For this research, Two models(with and without SPD and dimming control) were analyzed by comparing the cooling energy and the light energy consumption was reduced 15.1%, and the lightind energy consumption was reduced by 39.2% more than the model without SPD and dimming control. But, at the improved control method(CASE 2) the cooling energy consumption was reduced of more 2.5% and lighting energy consumptions was reduced of more 18.3% than CASE 1. When using SPD and dimming control, lighting energy consumptions showed more sensitive to solar radiation than cooling energy consumptions. As the improved control method(CASE 2) showed more advantageous saving tate than SPD and dimming control metrhod for cool energy and lighting energy saving(CASE 1), it was found that the improved control method (CASE 2) must be utilized in practice for SPD and dimming control.

In this study, we have defined measurement and verification methods and procedures to assess the energy use on the utility system of building. Time series data conversion methods and algorithms have been proposed in performance evaluation options. To verify the feasibility of the method, the energy consumption of the refrigerator, which was an energy utility, was measured and analyzed. we present an algorithm based on the annual base conversion and analyze it based on actual data. As a result, a k-means clustering moving average method was defined for the performance calculation option A, and the use time correction coefficient method was proposed. The validity of this method was verified through the verification.

In this study, we have investigated the optimal control method and the energy saving possibility when the dimming control for lighting and the suspended particles display(SPD) glass for window were applied to reduce the lighting load and the cooling load in office buildings. Simulations were carried out during from 8:00 am to 7:00 pm of typical one day on summer, winter and intermediate season. Simulation results showed that the cooling and lighting energy usage was reduced to 21.2% compared to the baseline model. Therefore, it was possible to predict the optimum control method of the suspended particles display(SPD) window to control the transmittance for energy saving and the dimming control for lighting during summer season.

본 연구에서는 추출보조공정으로서 초음파 처리에 따른 녹차의 성분특성 변화를 분석하기 위하여, 60℃에서 1, 5, 30, 60분간 열수추출하고, 동일온도에서 초음파 추출하여 각각 가용성 고형분, vitamin C, 총 페놀성 화합물, flavonols, catechins, caffeine, free amino acids 함량을 분석하였다. 가용성 고형분 함량은 초음파 처리에 의해 약 4~5%의 추출수율이 증가하였다. Viamin C 함량은 1, 5, 30분에서는 각각 약 0.21, 0.16, 0.31 mg/g 증가하였지만, 60분 처리구에서는 대조구와 비교해 2.47 mg/g에서 2.22 mg/g으로 감소하였고, 총 페놀성 화합물 함량이 약 10~13 mg/g 증가하였다. Flavonols는 myricetin이 4.77 mg/100g에서 9.94 mg/100g, quercetin은 10.97 mg/100g에서 20.84 mg/100g, kaempferol은 7.95 mg/100g에서 17.33 mg/100g으로 초음파 처리에 의해 약 2배 이상 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 초음파 처리에 의해 녹차 침출액의 EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC, (+)-C 함량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 경향과는 달리, 유리아미노산의 경우는 초음파 처리에 따른 영향이 거의 없었고, 추출시간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 초음파 처리에 의해 녹차의 vitamin C, 총 페놀 화합물, flavonol류, catechins의 추출이 증가함을 알 수 있었고, 따라서 녹차 가공에 있어 초음파 처리가 매우 효율적인 추출보조공정으로 사용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.

