This study evaluated the growth characteristics and forage productivity of quackgrass (Agropyron repens) and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) as novel forage resources under abnormal climatic conditions in Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea, during the 2024–2025 growing seasons. Both species, sown on 26 September 2024, exhibited good establishment, vigorous pre-winter growth, and strong cold tolerance. Following harvest, quackgrass and meadow foxtail showed superior regrowth compared with orchardgrass and tall fescue. Dry matter yields of quackgrass (QG2), a mixed sward of meadow foxtail (50%) and quackgrass (50%), tall fescue and quackgrass (QG1) were 21.4, 20.4, 19.2 and 19.0 t ha⁻¹, respectively, with no significant differences among treatments. In contrast, the dry matter yield of meadow foxtail alone (18.4 t ha⁻¹) was significantly lower than that of quackgrass (QG2) (p<0.001). Crude protein contents of quackgrass and meadow foxtail (12.3% and 13.4%, respectively) were higher than that of tall fescue (11.9%), whereas total digestible nutrient contents ranged from 61.4% to 61.7%, slightly lower than those of tall fescue. These results suggest that quackgrass and meadow foxtail are promising forage species for mixed pasture systems to enhance adaptability to abnormal climatic conditions.

This experiment aimed to evaluate the growth characteristics and forage productivity of novel forage resources in order to cope with abnormal climatic conditions in Pungse-myeon, Cheonan City, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea from 2024 to 2025. Italian ryegrass (IRG), Perennial ryegrass (PRG)+IRG mixtures and Meadow foxtail (MF)+IRG mixtures sown on 26 September 2024 grew vigorously before and after winter, and exhibited strong cold resistance, achieving a 100% overwintering rate. At harvest, plant length of IRG, PRG+IRG mixtures and MF+IRG mixtures reached approximately 118 cm. The heading dates of IRG and MF+IRG (2 May) were 8 days earlier than that of tall fescue. The dry matter yield (11.5 ton/ha) of IRG single pasture did not differ significantly from that of MF+IRG and PRG+IRG mixture, but was 29~30% higher than that of MF and PRG single pasture (p<0.001). The crude protein content of IRG and MF+IRG mixture was 7.0%, which was lower than that of MF (9.6%) and tall fescue (9.0%). The total digestible nutrient content of MF+IRG mixture was 63.2%, slightly lower than that of IRG but higher than that of tall fescue. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that PRG+IRG and MF+IRG mixtures have strong potential as novel forage resources to mitigate cold damage of IRG under abnormal climatic conditions.

Background: Real-time ergonomic risk assessment in manufacturing environments is challenged by severe class imbalance in high-risk postures and the need for deployment-efficient models. Conventional oversampling techniques may violate biomechanical constraints, limiting their suitability for human motion data. Objectives: This study aimed to compare multiple machine learning models for real-time ergonomic risk assessment while addressing data imbalance using biomechanically appropriate learning strategies and evaluating both predictive performance and deployment efficiency. Design: Comparative study. Methods: A large-scale workplace safety dataset comprising image-based skeletal keypoints was analyzed. To mitigate class imbalance without generating biomechanically implausible samples, cost-sensitive learning and focal loss were employed instead of synthetic oversampling. Subject-wise data splitting was applied to prevent data leakage. Five model families, including Random Forest, convolutional neural networks, and a lightweight graphbased network, were evaluated using accuracy, F1-score, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and high-risk recall. Statistical significance was assessed using bootstrap confidence intervals and McNemar and DeLong tests. Results: The lightweight graph-based model demonstrated competitive classification performance while maintaining reduced computational complexity. Although none of the models achieved the predefined high-risk recall threshold, statistically significant performance differences were observed across model families. Conclusion: The findings suggest that biomechanically informed imbalance handling improves methodological validity in ergonomic risk assessment. While deployment feasibility appears promising, further empirical validation on edge hardware is required.

This study investigates the repeated impact behavior and compression-after-impact (CAI) performance of triaxially braided carbon/glass fiber-reinforced polymer (C/GFRP) composite tubes. A two-stage experimental strategy was proposed to evaluate the synergistic effect of interlayer hybridization and axial yarn reinforcement on damage evolution and mechanical performance. In Stage I, six hybrid braided tubes with different carbon/glass stacking configurations—including pure carbon, pure glass, layered, and reversed-layered structures—were subjected to repeated low-velocity impacts at 31 J. Micro-CT was employed to reconstruct the internal damage morphology and assess damage accumulation. The optimal interlayer configuration was selected based on impact force, displacement, energy absorption, and internal failure characteristics. In Stage II, the selected structure was further reinforced with four types of axial yarns (none, carbon, glass, and carbon/glass alternating), and their axial compressive and CAI performance after 10 J impact was tested. Results revealed that reversed interlayer design effectively suppressed crack propagation and improved damage tolerance under cyclic impacts. Moreover, the inclusion of hybrid axial yarns significantly enhanced residual compressive strength without compromising energy absorption. This study establishes a lightweight, high-performance braided tube design strategy suitable for aerospace and transportation applications.