녹차 잎 1.5 g에 증류수 100 mL을 가하여 75℃에서 5분 동안 추출하여 녹차 음료를 제조하였다. 저장 조건을 달리하여 A 녹차 음료 (빛을 인위적으로 차단하지 않음, 자연 상태의 대기 조건, 비타민 C 무첨가), B 녹차 음료 (빛을 알루미늄 호일로 감싸서 차단함, 질소를 불어넣어 자연 대기를 질소로 치환하였음, 비타민 C 30 mg/100 mL 첨가), C 녹차 음료 (빛을 알루미늄 호일로 감싸서 차단함, 질소를 불어넣어 자연 대기를 질소로 치환하였음, 비타민 C 무첨가)로 구분하여 4℃에서 28일간 저장한 후, 유용 성분을 분석하였다. 총페놀함량의 경우 저장 초기에 비하여 저장 28일 후 A 녹차 음료는 71.50%, B 녹차 음료는 73.88%, C 녹차 음료는 75.07%로 감소하였다. DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 저장 초기에 비하여 A 녹차 음료는 87.87%, B 녹차 음료는 92.93%, C 녹차 음료는 88.39%이었다. 녹차의 유용 카테킨인 epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)는 28일간 저장 후에 A 녹차 음료는 130.61%, B 녹차 음료는 136.47%, C 녹차 음료는 4.34%이었다. 이상의 결과는 녹차의 저장 조건이 녹차 음료의 성분에 영향을 미치며, 빛, 질소 치환, 비타민 C가 매우 중요함을 시사하였다.

In order to promote the prevention of microbial and enzymatic spoilage and to retain the freshness, sweet persimmons harvested in Gyeongsangnam-do were treated with grapefruit seed extract(GFSE)-CaCO₃ mixture and stored in the proper packaging conditions. A low concentration of GFSE showed effective growth inhibition of plant pathological bacteria and fungi, Enterobacter pyrinus and Fusarium sp., which were involved in the decay of fruits and vegetables. GFSE was stable to heat treatment; its antimicrobial activity was not changed by heat treatment upto 100℃. However, when the temperature was raised to 120℃, about 90% of total activity was retained within 30 min. GFSE was also highly stable to broad pH changes; its activity was not changed in the range of pH 2.0 to pH 12.0. The physiological function of cell membrane in the spores of Bacillus cereus and the hyphae of Fusarium sp. was destroyed by treating with GFSE. It was observed that treating sweet persimmons with GFSE mixture and storing them in strech-wrapped packages could prolong the freshness of sweet persimmons and reduce quality deterioration.

The major purpose of the present study is to survey vegetables, meats, seafoods, processed foods and imported foods for the presence. of Listeria spp. and to prevent listeriosis caused by the contamination of Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria spp. was isolated from 6.0% of meats, 3.4% of seafoods, and 11.4% of imported foods but was not found in vegetables and processed foods. The optimum growth condition of isolates indentified as Listeria monocytogenes was pH 7.0 and 37℃. The antimicrobial effect of grapefruit seed e×tract (GFSE) was observed in the level of more than 100ppm by disk method. When lml(2.5× 10^6 CFU/ml) of Listeria monocytogenes was inoculated and incubated for 3 days at 30, the total cell number of the organism was 4.5 × 10^9 in the control, 7.2 × 10³ in 100 μg/ml of GFSE medium, and 3.5 μg/ml of GFSE medium. Direct visualization of microbial cells by using both transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope showed microbial cell membrane the function of which was destroyed by treating with the dilute solutions of GFSE. It could be confirmed that GFSE completely inhibited the growth of the test strain of Listeria monocytogenes.