Graphene materials show great potential in the field of supercapacitors, but their tendency to agglomerate leads to a significant decrease in performance. Herein, manganese dioxide intercalated graphene oxide precursor was prepared using the modified Hummer method. During pyrolysis, manganese dioxide can not only act as a separator to prevent graphene aggregation but also undergo redox reactions with graphene to obtain oxygen-rich mesopore graphene (OMG). Benefiting from the mesoporous structure and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, the OMG-600 electrode shows a specific capacitance of 248.67 F g− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1 and good electrochemical stability (92.25% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles). Moreover, the assembled OMG-600//OMG-600 symmetric supercapacitor delivers an energy density of 17.69 Wh kg− 1 and superior electrochemical stabilization in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte.

최근 비윤리적 친조직행동(UPB)의 양상과 결정요인에 대한 관심이 지속적으로 높아지고 있다. 본 연 구는 직원의 도덕 정당화 경향이 비윤리적 친조직 행동(Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior, UPB)에 미치는 영향과 그 경계 조건을 분석하였다. 자기조절이론(Self-Regulation Theory)과 사회인지이론 (Social Cognitive Theory)을 바탕으로, 정서와 개인차를 포함한 조절된 매개 모형을 제시하고 검증하였 다. 중국의 다양한 산업에 종사하는 514명의 기업 직원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, ‘문권성’ 플 랫폼을 통해 자료를 수집하고 구조방정식모형(SEM)으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 도덕 정당화 경향은 UPB를 유의하게 정(+)적으로 예측하였다. (2) 죄책 감은 도덕 정당화 경향과 UPB 사이에서 부분 매개 역할을 하였다. (3) 자기모니터링 경향은 또한 죄책감 을 매개로 한 도덕 정당화 경향의 UPB 간 간접효과를 조절하였으며, 이를 통해 조절된 매개 효과 가설이 검증되었다. 본 연구는 ‘인지–정서–행동’ 경로에서 도덕 정당화 과정의 양날의 검 효과를 분석하였으며, 이는 조 직 상황에서 UPB가 직원 행동에 영향을 미치는 작용 메커니즘 중 하나임을 제시한다. 또한 UPB 선행 요인에 관한 이론을 보완하고, 중국 문화 맥락에서의 기업 경영 실무에 참고할 만한 시사점을 제공한다.

To explore the heating characteristics of activated carbon in a microwave field, the effects of microwave irradiation power, the radius and physical properties of activated carbon, and a symmetrical waveguide on the heating characteristics of activated carbon in a microwave field were studied by experiments and simulation. This study distinguishes itself from previous works by focusing on high-power microwave heating (up to 800 W) and providing a comprehensive analysis of key parameters such as radius, thermal conductivity, magnetic conductivity, and dielectric constant. Additionally, the use of symmetrical waveguides and their impact on heating efficiency represents a novel contribution to the field of microwave-assisted flue gas desulfurization. According to the results, with the increase in microwave irradiation power, the heating rate of activated carbon in the microwave field increases, and the final temperature also rises. Waveguides significantly influence the heating characteristics of activated carbon. When multiple waveguides act on the same microwave field, electromagnetic waves interfere with each other and affect the distribution and intensity of the electromagnetic field. With an increase in the imaginary part of the relative permittivity, the real part of the relative magnetic permeability, and the thermal conductivity of the heated material, the heating characteristics of activated carbon in the microwave field are improved. This study provides a theoretical model for the heating characteristics and temperature distribution of activated carbon in a microwave field under high irradiation power.

The constituents of coal tar pitch (CTP) significantly impact the wettability of calcined coke (CC) and the performance of prebaked anodes (PA) used in aluminum electrolysis. However, balancing wettability and carbon residue within CTP remains a central challenge in material applications. In addition, limited pore permeability and structural stability in these composites hinder the effective utilization of PA. Enhancing CTP fluidity is crucial for overcoming these challenges. In this work, a novel method was developed to modify CTP utilizing various coal tar fractions, enabling controlled modulation of CTP composition and wettability. Incorporating different fractions allowed for substantial control over interfacial bonding and pore structure. The chemical composition, functional groups, and elemental content of the CTP were analyzed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Subsequently, systematic comparisons of PA materials produced from different CTP formulations demonstrated improved wettability and enhanced mechanical properties. Moreover, DFT calculations were performed to compare the adsorption energies of small molecules from different coal tar fractions with coke, reflecting the interaction strength between the molecules and the solid surface. Using micro-computed tomography (μ-CT), the refined pore structure was examined, resulting in a PA composite with an optimized balance of high strength and toughness.