본 연구에서는 까마귀쪽나무열매추출물(LJF-HE)의 흰 쥐모델에서 인도메타신으로 유발되어지는 위염에 대한 억제효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 까마귀쪽나무열매추출물 투 여그룹(LJF-HE-L, LJF-HE-M, LJF-HE-H)에서 염증길이와 위액량이 control 그룹에 비하여 통계적으로 유의하게 감소한 결과를 얻었다. 또한 위액량의 유의적인 감소효과로 위 산분비가 억제되어 공격인자 작용이 약해지는 원인과 펩신 의 활성도를 낮추는 원인으로 인하여 위염발생을 억제하는 것으로 판단되어진다. 까마귀쪽나무열매추출물(LJF-HE) 의 위산 분비 억제 기능은 gastrin 및 histamine에 의해 발현 되는 CCK-2r와 H2r 유전자의 발현을 억제하여, gastrin 및 histamine에 의한 위산 생성 단계를 조절하여, proton pump 인 H+/K+ ATPase 유전자 발현을 억제시키며, 그 결과로 인하여 위산 분비를 억제하는 것으로 판단되어진다. 그리고 까마귀쪽나무열매추출물은 점액을 증가시켜 위 점막을 보호하는 PGE2의 함량을 높여, 위 점막 보호 기능을 나타내고 있으며, 더불어 염증성 cytokine인 TNF-α와 IL-1β의 생성을 낮춰주어 염증 매개반응을 저해하는 것으로 판단되어 진다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합하면 까마귀쪽나무열매추출물 (LJF-HE)이 인도메타신으로 유발되어지는 위염에 대한 억제효과가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

The timing of flowering, which is of crucial importance for plant growth and survival, is controlled by intricate pathways. To identify heading date-QTL, we constructed high resolution map on chromosome 3 using heterogeneous inbred family-near isogenic lines (H-NILs) derived from F7 RILs generated by the cross of early-heading japonica rice ‘H143’ and middle-late-heading indica-japonica hybrid cultivar ‘Milyang23’. QTL and subsequent sequence analysis using H-NILs revealed that the gene underlining QTL EH3, which is detected in the region of Hd16, is EL1 encoding casein kinase I (CKI). Two types of single amino acid substitutions in Ser/Thr kinase domain of EL1 were found in various cultivars, among which H-NIL(eh3) caused loss of function in EL1 demonstrated by altered heading date and GA response. Moreover, the phosphorylation of EL1 appears to involve in EL1 activity to regulate heading date. Transcriptional analysis clearly indicated that H-NIL(EH3) suppresses heading under LD conditions by down-regulating Ehd1, there by Hd3a and RFT1 expressions were not induced, suggesting that EL1 is photoperiod-sensitive and functions as a LD-specific suppressor of heading. Further characterization suggested that EL1 is likely to involve in anther development and seed settings by regulating GAMYB expression. Our study demonstrated that the genetic basis of natural variation occurred in ‘H143’ was revealed by QTL analysis using H-NILs, and EH3/EL1 function is crucial for heading and development in rice. The genetic natural variation of H-NIL(eh3) may have contributed to adaptation of rice cultivation to the higher regions by regulating the expression of rice flowering activator genes and GA signaling.

Samples of water, soil, and sediment were taken from 10 streams of Andong city in Gyeongbuk province in October 2004. To assess the degree of environmental pollution for each stream site, the chemical analyses of pollutants such as T-N, T-P, COD, heavy metal, organophosphorous and organochlorine pesticides, and dioxin-like PCB congeners were implemented using the standard process tests or the U. S. EPA methods. In addition, biological assessment using insect immune biomarkers was conducted on the same environmental samples to complement the chemical assessment. Except Waya stream (T-N; 2.91 mg/L, T-P; 0.16 mg/L, COD; 14.0 mg/L) with above the environmental quality standards, the T-P and COD concentrations of 9 sites are relatively low. The contents of Pb and Cd in samples taken from each stream were much lower than environmental quality standards. However, in comparison with soil samples of other streams, several times higher concentrations of Pb and Cd were found in locations at Mi, Gilan, Yeonha, and Waya stream sites. Dementon-S-methyl, diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate compounds among organophosphorous pesticides were detected as concentrations of ppb levels, respectively, from soil samples collected in the vicinity of Gilan, Mi, Norim, and Waya stream. On the other hand, 16 organochlorine pesticides and 12 dioxin-like PCB congeners selected in this study were not found in all samples. In particular, considering significant disrupting effects of Waya stream's samples on insect immune capacity, this stream seems to be contaminated with investigated and/or uninvestigated pollutants in this study.