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on seed production of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in mountainous regions of Gangwon Province. The 'Green Call' variety of Italian ryegrass was sown in Pyeongchang, Gangwon in September 2021. The experiment consisted of three nitrogen application levels (100, 120, and 140 N kg/ha) and was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Harvest was carried out on June 28. The plant height was tallest in the 140 N kg/ha treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant. Lodging resistance, disease resistance and winter hardiness showed no significant differences among treatments, although severe lodging occurred in all plots. The average spike length was 54.77 cm, with no significant difference among treatments, while the number of seeds per spike was highest in the 100 N kg/ha treatment. Seed yield increased with higher nitrogen levels, with an average of 2,820 kg/ha (based on air-dry weight). The average dry matter content of seeds and straw was 56.70% and 38.80%, respectively, with no significant differences among treatments. The average dry matter yield of residual straw after seed harvest was 4,144 kg/ha, with the highest yield observed in the 120 N kg/ha treatment. Meanwhile, the feed value of the harvested straw did not differ significantly among treatments. The average contents of ADF, NDF, CP, IVDMD, and TDN were 43.04%, 70.63%, 8.65%, 52.77%, and 54.88%, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal nitrogen fertilization level for Italian ryegrass seed production through autumn sowing in the mountainous areas of Gangwon Province was found to be 120 N kg/ha.

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in seed productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) according to harvest time after heading in a mountainous area of Gangwon Province. The Italian ryegrass variety ‘Greencall’ was sown in the fall of 2021 in the Pyeongchang region of Gangwon and harvesting was performed every 10 days from 30 to 60 days after heading.. The treatments consisted of four seed harvest times (30, 40, 50, and 60 days after heading), arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant height reached its maximum (93.0 cm) at 30 days after heading and subsequently declined with delayed harvest. Lodging resistance, disease resistance, and winter hardiness did not differ significantly among treatments, but lodging became more severe with time (rated 8∼9). Diseases were also more prevalent in the plots harvested 50 and 60 days after heading. The length of the spike was longest at 40 days after heading (54.33 cm), while the number of seeds per spike was lowest in the 60-day harvest plot (76 seeds/spike). The 1,000-seed weight was highest at 50 days after heading but decreased at 60 days. Seed dry matter content increased with delayed harvest, and dry seed yield increased up to 50 days after heading (3,742 kg/ha) but decreased at 60 days (2,442 kg/ha). The dry matter content of seed straw peaked at 50 days after heading, followed by a slight decline at 60 days, which was attributed to rainfall during the harvest period. Dry matter productivity was highest in the 50-day harvest plot. The feed value of seed straw decreased with delayed harvest, with an average Relative Feed Value (RFV) of 83. In conclusion, the optimal harvest time for fall-sown Italian ryegrass for seed production in the mountainous areas of Gangwon is 50 days after heading.

Tannic acid (TA) is one of the active components in the Galla Chinensis and has various effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, research on its antiviral properties remains limited. Here, tannic acid carbon dots (TA-CDs) were prepared as potential antiviral drugs from polyphenol TA under different temperature conditions (180, 200, 220 and 240 °C). Compared to TA alone, TA-CDs exhibited lower cytotoxicity and a tenfold enhanced in antiviral activity. Additionally, the antiviral effects of TA-CDs varied with preparation temperatures, with the best effect observed at 200 °C (CDs-2), reaching a titer of 2.8 orders of magnitude in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), mainly due to its relatively higher number of functional groups and smaller particle size. Mechanically, CDs-2 was shown to inhibit PRRSV by targeting the stages of inactivation, adsorption, invasion, replication, and down-regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Moreover, CDs-2 exhibited a high inhibitory effect on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), reaching a titer of 7 orders of magnitude. This study reveals the importance of temperature in synthesis of traditional Chinese medicine-derived carbon dots (TCM-CDs) and confirms their potential as antiviral drugs, providing valuable information for development of TCM antiviral drugs.

It is addressed that the challenges of poor cyclic stability and low conductivity in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hinder their application in energy storage. Here, we synthesized binary metal MOFs through a one-step hydrothermal process, subsequently calcined to produce Co–Mn/reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This approach not only carbonized the organic framework but also enhanced its electrical conductivity and stability. Our findings demonstrated that the synergistic effects of Co and Mn within the assembled electrode resulted in remarkable performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 3558.65 F g− 1 at 1 A g− 1 and a rate capability of 1000 F g− 1 at 30 A g− 1. The Co–Mn/rGO anode in the asymmetric supercapattery exhibited a broadened operating potential window of 1.5 V, delivering an energy density of 54.65 W h kg− 1 at a power density of 125 W kg− 1, and maintaining 11.375 W h kg− 1 at a high power density of 12,500 W kg− 1. Notably, the capacitance retention rate reached 99.99% after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g− 1. These results suggest that the developed Co–Mn/rGO composite represents a promising candidate for advanced energy storage systems, offering both high performance and stability.